User:Nhiêu Lộc/Human muscles

On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the right side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left half of the body. For the legs, superficial muscles are shown in the anterior view while the posterior view shows both superficial and deep muscles.

Head

Scalp/Eyelid

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
occipitofrontalis	2 occipital bellies and 2 frontal bellies.	galea aponeurotica		facial nerve	raises the eyebrows
occipitalis	superior nuchal line of the occipital bone mastoid part of the temporal bone	galea aponeurotica	occipital artery	posterior auricular nerve (facial nerve)
frontalis	galea aponeurotica	mastoid process	ophthalmic artery	facial nerve	wrinkles eyebrow
orbicularis oculi	frontal bone; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone	lateral palpebral raphe	ophthalmic, zygomatico-orbital, angular	zygomatic branch of facial	closes eyelids	levator palpebrae superioris
corrugator supercilii	superciliary arches	forehead skin, near eyebrow		facial nerve	wrinkles forehead
depressor supercilii	medial orbital rim	medial aspect of bony orbit		facial nerve	Depresses the eyebrow

Mastication

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
masseter	zygomatic arch and maxilla	coronoid process and ramus of mandible	masseteric artery	masseteric nerve (V3)	elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and retraction of mandible	platysma muscle
temporalis	temporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull	coronoid process of the mandible	deep temporal	third branch (mandibular nerve) of the trigeminal nerve	elevation and retraction of mandible
Pterygoid muscles
lateral	great wing of sphenoid and pterygoid plate	condyle of mandible	pterygoid branches of maxillary artery	external pterygoid nerve from the mandibular nerve	depresses mandible
medial	deep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind the upper teeth superficial head: pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity	medial angle of the mandible		mandibular nerve via nerve to medial pterygoid	elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side

Neck

Cervical

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
platysma	inferior clavicle and fascia of chest	mandible	branches of the submental artery and suprascapular artery	cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)	Draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly and widens it (as in expressions of sadness and fright). Also draws the skin of the neck superiorly when teeth are clenched	Masseter, Temporalis
sternocleidomastoid	manubrium sterni, medial portion of the clavicle	mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line	occipital artery and the superior thyroid artery	motor: accessory nerve sensory: cervical plexus	Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side. Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration. ||

Suprahyoid

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
digastric	anterior belly – digastric fossa (mandible); posterior belly - mastoid process of temporal bone	Intermediate tendon (hyoid bone)		anterior belly - mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V) via the mylohyoid nerve; posterior belly - facial nerve (CN VII)	Opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed.
stylohyoid	styloid process (temporal)	greater cornu of hyoid bone		facial nerve (CN VII)	Elevate the hyoid during swallowing
mylohyoid	Mylohyoid line (mandible)	Median raphé	mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery	mylohyoid nerve, from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [V3]	Raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible
geniohyoid	Symphysis menti	hyoid bone		C1 via hypoglossal nerve	carry hyoid bone and the tongue upward during deglutition

Infrahyoid/Strap

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
sternohyoid	manubrium of sternum	hyoid bone		ansa cervicalis	depress hyoid bone
sternothyroid	manubrium	thyroid cartilage		Ansa cervicalis	Elevates larynx, may slightly depress hyoid bone
thyrohyoid	thyroid cartilage	hyoid bone		first cervical nerve	depress hyoid bone
omohyoid	Upper border of the scapula	Hyoid bone		Ansa cervicalis	Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone. Carries hyoid bone backward and to the side

Neck

Anterior

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
longus colli	Transverse processes of C-3 - C-6	Anterior arch of atlas		C2, C3, C4, C5, C6	Flexes the neck and head
longus capitis	anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae	basilar part of the occipital bone		C1, C2, C3/C4	flexion of neck at atlanto-occipital joint
rectus capitis anterior	atlas	occipital bone		C1	flexion of neck at atlanto-occipital joint
rectus capitis lateralis	upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas	under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone		C1	Sidebend at atlanto-occipital joint

Lateral

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
scalene muscles	cervical vertebrae	first and second ribs	ascending cervical artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)	cervical nerves (C3, C4, C5, C6, C7	elevation of ribs I&II
anterior	C3-C6	first rib	ascending cervical artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)	ventral ramus of C5, C6	When the neck is fixed, elevates the first rib to aid in breathing or when the rib is fixed, bends the neck forward and sideways and rotates it to the opposite side
medius	C2-C6	first rib	ascending cervical artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)	ventral rami of the third to eighth cervical spinal nerves	Elevate 1st rib, rotate the neck to the opposite side
posterior	transverse processes of C4 - C6	2nd rib	ascending cervical artery, superficial cervical artery	C6, C7, C8	Elevate 2nd rib, tilt the neck to the same side
levator scapulae	Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4	Superior part of medial border of scapula	dorsal scapular artery	cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)	Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
rectus capitis lateralis	upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas (C1)	under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone		C1
obliquus capitis superior	lateral mass of atlas	lateral half of the inferior nuchal line		suboccipital nerve
inferior	spinous process of the axis	lateral mass of atlas		suboccipital nerve

Posterior

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
rectus capitis posterior minor	the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas (C1)	the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum		a branch of the dorsal primary division of the suboccipital nerve	extends the head at the neck, but is now considered to be more of a sensory organ than a muscle
rectus capitis posterior major	spinous process of the axis (C2)	inferior nucheal line of the occipital bone		Dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)
semispinalis capitis	articular processes of C4-C6; transverse processes of C7 and T1-T7	occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines		greater occipital nerve	Extension of the head
longissimus capitis	articular processes of C4-C7; transverse processes ot T1-T5	posterior margin of the mastoid process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	Laterally: Flex the head and neck to the same side. Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column.
splenius capitis	ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T6	Mastoid process		C3, C4	Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head
obliquus capitis superior	lateral mass of atlas	lateral half of the inferior nuchal line		suboccipital nerve
obliquus capitis inferior	spinous process of the axis	lateral mass of atlas		suboccipital nerve

Torso

Back

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
erector spinae	on the spines of the last four thoracic vertebrae	both the spines of the most cranial thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve	extends the vertebral column	rectus abdominis muscle
iliocostalis			lateral sacral artery
longissimus	transverse process	transverse process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve		rectus abdominis muscle
spinalis	spinous process	spinous process	lateral sacral artery	posterior branch of spinal nerve		rectus abdominis muscle
latissimus dorsi	spinous processes of thoracic T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs	floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus	subscapular artery, dorsal scapular artery	thoracodorsal nerve	pulls the forelimb dorsally and caudally	deltoid, trapezius
transversospinales	transverse process	spinous process		posterior branches
semispinalis dorsi	transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebrae	spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae
semispinalis cervicis	transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ	cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth
semispinalis capitis	transversal process of lower cervical and higher thoracal columna	area between superior and inferior nuchal line		greater occipital nerve	Extends the head
multifidus	sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crest	spinous process		posterior branch of spinal nerve	Stabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column
rotatores	transverse process	spinous process		posterior branch
interspinales	spinous process	spinous process		posterior rami of spinal nerves	Extension, flexion and rotation of vertebral column.
intertransversarii	transverse process	transverse process above		anterior rami of spinal nerves	Lateral flexion of trunk
Splenius muscles
capitis	ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T6	Mastoid process of temporal and occipital bone		C3, C4	Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head
cervicis	spinous processes of T3-T6	transverse processes of C1, C2, C3		C5, C6

Chest

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
intercostales	ribs 1-11	ribs 2-12	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves
external			intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	Inhalation	internal
internal	rib - inferior border	rib - superior border	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	hold ribs steady	external
innermost			intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	Elevate ribs
subcostales	inner surface of one rib	inner surface of the second or third rib above, near its angle		intercostal nerves
transversus thoracis	costal cartilages of last 3-4 ribs, body of sternum, xiphoid process	ribs/costal cartilages 2-6	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	depresses ribs
levatores costarum	transverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae	superior surfaces of the ribs immediately inferior to the preceding vertebrae		dorsal rami - C8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11	Assists in elevation of the thoracic rib cage
Serratus posterior muscles
inferior	vertebrae T11 - L3	the inferior borders of the 9th through 12th ribs	intercostal arteries	intercostal nerves	depress the lower ribs, aiding in expiration
superior	nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and the spinous processes of the vertebrae C7 through T3	the upper borders of the 2nd through 5th ribs	intercostal arteries	2nd through 5th intercostal nerves	elevate the ribs which aids in inspiration
diaphragm			pericardiacophrenic artery, musculophrenic artery, inferior phrenic arteries	phrenic and lower intercostal nerves	respiration

Abdomen

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
transversus abdominis	ribs and the iliac crest	inserts into the pubic tubercle via the conjoint tendon, also known as the falx inguinalis		intercostal nerves T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve	compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability
rectus abdominis	pubis	costal cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process of sternum	inferior epigastric artery	segmentally by thoraco-abdominal nerves (T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12)	flexion of trunk/lumbar vertebrae	erector spinae
pyramidalis	pubic symphysis and pubic crest	linea alba		subcostal nerve (T12)	tensing the linea alba
cremaster	inguinal ligament		cremasteric artery	genital branch of genitofemoral nerve	raise and lower the scrotum
quadratus lumborum	iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament	last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae	lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery	anterior branches of T12, L1, L2, L3, L4	Alone, lateral flexion of vertebral column; Together, depression of thoracic rib cage
Oblique muscles
external	Lower 8 costae	Crista iliaca, ligamentum inguinale		intercostal nerves T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, subcostal nerve (T12)	Rotates torso
internal	inguinal ligament, iliac crest and the lumbodorsal fascia	linea alba, xiphoid process and the inferior ribs.		intercostal nerves T8, T9, T10, T11, subcostal nerve (T12), iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve	Compresses abdomen and rotates vertebral column.

Upper limbs

Vertebral column

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
trapezius	down the midline, from the external occipital protuberance, the nuchal ligament, the medial part of the superior nuchal line, and the spinous processes of the vertebrae C7-T12	at the shoulders, into the lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion process and into the spine of the scapula	transverse cervical artery	major nerve supply is the cranial nerve XI. cervical nerves C3 and C4 receive information about pain in this muscle	retraction and elevation of scapula.	Serratus anterior muscle
latissimus dorsi	spinous processes of thoracic T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs	floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus	subscapular artery, dorsal scapular artery	thoracodorsal nerve	pulls the forelimb dorsally and caudally	deltoid, trapezius
rhomboids	nuchal ligaments, spinous processes of C7-T5 vertebrae	medial border of the scapula	dorsal scapular artery	dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)	Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall.	Serratus anterior muscle
rhomboid major	spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae	medial border of the scapula, inferior to the insertion of rhomboid minor muscle	dorsal scapular artery	dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)	Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall.	Serratus anterior muscle
rhomboid minor	nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7- to T1 vertebrae	medial border of the scapula, superior to the insertion of rhomboid major muscle	dorsal scapular artery	dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)	Retracts the scapula and rotates it to depress the glenoid cavity. It also fixes the scapula to the thoracic wall.	Serratus anterior muscle
levator scapulae	posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae	superior part of medial border of scapula	dorsal scapular artery	cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)	Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

Thoracic walls

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
pectoralis major	anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle. Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages	intertubercular groove of the humerus	pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk	lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve Clavicular head: C5 and C6 Sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1	Clavicular head: flexes the humerus Sternocostal head: extends the humerus As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.
pectoralis minor	3rd to 5th ribs, near their costal cartilages	medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula	Pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk	Medial pectoral nerves (C8, T1)	stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall
subclavius	first rib	subclavian groove of clavicle	thoracoacromial artery, clavicular branch	nerve to subclavius	Depresses the clavicle
serratus anterior	fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs	costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula	lateral thoracic artery (upper part), thoracodorsal artery (lower part)	long thoracic nerve (from roots of brachial plexus C5, C6, C7)	protract and stabilize scapula, assists in upward rotation	Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Trapezius

Shoulder

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
deltoid	clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula	deltoid tuberosity of humerus	primarily posterior circumflex humeral artery	Axillary nerve	shoulder abduction, flexion and extension	Latissimus dorsi
teres major	posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula	medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus	Subscapular and circumflex scapular arteries	Lower subscapular nerve (segmental levels C5 and C6)	Internal rotation of the humerus
Rotator cuff
supraspinatus	supraspinous fossa of scapula	superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus	suprascapular artery	suprascapular nerve	abduction of arm and stabilizes humerus	infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi
infraspinatus	infraspinous fossa of the scapula	middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus	suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries	suprascapular nerve	Lateral rotation of arm & Adduction of arm and stabilizes humerus	subscapularis, pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi
teres minor	lateral border of the scapula	inferior facet of greater tubercle of the humerus	posterior circumflex humeral artery and the circumflex scapular artery	axillary nerve	laterally rotates and adducts the arm	subscapularis, pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi
subscapularis	subscapular fossa	lesser tubercle of humerus	subscapular artery	upper subscapular nerve, lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)	rotates medially humerus; stabilizes shoulder	infraspinatus and teres minor

Arm

Anterior compartment

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
coracobrachialis	coracoid process of scapula	medial humerus	brachial artery	musculocutaneous nerve	flexes at shoulder joint
biceps brachii	short head: coracoid process of the scapula. long head: supraglenoid tubercle	radial tuberosity	brachial artery	Musculocutaneous nerve (Lateral cord: C5, C6, C7)	flexes elbow and supinates forearm	Triceps brachii muscle
brachialis	anterior surface of the humerus, particularly the distal half of this bone	coronoid process and the tuberosity of the ulna	radial recurrent artery	musculocutaneous nerve	flexion at elbow joint

Posterior compartment

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
triceps brachii	long head:Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula lateral head: posterior humerus - above radial grove medial head: posterior humerus-under radial groove	olecranon process of ulna	Profunda brachii	radial nerve	extends forearm, caput longum adducts shoulder	Biceps brachii muscle
anconeus	Lateral epicondyle of the humerus	lateral surface of the olecranon process and the superior part of the posterior ulna	Profunda brachii, recurrent interosseous artery	radial nerve (C7, C8, and T1)	partly blended in with the triceps, which it assists in extension of the forearm. Stabilises the elbow and abducts the ulna during pronation.

Forearm

Anterior compartment

Superficial

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
pronator teres	humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon) ulnar head: coronoid process of the ulna	radius pronator tuberosity	ulnar artery and radial artery	median nerve	pronation of forearm, flexes elbow	Supinator muscle
flexor carpi radialis	medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)	Bases of second and third metacarpal bones	ulnar artery	Median nerve	Flexion and abduction at wrist	Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle, Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
palmaris longus	medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)	palmar aponeurosis	ulnar artery	median nerve	wrist flexor	Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi ulnaris	medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor tendon)	pisiform	ulnar artery	muscular branches of ulnar nerve	flexion and adduction of wrist	Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
flexor digitorum superficialis	medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor tendon), as well as parts of the radius and ulna.	phalanges II-V	ulnar artery	median nerve	flexor of fingers (primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints)	Extensor digitorum muscle

Deep

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
pronator quadratus	medial, anterior surface of the ulna	lateral, anterior surface of the radius	anterior interosseous artery	median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve)	pronates the forearm	Supinator muscle
flexor digitorum profundus	ulna	distal phalanges	anterior interosseous artery	median (anterior interosseous), muscular branches of ulnar	flex hand, interphalangeal joints	Extensor digitorum muscle
flexor pollicis longus	The middle 2/4 of the volar  surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseus membrane. (Also occasionally a small origin slightly on the medial epicondyle of the ulna.)	The base of the distal phalanx of the thumb	Anterior interosseous artery	Anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve) (C8, T1)	Flexion of the thumb	Extensor pollicis longus muscle, Extensor pollicis brevis muscle

Posterior compartment

Superficial

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
extensor digitorum	lateral epicondyle (common extensor tendon)	2nd-5th phalange		posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extension of hand and fingers	Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
extensor digiti minimi	the anterior portion of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (common extensor tendon)	extensor expansion, located at the base of the proximal phalanx of the finger on the dorsal side	posterior interosseous artery which originates from the common interosseous artery and more proximally, the ulnar artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends the little finger at all joints	Flexor digiti minimi brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris	Common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle), ulna	5th metacarpal	ulnar artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends and adducts the wrist	Flexor carpi ulnaris
Mobile wad
brachioradialis	Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus	Distal radius (Radial styloid process)	radial recurrent artery	radial nerve	Flexion of forearm
extensor carpi radialis longus	lateral supracondylar ridge	2nd metacarpal	radial artery	radial nerve	extensor at the wrist joint, abducts the hand at the wrist	Flexor carpi radialis muscle
extensor carpi radialis brevis	humerus at the anterior of lateral epicondyle (common extensor tendon)	base of the 3rd metacarpal	radial artery	posterior interosseus nerve	extensor and abductor of the hand at the wrist joint	Flexor carpi radialis muscle

Deep

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
supinator	Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament	Lateral proximal radial shaft	radial recurrent artery	posterior interosseus nerve (C7, C8)	supinates forearm	Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus
extensor indicis	ulna	index finger (extensor hood)		posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extends index finger, wrist
Anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longus	ulna, radial styloid process	first metacarpal		posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	abduction, extension of thumb	Adductor pollicis muscle
extensor pollicis brevis	radius	thumb, proximal phalanx	posterior interosseous artery	posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extension of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint	Flexor pollicis longus muscle, Flexor pollicis brevis muscle
extensor pollicis longus	ulna	thumb, distal phalanx		posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)	extension of the thumb (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal)	Flexor pollicis longus muscle, Flexor pollicis brevis muscle

Hand

Lateral volar

Thenar

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
opponens pollicis	trapezium and transverse carpal ligament	metacarpal bone of the thumb on its radial side	superficial palmar arch	median nerve	Opposition of the thumb
flexor pollicis brevis	trapezoid, flexor retinaculum	thumb, proximal phalanx	superficial palmar arch	median nerve, deep branch of ulnar nerve (medial head)	Flexes the thumb	Extensor pollicis longus muscle, Extensor pollicis brevis muscle
abductor pollicis brevis	Transverse carpal ligament, the scaphoid and trapezium	Radial base of proximal phalanx of thumb and the thumb extensors	superficial palmar arch	Median nerve	Abducts the thumb	Adductor pollicis muscle
adductor pollicis	Transverse head: anterior body of the third metacarpal Oblique head: bases of the second and the third metacarpals and the adjacent trapezoid and capitate bones	medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb and the ulnar sesamoid	deep palmar arch	deep branch of ulnar nerve (T1)	adducts the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint	Abductor pollicis longus muscle, Abductor pollicis brevis muscle

Medial volar

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
palmaris brevis	flexor retinaculum (medial), palmar aponeurosis	palm		superficial branch of ulnar nerve	wrinkle skin of palm
Hypothenar
abductor digiti minimi	pisiform	base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on the ulnar or medial side	ulnar artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	Abduction of little finger
flexor digiti minimi brevis	hamate bone	little finger	ulnar artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	flexes little finger	extensor digiti minimi muscle
opponens digiti minimi	Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum	Medial border of 5th metacarpal	ulnar artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1)	Draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing little finger (5th digit) into opposition with thumb

Intermediate

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
lumbrical	flexor digitorum profundus	extensor expansion	superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve, median nerve	flex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints
dorsal interossei	metacarpals	proximal phalanges	Dorsal metacarpal artery and palmar metacarpal artery	deep branch of ulnar nerve	abduct finger	Palmar interossei muscles
palmar interossei	metacarpals	proximal phalange		deep branch of ulnar nerve	adduction

Lower limb

Iliac region

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
iliopsoas	iliac fossa (iliacus), sacrum (iliacus), spine (T12, L1, lumbar vertebrapsoas major, psoas minor)	femur—lesser trochanter (psoas major/minor), shaft below lesser trochanter (iliacus), tendon of psoas major & femur (iliacus)	medial femoral circumflex artery, iliolumbar artery	femoral nerve, Lumbar nerves L1, L2	flexion of hip (psoas major/minor, iliacus), spine rotation (psoas major/minor)	Gluteus maximus, posterior compartment of thigh
psoas major	transverse processes, bodies and discs of T12-L5	in the lesser trochanter of the femur	Iliolumbar artery	Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1, L2, L3	flexes and rotates laterally thigh	Gluteus maximus
psoas minor	Side of T12+L1 and IV Disc between	Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence		L1	Weak trunk flexor	Gluteus maximus
iliacus	iliac fossa	lesser trochanter of femur	medial femoral circumflex artery, Iliolumbar artery	femoral nerve (L2, L3)	flexes hip	Gluteus maximus

Gluteal

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
tensor fasciae latae	iliac crest	iliotibial tract	primarily lateral circumflex femoral artery, Superior gluteal artery	Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5)	Thigh - flexion, medial rotation. Trunk stabilization.
Gluteal muscles
gluteus maximus muscle	Gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity of the femur, iliotibial tract	superior and inferior gluteal arteries	inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2 nerve roots)	external rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting	Iliacus, Psoas major, Psoas minor
gluteus medius muscle	Gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus maximus	Greater trochanter of the femur	superior gluteal artery	superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve roots)	abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.	lateral rotator group
minimus	Gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus medius.	Greater trochanter of the femur	superior gluteal artery	superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve roots)	Works in concert with gluteus medius: abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.	lateral rotator group
lateral rotator group	at or below the acetabulum of the ilium	on or near the greater trochanter of the femur	Inferior gluteal artery, Lateral sacral artery, Superior gluteal artery	Obturator nerve, nerve to the Piriformis, nerve to quadratus femoris	lateral rotation of hip	Gluteus minimus muscle, Gluteus medius muscle
piriformis	sacrum	greater trochanter	Inferior gluteal artery, Lateral sacral artery, Superior gluteal artery	nerve to the Piriformis (S1 and S2 nerve roots)	laterally rotate (outward) the thigh
obturator externus	obturator foramen and obturatory membrane	medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur	obturator artery	posterior branch of obturator nerve (L3, L4)	adduct thigh, rotate laterally thigh
obturator internus	Ischiopubic ramus & obturator membrane	medial aspect of the Greater trochanter		Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)	Abducts & rotates laterally thigh, and stabiliser of the hip during walking
inferior gemellus	Ischial tuberosity	Obturator internus tendon		Nerve to Quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)	Rotates laterally thigh
superior gemellus	spine of the ischium	Obturator internus tendon		Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)	Rotates laterally thigh
quadratus femoris	ischial tuberosity	intertrochanteric crest	inferior gluteal artery	nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, -S1)	lateral rotation of thigh

Thigh

anterior compartment

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
articularis genus	femur	suprapatellar bursa	femoral artery	femoral nerve	Pulling the suprapatellar bursa during extension of the knee.
sartorius	superior to the anterior superior iliac spine	medial side of the upper tibia in the pes anserinus	femoral artery	femoral nerve	flexion, lateral rotation and abduction of thigh; flexion and medial rotation of leg
quadriceps femoris	combined rectus femoris and vastus muscles	Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament	femoral artery	Femoral nerve	Knee extension; Hip flexion (R.Fem. only)	Hamstring
rectus femoris	anterior inferior iliac spine and the exterior surface of the bony ridge which forms the iliac portion of the acetabulum	Patella and Tibial tuberosity via the Patellar ligament	femoral artery	femoral nerve	knee extension; hip flexion	Hamstring
vastus lateralis	Greater trochanter, Intertrochanteric line, and Linea aspera of the femur	patella and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament	femoral artery	femoral nerve	Extends and stabilizes knee	hamstring
vastus intermedius	antero/ lateral femur	patella and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament	femoral artery	femoral nerve	extends knee	Hamstring
vastus medialis	femur	patella and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament	femoral artery	femoral nerve	extends knee	hamstring

posterior compartment/hamstring

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
biceps femoris	long head: tuberosity of the ischium, short head: linea aspera, femur	the head of the fibula which articulates with the back of the lateral tibial condyle	inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal artery	long head: medial (tibial) part of sciatic nerve, short head: lateral (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve	flexes knee joint, laterally rotates leg at knee (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only)	Quadriceps muscle
semitendinosus	tuberosity of the ischium	pes anserinus	inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries	sciatic (tibial, L5, S1, S2)	flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee	Quadriceps muscle
semimembranosus	tuberosity of the ischium	Medial surface of tibia	profunda femoris, gluteal artery	sciatic nerve	flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee	Quadriceps muscle

medial compartment

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
adductor muscles of the hip	pubis	femur, tibia		obturator nerve	adduction of hip
gracilis	inferior pubic ramus	tibia (pes anserinus)	obturator artery	anterior branch of obturator nerve	adduction of hip, flexion of hip, medial rotation of knee
pectineus	superior pubic ramus	lesser trochanter, linea aspera	Obturator artery	femoral nerve, sometimes obturator nerve	flexion & adduction of hip
adductor brevis	anterior surface of the inferior pubic ramus	the lesser trochanter and linea aspera of the femur	obturator artery	anterior branch of obturator nerve	adduction of hip
adductor longus	pubic body just below the pubic crest	middle third of linea aspera	obturator artery	anterior branch of obturator nerve	adduction & medial rotation of hip
adductor magnus	tuberosity of the ischium	femur and adductor tubercle of femur	obturator artery	posterior branch of obturator nerve (adductor) and tibial part of sciatic nerve	adduction of hip

Leg

anterior compartment

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
tibialis anterior	body of tibia	medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot	anterior tibial artery	Deep Fibular (peroneal) nerve	dorsiflex and invert the foot	Fibularis longus, Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris, Tibialis posterior
extensor hallucis longus	middle portion of the fibula on the anterior surface and the interosseous membrane	dorsal side of the base of the distal phalanx of the Hallux	anterior tibial artery	Deep Fibular (peroneal) nerve	Extends the big toe and assists in dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle. Also is a weak invertor	Flexor hallucis longus, Flexor hallucis brevis
extensor digitorum longus	Lateral Condyle of tibia and superior ¾ of interosseous membrane	Middle and Distal phalanges of lateral four digits	anterior tibial artery	Deep Fibular (peroneal) nerve	extension of toes and ankle	Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor digitorum brevis
fibularis tertius	distal anterior surface of the fibula	dorsal surface of metatarsal 5	anterior tibial artery	Deep Fibular (peroneal) nerve	dorsi flexes and everts foot

posterior compartment

Superficial

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
triceps surae		achilles tendon, calcaneus	posterior tibial artery	tibial nerve	plantarflexion
gastrocnemius	medial and Lateral condyle of the femur	calcaneus	sural arteries	tibial nerve from the sciatic, specifically, nerve roots S1, S2	plantarflexion, flexion of knee (minor)	Tibialis anterior muscle
soleus	fibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line)	tendo calcaneus	sural arteries	tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2	plantarflexion	tibialis anterior muscle
plantaris	lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius	tendo calcaneus (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon)	sural arteries	tibial nerve	Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee	Tibialis anterior muscle

Deep

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
popliteus	middle facet of the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle	posterior tibia under the tibial condyles	popliteal artery	tibial nerve	Medial rotation and flexion of knee
tarsal tunnel
flexor hallucis longus	fibula, posterior aspect of upper 1/3	base of distal phalanx of hallux	Peroneal artery (peroneal branch of the posterior tibial artery	tibial nerve, S1, S2 nerve roots	flexes all joints of the Hallux, plantar flexion of the ankle joint	Extensor hallucis longus muscle
flexor digitorum longus	medial tibia	distal phalanges of lateral four digits	posterior tibial artery	Tibial nerve	Primary action is Flex digits	Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor digitorum brevis
tibialis posterior	tibia, fibula	navicular, medial cuneiform	posterior tibial artery	tibial nerve	inversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle	Tibialis anterior muscle

lateral compartment

fibularis muscles:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
longus	fibula	first metatarsal, medial cuneiform	fibular (peroneal) artery	superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve	plantarflexion, eversion	Tibialis anterior muscle
brevis	fibula	fifth metatarsal	fibular (peroneal) artery	superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve	plantarflexion, eversion

Foot

Dorsal

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
extensor digitorum brevis	calcaneus	toes		deep peroneal nerve	extends digits 2, 3, and 4	Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis	calcaneus	base of proximal phalanx of hallux		deep peroneal nerve	Extension of hallux	Flexor hallucis brevis muscle

Plantar

1st layer

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
abductor hallucis	medial process of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis	medial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit		medial plantar nerve	abducts hallux	Adductor hallucis muscle
flexor digitorum brevis	medial process of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa	middle phalanges of digits 2-5		medial plantar nerve	flexes lateral four toes	Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi	Plantar aponeurosis	Fifth toe or Phalanges	lateral plantar artery	lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)	flex and abduct the fifth toe	Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle

2nd layer

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
quadratus plantae	Calcaneus	Tendons of Flexor Digitorum Longus		lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)	Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus in flexion of DIP joints
lumbrical muscle	tendons of flexor digitorum longus	medial aspect of extensor expansion of proximal phalanges of lateral four digits	lateral plantar artery and plantar arch, and four plantar metatarsal arteries	lateral plantar nerve (lateral three lumbricals) and medial plantar nerve (first lumbrical)	maintain extension of digits at interphalangeal joints

3rd layer

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
flexor hallucis brevis				medial plantar nerve	flex hallux	Extensor hallucis longus muscle
adductor hallucis				Plantar nerve	adducts hallux	Abductor hallucis muscle
flexor digiti minimi brevis	fifth metatarsal bone	phalanx of the fifth toe		lateral plantar nerve (superficial branch)	extend and adduct the fifth toe	Abductor digiti minimi muscle

4th layer

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Artery	Nerve	Action	Antagonist
dorsal interossei				plantar nerve	abduct toes	Plantar interossei muscles
plantar interossei	metatarsals	proximal phalanges		plantar nerve	adduct toes	Dorsal interossei of the foot

Innervation overview

Mind Map showing a summary of Upper Limb Muscle Innervation

Mind Map Showing a summary of Lower Limb Muscle innervation