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Language policy in Russia

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Language policy in Russia is what the government of Russia does to determine how languages are used and to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages. The language policy in Russia is regulated by the law "On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation" (1991)[1] and the law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".

Official languages

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Main page: Languages of Russia

Russian is the only language at the national level according to article 68 of the Constitution of Russia[2]. This article also states that the republics of Russia are allowed to establish their own languages as official along with the Russian language. This is the list of the languages that are recognized as official by the various republics of Russia:

Language Language family Federal subject(s) Source
Abaza Northwest Caucasian   Karachay-Cherkessia [3]
Adyghe Northwest Caucasian   Adygea [4]
Altai Turkic   Altai Republic [5][6]
Bashkir Turkic   Bashkortostan [7] see also regional law
Buryat Mongolic   Buryatia [8]
Chechen Northeast Caucasian   Chechnya [9]
Chuvash Turkic   Chuvashia [10]
Crimean Tatar Turkic   Republic of Crimea[a] [11]
Erzya Uralic   Mordovia [12]
Ingush Northeast Caucasian   Ingushetia [13]
Kabardian Northwest Caucasian   Kabardino-Balkaria  Karachay-Cherkessia [14]
Kalmyk Mongolic   Kalmykia [15]
Karachay-Balkar Turkic   Kabardino-Balkaria
  Karachay-Cherkessia		 [3][14]
Khakas Turkic   Khakassia [16]
Komi Uralic   Komi Republic [17]
Hill Mari, Meadow Mari Uralic   Mari El [18]
Moksha Uralic   Mordovia [12]
Nogai Turkic   Karachay-Cherkessia,   Dagestan [3]
Ossetian Indo-European   North Ossetia–Alania [19]
Tatar Turkic   Tatarstan [20]
Tuvan Turkic   Tuva [21]
Udmurt Uralic   Udmurtia [22]
Ukrainian Indo-European   Republic of Crimea[a] [11]
Yakut Turkic   Sakha Republic [23]

Karelia is the only republic of Russia with Russian as the only official language. However, there is a special law about state support and protection of the Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish languages in the republic.[24]

Endangered languages

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Main page: List of endangered languages in Russia

There are about 130 endangered languages spoken on the territory of Russia according to the third edition of the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition, both published by UNESCO.[25]

On Unity Day in 2018, Sberbank started a project that uses Artificial Intelligence to keep the distinct languages of the small tribes of Russia from disappearing[26]. Three languages of distinctive tribes dwelling on the Taymyr Peninsula, European part of Russia and the area along Amur river were chosen: Nganasan, Ingrian and Ulch.[27]

Languages of education

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The absolute majority of Russian students use Russian as a medium of education.[28]

Education in the languages of the peoples of Russia, other than Russian, is carried out mainly in the republics of Russia. Non-Russian languages are usually used in the schools. Among the children of indigenous minorities of the North only 50% study their native language as a subject. In Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Sakha (Yakutia) there are laws according to which students in addition to Russian are obliged to study Bashkir, Tatar, Yakut languages respectively.[29] The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized the legitimacy of similar claims in Tatarstan, and the Supreme Court of Russia - in Karachay-Cherkessia and Dagestan. According to the Constitutional Court the study of national languages cannot be carried out to the detriment of the study of Russian as the state language of the Russian Federation.[30]

In November 2008, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation stated that in the Unified State Exam only Russian language would be used. [31]

Higher education is almost exclusively carried out in Russian. According to the report on minority rights issued by the Russian government in 2010, providing education exclusively in a language different from Russian is a violation of the equality of opportunity since, in the opinion of the Russian authorities, children who receive such education do not have the same opportunities as others (for example, when looking for a job).[32]

Languages of media

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There are more than 83,000 active and officially registered media outlets in Russia that broadcast information in 102 languages.[33]

In 2010, 99.4% of books, 99.8% of magazines, 98.3% of newspapers (in circulation) were printed in Russian.[34]

Television is the most popular medium in Russia, with 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional channels. There are 3300 television channels in total. 3 channels have a nationwide outreach (over 90% coverage of the Russian territory): Channel One, Russia-1 and NTV.[35] All national channels are only in Russian. Currently there are 93 regional TV channels on the non-Russian languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

Internet access in Russia is available to businesses and to home users in various forms. In September 2011 Russia overtook Germany on the European market with the highest number of unique visitors online.[36] In March 2013 a survey found that Russian had become the second most commonly used language on the web.[37] Internet in Russia is also sometimes called Runet, although that term mostly refers to the Russian-language Internet. Other languages spoken in Russia are also present online.

Russification

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Main page: Russification

Russification is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one. In a historical sense, the term refers to both official and unofficial policies of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union aimed at Russian domination. The major areas of Russification are politics and culture.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Закон РФ от 25 октября 1991 г. N 1807-I "О языках народов Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями)".
  2. ^ "Статья 68 Конституции России".
  3. ^ a b c Статья 11. Конституция Карачаево-Черкесской Республики
  4. ^ Статья 5. Конституция Республики Адыгея
  5. ^ Статья 13. Конституция Республики Алтай
  6. ^ Закон Республики Алтай - Глава I. Общие положения - Статья 4. Правовое положение языков [Law of the Republic of Altai - Chapter I. General provisions - Article 4. Legal status of languages] (in Russian). Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
  7. ^ Статья 1. Конституция Республики Башкортостан
  8. ^ Статья 67. Конституция Республики Бурятия
  9. ^ Статья 10. Конституция Чеченской Республики
  10. ^ Статья 8. Конституция Чувашской Республики
  11. ^ a b "Constitution of the Republic of Crimea". Article 10 (in Russian). State Council, Republic of Crimea. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  12. ^ a b Статья 13. Конституции Республики Мордовия
  13. ^ Статья 14. Конституция Республики Ингушетия
  14. ^ a b Статья 76. Конституция Кабардино-Балкарской Республики
  15. ^ Статья 17. Степное Уложение (Конституция) Республики Калмыкия
  16. ^ Статья 69. Конституция Республики Хакасия
  17. ^ Статья 67. Конституция Республики Коми
  18. ^ Статья 15. Конституция республики Марий Эл
  19. ^ Статья 15. Конституция Республики Северная Осетия-Алания
  20. ^ Статья 8. Конституция Республики Татарстан
  21. ^ Статья 5. Конституция Республики Тыва
  22. ^ Статья 8. Конституция Удмуртской Республики
  23. ^ Статья 46. Конституция (Основной закон) Республики Саха (Якутия)
  24. ^ "Закон Республики Карелия «О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия»".
  25. ^ "Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing".
  26. ^ MarketScreener. "Sberbank Rossii : to protect rare languages of the nations of Russia using AI | MarketScreener". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  27. ^ "Sberbank. Immortals".
  28. ^ "Статистическая информация 2017. Министерство образования и науки Российской федерации".
  29. ^ "Sakha News".
  30. ^ Prina, Federica (2013). "Linguistic Rights in a Former Empire: Minority Languages and the Russian Higher Courts". European Yearbook of Minority Issues. 1: PP. 79-81. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  31. ^ Prina, Federica (2013). "Linguistic Rights in a Former Empire: Minority Languages and the Russian Higher Courts". European Yearbook of Minority Issues. 10: PP. 81-82. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  32. ^ Prina, Federica (2013). "Linguistic Rights in a Former Empire: Minority Languages and the Russian Higher Courts". European Yearbook of Minority Issues. Volume10: PP. 82-83. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help)
  33. ^ "Number of media outlets registered in Russia up 24% to 4-year highs — research". TASS. 2016-12-21.
  34. ^ "Назад – в прошлое! » Правде в глаза - Новостной портал свободной журналистики".
  35. ^ "Broadcast media". CIA World Factbook.
  36. ^ "comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011". comScore. 14 November 2011.
  37. ^ Gelbmann, Matthias (19 March 2013). "Russian is now the second most used language on the web". Web Technology Surveys, W3Techs.

Further reading

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German: Sprachpolitik in Russland

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Die Sprachpolitik in Russland beinhaltet Maßnahmen der russischen Regierung und Behörden, welche festlegen, wie Sprachen genutzt werden und welche Rechte Bevölkerungsgruppen für die Nutzung und Aufrechterhaltung ihrer Sprachen zustehen. Die russische Sprachpolitik wird im allgemeinen durch das Gesetz "Über die Sprachen der Völker der Russischen Föderation" von 1991[1] und das Gesetz "Über die Staatssprache der Russischen Föderation" reguliert.

Offizielle Sprachen

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Hauptartikel: Sprachen Russlands

Laut Artikel 68 der Russischen Konstitution[2] ist Russisch die einzige offizielle Sprache auf nationaler Ebene. Jener Artikel besagt außerdem, dass die einzelnen russischen Republiken neben der russischen Sprache eigene Sprachen als offiziell einführen dürfen. Dies ist die Liste der Sprachen, welche von den verschiedenen Russischen Republiken als offiziell anerkannt werden.

Sprache Sprachfamilie Föderationssubjekt Quelle
Abasinisch Nordwestkaukasisch Karatschai-Tscherkessien [3]
Adygeisch Nordwestkaukasisch Adygeja [4]
Altaisch Turkisch Republik Altai [5][6]
Baschkirisch Turkisch Baschkortostan [7] siehe auch: regionale Gesetze
Burjatisch Mongolisch Burjatien [8]
Tschtetschenisch Nordostkaukasisch Tschetschenien [9]
Tschuwaschich Turkisch Tschuwaschien [10]
Krimtatarisch Turkisch Republik der Krim[a][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1] [11]
Ersjanisch Uralic Mordwinien [12]
Inguschisch Nordostkaukasisch Inguschetien [13]
Kabardinisch Nordwestkaukasisch Kabardino-Balkarien, Karatschai-Tscherkessien [14]
Kalmükisch Mongolisch Kalmykia [15]
Karatschai- balkarisch Turkisch Kabardino-Balkarien, Karatschai-Tscherkessien [3][14]
Chakassisch Turkisch Chakassien [16]
Komi Uralic Republik Komi [17]
Hill Mari, Meadow Mari Uralic Mari El [18]
Mokschanisch Uralic Mordwinien [12]
Nogaisch Turkisch Karatschai-Tscherkessien, Dagestan [3]
Ossetisch Indogermanisch Nordossetien-Alanien [19]
Tatarisch Turkisch Tatarstan [20]
Tuwinisch Turkisch Tuwa [21]
Udmurtisch Uralic Udmurtien [22]
Ukrainisch Indogermanisch Republik der Krim[a] [11]
Jakutisch Turkisch Republik Sakha [23]

Karelien ist die einzige Russische Republik, welche Russisch als einzige offizielle Sprache hat. Trotzdem gibt es ein spezielles Gesetz, welches den Staat unterstützt und die Karelische, Wepsische und Finnische Sprache in der Republik schützt.

Gefährdete Sprachen

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Hauptartikel: List of endangered languages in Russia (Liste der gefährdeten Sprachen in Russland)
Gemäß der dritten Edition des Atlas der gefährdeten Sprachen in der Welt (2010), herausgegeben von der UNESCO, werden in Russland ungefähr 130 gefährdete Sprachen gesprochen.[24]

Am Tag der nationalen Einheit hat das Finanzinstitut Sberbank ein Projekt gestartet, um mithilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz das Verschwinden der verschiedenen Sprachen kleiner russischer Stämme abzuwenden. Es wurden drei Sprachen von verschiedenen Stämmen ausgewählt, die auf der Taymyr-Halbinsel, im europäischen Teil Russlands und in der Gegend des Flusses Amur leben: Die Nganasanische, Ischorschiche und Ulch- Sprache.[25]

Sprachen im Bildungssystem

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Die absolute Mehrheit der russischen Studenten nutzen im Bildungskontext die russische Sprache.[26]

Bildung in den Sprachen der einzelnen russischen Völker, welche nicht Russisch sprechen, findet hauptsächlich in den russischen Republiken statt. Nicht-russische Sprachen werden normalerweise in Schulen verwendet. Von den Kindern der einheimischen Minderheiten des Nordens erlernen nur 50% ihre ursprüngliche Sprache als Schulfach. In Baschkortostan, Tatarstan und Sacha gibt es entsprechende Gesetze, nach denen die Schüler zusätzlich zur russischen auch die Baschkirische, Tatarische und Jakutische Sprache lernen müssen.[27] Das Verfassungsgericht der Russischen Föderation hat die Legitimität ähnlicher Forderungen aus Tatarstan anerkannt und das Oberste Gericht der Russischen Föderation solche aus Karatschai-Tscherkessien und Dagestan. Gemäß des Verfassungsgerichts darf die Lehre nationaler Sprachen nicht auf Kosten der Lehre der Russischen Sprache als Staatssprache der Russischen Föderation ausgeführt werden.[28]

Im November 2008 legte das Bildungsministerium der Russischen Föderation Russisch als einzige Sprache für das einheitliche Staatsexamen fest.[29]

Höhere Bildung wird fast ausschließlich auf Russisch durchgeführt. Laut eines Berichts der russischen Regierung von 2010 über Minderheitenrechte ist die Bereitstellung von Bildung in ausschließlich einer Sprache, welche nicht Russisch ist, eine Verletzung der Chancengleichheit, da, der Meinung Russischer Autoritäten zufolge, Kinder, welche eine solche Bildung erhalten, nicht die gleichen Möglichkeiten haben wie andere, beispielsweise bei der Jobsuche.[30]

Sprachen in den Medien

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In Russland gibt es mehr als 83.000 aktive und offiziell registrierte Pressekanäle, welche Informationen in 102 Sprachen aussenden.[31]

Im Jahr 2010 wurden 99,4% aller Bücher, 99,8% aller Magazine und 98,3% aller (zirkulierenden) Zeitungen auf Russisch gedruckt.[32]

Fernsehen ist das beliebteste Medium in Russland. 75% der Bevölkerung schauen regelmäßig nationales Fernsehen und 59% schauen regelmäßig regionale Sender. Insgesamt gibt es 3.300 Fernsehsender. 3 Sender haben eine nationale Reichweite (erreichen über 90% des Russischen Territoriums): Perwy kanal, Rossija 1 und NTW.[33] Alle nationalen Fernsehsender senden ausschließlich auf Russisch. Im Moment gibt es 93 regionale Fernsehsender, welche in den nicht-russischen Sprachen der Russischen Völker ausgestrahlt werden.

Internet ist in Russland Unternehmen und Hausbesitzern auf verschiedene Weisen zugänglich. Im September 2011 überholte Russland Deutschland auf dem europäischen Markt mit der größten Anzahl an Besuchern online.[34] Im März 2013 fand eine Studie heraus, dass Russisch die am zweitmeisten genutzte Sprache im Internet geworden ist.[35] Das Internet wird in Russland auch manchmal als Runet bezeichnet, obwohl sich dieser Begriff hauptsächlich auf das russischsprachige Internet bezieht. Andere Sprachen, welche in Russland gesprochen werden, sind ebenfalls online präsent.

Russifizierung

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Hauptartikel: Russifizierung

Russifizieren ist eine Form von kulturellem Anpassungsprozess, bei dem nicht- Russische Gemeinschaften, freiwillig oder nicht, ihre Kultur und Sprache zugunsten der Russischen aufgeben. Im historischen Sinn bezieht sich dieser Begriff auf sowohl offizielle als auch inoffizielle Strategien des Russischen Kaiserreichs und der Sowjetunion mit dem Ziel der Russischen Herrschaft. Russifizierung fand hauptsächlich in der Politik und Kultur statt.

Siehe auch

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Einzelnachweise

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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference KarCherk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Altai was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference LawAltai was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Crimea was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Mordovia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference KabBalk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference :10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mari-El was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference :15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference :17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference :18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference :19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference :20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference :21 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference :22 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference :23 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference :24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference :25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference :26 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference :27 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference :28 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  1. ^ a b c d Annexed by Russia in 2014 Voted to join Russian Federation in 2014; recognized as a part of Ukraine by most of the international community.

Literatur

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Albanian: Politika e gjuhës në Rusi

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Politika e gjuhëve në Rusi është ajo që qeveria e Rusisë bën për të përcaktuar se si përdoren gjuhët dhe për të vendosur të drejtat e individëve ose grupeve për përdorimin dhe mirëmbajtjen e gjuhëve. Politika e gjuhës në Rusi rregullohet me ligjin "Për gjuhët e popujve të Federatës Ruse" (1991)[1] dhe ligjin "Për gjuhën shtetërore të Federatës Ruse".

Gjuhët zyrtare

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Gjuha Ruse është gjuha e vetme në nivel kombëtar sipas nenit 68 të Kushtetutës së Rusisë[2]. Ky nen gjithashtu thekson se republikat e Rusisë lejohen të krijojnë gjuhët e tyre zyrtare, por së bashku me gjuhën ruse. Kjo është lista e gjuhëve që njihen si zyrtare nga republikat e ndryshme të Rusisë:
Faqja kryesore: Languages of Russia (Gjuhët e Rusisë)

Gjuhët Familjet Gjuhësore Nënshtetasit e Federatës Burimi
Abaza Veri-perëndim të Kaukazeve Karaçaj-Çerkesia [3]
Adige Veri-perëndim të Kaukazeve Adigea [4]
Altai Turke Republika e Altajit [5][6]
Bashkir Turke   Bashkortostan [7] shih gjithashtu ligjin rajonal
Buriat Mongolisht Burjatia [8]
Çeçenët Veri-lindje të Kaukazeve Çeçenia [9]
Çuvash Turke Çuvashia [10]
Tartarët e Krimesë Turke Republika e Krimesë[a] [11]
Erzya Uralike   Mordovia [12]
Ingush Veri-lindje të Kaukazeve   Ingushetia [13]
Kabardisht Veri-perëndim të Kaukazeve   Kabardino-Balkaria Karaçaj-Çerkesia [14]
Kalmyk Mongolisht Kalmikia [15]
Karaçaj-Balkar Turke   Kabardino-Balkaria
Karaçaj-Çerkesia		 [3][14]
Kakas Turke Kakasia [16]
Komi Uralike Republika e Komit [17]
Hill Mari, Meadou Mari Uralike   Mari El [18]
Moksha Uralike   Mordovia [12]
Nogai Turke Karaçaj-Çerkesia,   Dagestan [3]
Osetisht Indo-Europiane Veriu i Ossetia-Alania [19]
Tartar Turke Tartarstan [20]
Tuvan Turke Tuva [21]
Udmurt Uralike   Udmurtia [22]
Ukrainisht Indo-Europiane Republika e Krimesë[a] [11]
Jakut Turke Republika e Sakhasë [23]

Karelia është e vetmja republikë e Rusisë e cila përdor rusishten si gjuhën e vetme zyrtare. Megjithatë, ekziston një ligj i posaçëm për mbështetjen dhe mbrojtjen e gjuhëve kareliane, vepsianeze dhe finlandeze në republikë.[24]

Gjuhë të rrezikuara

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Faqja kryesore: List of endangered languages in Russia (Lista e gjuhëve të rrezikuara në Rusi)

Ka rreth 130 gjuhë të rrezikuara që të zhduken në territorin e Rusisë, sipas gjetjeve të botimit të tretë të Atlasit të Gjuhëve Botërore në Rrezik (2010, më parë Libri i Kuq i Gjuhëve të Rrezikuara), si dhe botimi online i botimit të lartpërmendur , botuar nga UNESCO.[25]

Në Ditën e Unitetit, Sberbank filloi një projekt që përdor UA për të mbrojtur zhdukjen e gjuhëve të veçanta të fiseve të vogla të Rusisë. Janë zgjedhur tre gjuhë të fiseve të veçanta që banojnë në Gadishullin Taymyr, pjesa europiane e Rusisë dhe zona përgjatë lumit Amur: Nganasan, Ingrian dhe Ulch.[26]

Gjuhët e arsimit

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Shumica e studentëve ose nxënësve rusë e përdorin rusishten si medium të arsimit.[27]

Arsimi në gjuhët e popujve të Rusisë, përveç rusishtes, zhvillohet kryesisht në republikat e Rusisë. Gjuhët jo-ruse zakonisht përdoren në shkolla. Ndër fëmijët e pakicave vendase të Veriut, vetëm 50% e studiojnë gjuhën e tyre amtare si lëndë shkollore. Në Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Sakha (Yakutia-Jakutia) ekzistojnë ligje sipas të cilave studentët përveç rusishtes janë të detyruar të studiojnë respektivisht gjuhët Bashkir, Tatar dhe Yakut (Jakut).[28] Gjykata Kushtetuese e Federatës Ruse njohu legjitimitetin e pretendimeve të ngjashme në Tatarstan, dhe Gjykatën Supreme të Rusisë - në Karachay-Cherkessia (Karaçaj-Çerkesia) dhe Dagestan. Sipas Gjykatës Kushtetuese, studimi i gjuhëve kombëtare nuk mund të bëhet të dëmtojë të studimin e gjuhës ruse, si gjuhë shtetërore e Federatës Ruse.[29]

Në nëntor të vitit 2008, Ministria e Arsimit e Federatës Ruse deklaroi se në Provimin e Shtetit të Unifikuar do të përdoret vetëm gjuha ruse.[30]

Arsimi i lartë bëhet pothuajse ekskluzivisht në rusisht. Sipas raportit për të drejtat e pakicave të lëshuara nga qeveria ruse në vitin 2010, duke ofruar arsimim ekskluzivisht në një gjuhë tjetër nga ajo ruse është një shkelje e barazisë së mundësive pasi sipas mendimit të autoriteteve ruse, fëmijët që marrin një arsim të tillë nuk kanë mundësitë e barabarta si të tjerët (për shembull, kur kërkon punë).[31]

Gjuhët e mediave

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Ka më shumë se 83,000 media aktive dhe të regjistruara zyrtarisht në Rusi që transmetojnë informata në 102 gjuhë.[32]

Në vitin 2010, 99.4% e librave, 99.8% e revistave, 98.3% e gazetave (në qarkullim) janë shtypur në rusisht.[33]

Televizioni është mediumi më popullor në Rusi, ku 74% e popullsisë ndjekin kanalet televizive kombëtare në mënyrë rutinore dhe 59% në shikojnë kanalet rajonale. Ka gjithsej 3300 kanale televizive. 3 kanale kanë një shtrirje mbarëkombëtare (mbi 90% të mbulimit të territorit rus): Channel One, Russia-1 dhe NTV.[34] Të gjitha kanalet kombëtare janë vetëm në gjuhën ruse. Aktualisht janë 93 kanale televizive rajonale në gjuhët jo-ruse të popujve të Federatës Ruse.

Përdorimi i internetit në Rusi është në dispozicion për bizneset dhe për përdoruesit në shtëpi në forma të ndryshme. Në shtator të vitit 2011 Rusia arriti Gjermaninë në tregun evropian me numrin më të madh të vizitorëve unik në internet. Në mars të vitit 2013, një studim zbuloi se rusishtja ishte gjuha e dytë më e përdorur në internet.[35] Interneti në Rusi nganjëherë quhet Runet, edhe pse ky term i referohet më së shumti Internetit të gjuhës ruse. Gjuhë të tjera të folura në Rusi janë gjithashtu të pranishme në internet.[36]

Rusifikimi

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Faqja kryesore: Russification (Rusifikimi)

Rusifikimi ose Rusizimi është një formë e procesit të asimilimit kulturor, gjatë të cilit komunitetet jo-ruse, vullnetarisht apo jo, heqin dorë nga kultura dhe gjuha e tyre në favor të asaj ruse. Në kuptimin historik, termi i referohet politikave zyrtare dhe jozyrtare të Rusisë Perandorake dhe Bashkimit Sovjetik që synojnë dominimin rus. Fushat kryesore të Rusifikimit janë politika dhe kultura.

Shiko dhe këtë

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Referencat

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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference KarCherk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Altai was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference LawAltai was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Crimea was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Mordovia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference KabBalk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference :10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mari-El was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference :14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference :15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference :16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference :17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference :18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference :19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference :20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference :21 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference :22 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference :23 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference :24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference :25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference :26 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference :27 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference :28 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  1. ^ a b Annexed by Russia in 2014 Voted to join Russian Federation in 2014; recognized as a part of Ukraine by most of the international community.

Lexo më shumë

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Lidhje të jashtme

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