Wikipedia

User:Flyer22 Frozen/A different setup

< User:Flyer22 Frozen

Behaviors

See also: Human sexual activity and Human sexuality

Definitions

 
19th-century painting of a couple engaged in vaginal intercourse, by Achille Devéria
 
19th-century erotic interpretation of Hadrian and Antinous engaged in anal intercourse, by Édouard-Henri Avril

Sexual intercourse may be defined by different words, including coitus, copulation, coition, or intercourse (which is typically shorthand for sexual intercourse). The term coitus is derived from the Latin word coitio or coire, meaning "a coming together or joining together" or "to go together", and it describes a variety of sexual activities under ancient Latin names, but usually refers exclusively to penile–vaginal penetration.[1] This is often termed vaginal intercourse or vaginal sex.[2][3] The term vaginal sex, and less often vaginal intercourse, may also refer to any vaginal sexual activity, particularly if penetrative, including sexual activity between lesbian couples.[4][5] Copulation, by contrast, more often refers to the mating process, especially for non-human animals; it can denote any sexual activity between opposite-sex or same-sex pairings,[6] but is generally defined as the sexually reproductive act of transferring sperm from a male to a female or sexual procreation between a man and a woman.[6][7][8]

Although the terms sexual intercourse and sex most commonly denote penile–vaginal intercourse,[9] sex and the phrase "have sex" can mean any penetrative or non-penetrative sexual activity between two or more people.[10][11][12] The World Health Organization (WHO) states that non-English languages and cultures "use different terms for sexual activity, with slightly different meanings".[10] Various vulgar or slang words and euphemisms are also used to describe sexual intercourse or other sexual activity, such as the term fuck, shag, and the phrase "sleep together".[13][14][15] Penetration of the vagina by the erect penis is additionally known as intromission, or by the Latin name immissio penis (Latin for "insertion of the penis").[16]

Vaginal, anal and oral sex are recognized as sexual intercourse more often than other sexual behaviors.[17] While non-penetrative and non-penile–vaginal sexual activities may be regarded as sexual intercourse,[18][19][20] they might alternatively be considered a means of maintaining virginity (sometimes called "technical virginity)" or labeled "outercourse", regardless of any penetrative aspects; this is more often the case for oral sex than for anal sex.[21] Virginity loss is often based on penile–vaginal intercourse partly because heterosexual couples may engage in anal or oral sex not only for sexual pleasure, but as ways of maintaining that they are virgins if they have not engaged in the reproductive act of coitus.[21] Similarly, some gay men consider frotting or oral sex as ways of maintaining their virginities, with penile-anal penetration defined as sexual intercourse and resulting in virginity loss, while other gay men may define frotting or oral sex as their main forms of sexual activity.[22][23][24] Lesbians may define oral sex or fingering as sexual intercourse and subsequently an act of virginity loss,[25][22][26] or tribadism as a primary form of sexual activity.[27][28]

Researchers commonly define sexual intercourse as penile–vaginal intercourse while using specific terms, such as anal sex or oral sex, for other sexual behaviors.[29] Scholars Richard M. Lerner and Laurence Steinberg state that researchers also "rarely disclose how they define sex or even whether they resolved potential discrepancies in definitions of sex".[25] Learner and Steinberg attribute researchers' focus on penile–vaginal sex to "the larger culture's preoccupation with this form of sexual activity," and have expressed concern that the "widespread, unquestioned equation of penile–vaginal intercourse with sex reflects a failure to examine systematically 'whether the respondent's understanding of the question [about sexual activity] matches what the researcher had in mind'".[25] This focus can also relegate other forms of mutual sexual activity to foreplay or contribute to them not being regarded as "real sex", and limit how rape is defined.[30][31][32][33] It may also be that conceptually conflating sexual activity with vaginal intercourse and sexual function hinders and limits information about sexual behavior that non-heterosexual people may be engaging in, or information about heterosexuals who may be engaging in non–vaginal sexual activity.[31]

Studies regarding the definition of sexual intercourse sometimes conflict. A 1999 study by the Kinsey Institute examined the definition of sex based on a 1991 random sample of 599 college students from 29 U.S. states; it reported that while "virtually every college student they surveyed considered penile–vaginal intercourse to be sex," and 19–20% said that anal intercourse was not sex, 60% said oral-genital contact (fellatio, cunnilingus) did not constitute having sex.[12][34][35] Similarly, a 2003 study published in the Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality focusing on definitions of having sex and noting studies concerning university students from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia reported that "while the vast majority of respondents (more than 97%) in these three studies included penile–vaginal intercourse in their definition of sex, fewer (between 70% and 90%) respondents considered penile-anal intercourse to constitute having sex" and that "oral-genital behaviours were defined as sex by between 32% and 58% of respondents".[11] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated in 2009 that "although there are only limited national data about how often adolescents engage in oral sex, some data suggest that many adolescents who engage in oral sex do not consider it to be 'sex'; therefore they may use oral sex as an option to experience sex while still, in their minds, remaining abstinent".[36]

The specificity of questions concerning sexual activity can additionally affect definitions of sexual intercourse or other sexual behaviors. Another study by the Kinsey Institute sampled 484 people, ranging in ages 18–96. The study reported that nearly 95% of its participants "agreed that penile–vaginal intercourse meant 'had sex.' But the numbers changed as the questions got more specific". 11% of respondents based "had sex" on whether the man had achieved an orgasm, concluding that absence of an orgasm does not constitute "having had" sex; "about 80 percent of respondents said penile-anal intercourse meant 'had sex.' About 70 percent of people believed oral sex was sex."[12] Condom use is also a factor, with some men stating that sexual activity involving the protection of a condom is not "real sex" or "the real thing".[12][37][38] One study reported that older generations of men (65 or older) in particular do not view sexual activity involving the protection of a condom to be sex.[12] This view is common among men in Africa,[37][38] where sexual activity involving the protection of a condom is often associated with emasculation because condoms prevent direct penile–to–skin genital contact.[37]

Bonding

See also: Human mating strategies and Pair bond

Copulation ranges from a purely reproductive activity to one of emotional bonding. For example, sexual intercourse and sexual activity in general often play a strong role in human bonding.[39] In many societies, it is normal for couples to have sexual intercourse while using some method of birth control (contraception), sharing pleasure and strengthening their emotional bond through sexual activity even though they are deliberately avoiding pregnancy.[39]

In humans and bonobos, the female undergoes relatively concealed ovulation so that male and female partners commonly do not know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One possible reason for this distinct biological feature may be formation of strong emotional bonds between sexual partners important for social interactions and, in the case of humans, long-term partnership rather than immediate sexual reproduction.[39][40] For humans in particular, cooperative behavior in a community and, by extension, sexual activity reinforce social bonds between individuals and may form larger social structures. The resulting cooperation encourages collective tasks that promote the survival of each member of the group.[41]

Stimulation

Sexual intercourse or other sexual activity can encompass various sexually stimulating factors (physiological stimulation or psychological stimulation), including different sex positions or the use of sex toys.[27][19][42] Foreplay may precede some sexual activities, often leading to sexual arousal of the partners and resulting in the erection of the penis or |natural lubrication of the vagina.[43] It is also common for people to be as sexually satisfied by being kissed, touched erotically, or held as they are by sexual intercourse.[44]

In most mammals, the anatomy of the reproductive organs and some circuits of the nervous system are specifically organized for heterosexual copulation. Copulation corresponds to a succession of innate sexual reflexes: erection, vaginal lubrication, lordosis behavior, immobilization, intromission, pelvic thrust and ejaculation. These copulatory reflexes are controlled by hormones and facilitated by sexual pheromones.[45] In hominidae, including humans, several biological factors that control copulation are modified.[46] These changes in neurobiological control of copulation are particularly evident in females of hominidae. Non-primate females copulate only when in estrus,[47] but sexual intercourse is possible at any time of the menstrual cycle for women.[48] Sex pheromones facilitate copulatory reflexes,[49] but, in humans, the detection of pheromones is impaired[50][51] and they have only residual effects.[52] Non-primate females put themselves in the crucial lordosis position and remain motionless, but these motor copulatory reflexes are no longer functional in women.[47] Unlike mammalian copulation, where copulation is a reflex, controlled by hormones and influenced by pheromones, human sexual intercourse is mostly a voluntary and learned activity, in order to obtain genital sexual rewards.[53][46]

 
Édouard-Henri Avril depiction of a woman on top position, a position that is more likely to stimulate the clitoris[54]

During coitus, the partners orient their hips to allow the penis to move back and forth in the vagina to cause friction, typically without fully removing the penis. In this way, they stimulate themselves and each other, often continuing until orgasm in either or both partners is achieved.[20][55]

For human females, stimulation of the clitoris plays a significant role in sexual activity; 70–80% of women require direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm,[56][57][58] though indirect clitoral stimulation (for example, via vaginal intercourse) may also be sufficient (see orgasm in females).[59][60] Because of this, some couples may engage in the woman on top position or the coital alignment technique, a technique combining the "riding high" variation of the missionary position with pressure-counterpressure movements performed by each partner in rhythm with sexual penetration, to maximize clitoral stimulation.[54][19][61]

 
Édouard-Henri Avril depiction of cunnilingus in the life of Sappho

Anal sex involves stimulation of the anus, anal cavity, sphincter valve or rectum; it most commonly means the insertion of a man's penis into another person's rectum, but may also mean the use of other sex toys or fingers to penetrate the anus, pegging, or anilingus.[62]

Oral sex consists of all the sexual activities that involve the use of the mouth and throat to stimulate genitalia or anus. It is sometimes performed to the exclusion of all other forms of sexual activity, and may include the ingestion or absorption of semen or vaginal fluids.[27][63]

Fingering (or digital penetration or digital intercourse) involves the manual manipulation of the clitoris, rest of the vulva, vagina or anus for the purpose of sexual arousal and sexual stimulation; it may constitute the entire sexual encounter or it may be part of mutual masturbation, foreplay or other sexual activities.[5][64][65]

Reproduction

Main articles: Sexual reproduction and Human reproduction
 
"Coition of a Hemisected Man and Woman" (c. 1492), an interpretation of what happens inside the body during coitus, by Leonardo da Vinci.

Sexual intercourse is perhaps 385 million years old, and it is likely that the oldest jawed fish on Earth was the first animal to reproduce by copulation.[66] Reproduction among humans usually occurs with penile–vaginal penetration.[67] Male orgasm usually includes ejaculation, a series of muscular contractions that deliver semen containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa from the penis into the vagina. The subsequent route of the sperm from the vault of the vagina is through the cervix and into the uterus, and then into the fallopian tubes. Millions of sperm are present in each ejaculation, to increase the chances of one fertilizing an egg or ovum (see sperm competition). When a fertile ovum from the female is present in the fallopian tubes, the male gamete joins with the ovum, resulting in fertilization and the formation of a new embryo. When a fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, it becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) and a pregnancy begins.[67] Unlike most species, human sexual activity is not linked to periods of estrus and can take place at any time during the reproductive cycle, even during pregnancy.[40][68]

When a sperm donor has sexual intercourse with a woman who is not his partner and for the sole purpose of impregnating the woman, this may be known as natural insemination, as opposed to artificial insemination. Artificial insemination is a form of assisted reproductive technology, which are methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.[69] For artificial insemination, sperm donors may donate their sperm through a sperm bank, and the insemination is performed with the express intention of attempting to impregnate the female; to this extent, its purpose is the medical equivalent of sexual intercourse.[70][71]

Reproductive methods also extend to gay and lesbian couples. For gay male pairings, there is the option of surrogate pregnancy; for lesbian couples, there is donor insemination in addition to choosing surrogate pregnancy.[72][73] Surrogacy and donor insemination remain the primary methods. Surrogacy is an arrangement in which a woman carries and delivers a child for another couple or person. The woman may be the child's genetic mother (traditional surrogacy) or she may carry a pregnancy to delivery after having another woman's eggs transferred to her uterus (gestational surrogacy). Gay or lesbian pairings who want the host to have no genetic connection to the child may choose gestational surrogacy and enter into a contract with an egg donor. Gay male couples might decide that they should both contribute semen for an in vitro fertilisation (IVF) process, which further establishes the couple's joint intention to become parents.[73] Lesbian couples often have contracts drafted to extinguish the legal rights of the sperm donor, while creating legal rights for the parent who is not biologically related to the child.[74]

Safe sex and birth control

See also: Coitus interruptus

There are a variety of safe sex methods that are practiced by heterosexual and same-sex couples, including non-penetrative sex acts,[75][76] and heterosexual couples may use oral or anal sex (or both) as a means of birth control.[77][78] However, pregnancy can still occur with anal sex or other forms of sexual activity if the penis is near the vagina (such as during intercrural sex or other genital-genital rubbing) and its sperm is deposited near the vagina's entrance and travels along the vagina's lubricating fluids; the risk of pregnancy can also occur without the penis being near the vagina because sperm may be transported to the vaginal opening by the vagina coming in contact with fingers or other non-genital body parts that have come in contact with semen.[79][80]

Safe sex is a relevant harm reduction philosophy,[81][82] and condoms are used as a form of safe sex and contraception. Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).[81][82] According to reports by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and World Health Organization (WHO), correct and consistent use of latex condoms reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission by approximately 85–99% relative to risk when unprotected.[83][84] The most effective way to avoid sexually transmitted infections is to abstain from sexual intercourse, especially vaginal, anal, and oral sexual intercourse.[82]

Decisions and options concerning birth control can be affected by cultural reasons, such as religion, gender roles or folklore.[85] In the predominantly Catholic countries Ireland, Italy and the Philippines, fertility awareness and the rhythm method are emphasized while disapproval is expressed with regard to other contraceptive methods.[86] Worldwide, sterilization is a more common birth control method,[86] and use of the intrauterine device (IUD) is the most common and effective way of reversible contraception.[86][87] Conception and contraception are additionally a life-and-death situation in developing countries, where one in three women give birth before age 20; however, 90% of unsafe abortions in these countries could be prevented by effective contraception use.[86]

In 2004, the Guttmacher Institute indicated in 2002 that 62% of the 62 million women aged 15–44 are currently using a contraceptive method, that among U.S. women who practice contraception, the birth-control pill is the most popular choice (30.6%), followed by tubal sterilization (27.0%) and the male condom (18.0%), and that 27% of teenage women using contraceptives choose condoms as their primary method.[88] A 2006 Kaiser Family Foundation report stated that among sexually active 15- to 19-year-olds in the U.S., 83% of females and 91% of males reported using at least one method of birth control during last intercourse.[89]

The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) indicated in 2010 that "1 of 4 acts of vaginal intercourse are condom-protected in the U.S. (1 in 3 among singles)," that "condom use is higher among black and Hispanic Americans than among white Americans and those from other racial groups," and that "adults using a condom for intercourse were just as likely to rate the sexual extent positively in terms of arousal, pleasure and orgasm than when having intercourse without one".[90]

Prevalence

Penile–vaginal penetration is the most common form of sexual intercourse.[2][3] Studies indicate that most heterosexual couples engage in vaginal intercourse nearly every sexual encounter.[3] The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) reported in 2010 that vaginal intercourse is "the most prevalent sexual behavior among men and women of all ages and ethnicities".[3] In 2013, Clint E. Bruess et al. stated that it "is the most frequently studied behavior" and, besides in many cultures being what is usually meant when people refer to "having sex" or "sexual intercourse", is "often the focus of sexuality education programming for youth."[91]

Regarding oral or anal intercourse, the CDC stated in 2009, "Studies indicate that oral sex is commonly practiced by sexually active male-female and same-gender couples of various ages, including adolescents."[36] The 2010 NSSHB study reported that vaginal intercourse was practiced more than insertive anal intercourse among men, but that 13% to 15% of men aged 25 to 49 practiced insertive anal intercourse. Receptive anal intercourse was infrequent among men, with approximately 7% of men aged 14 to 94 years old having said that they were a receptive partner during anal intercourse. It said that women engage in anal intercourse less commonly than men, but that the practice is not uncommon among women; it was estimated that 10% to 14% of women aged 18 to 39 years old practiced anal sex in the past 90 days, and that most of the women said they practiced it once a month or a few times a year.[3]

The prevalence of sexual intercourse has been compared cross-culturally. In 2003, Michael Bozon of the French Institut national d'études démographiques conducted a cross-cultural study titled "At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse?". In the first group of the contemporary cultures he studied, which included sub-Saharan Africa (listing Mali, Senegal and Ethiopia), the data indicated that the age of men at sexual initiation in these societies is at later ages than that of women, but is often extra-marital; the study considered the Indian subcontinent to also fall into this group, though data was only available from Nepal.[92][93]

In the second group, the data indicated families encouraged daughters to delay marriage, and to abstain from sexual activity before that time. However, sons are encouraged to gain experience with older women or prostitutes before marriage. Age of men at sexual initiation in these societies is at lower ages than that of women; this group includes Latin cultures, both from southern Europe (Portugal, Greece and Romania are noted) and from Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and the Dominican Republic). The study considered many Asian societies to also fall into this group, although matching data was only available from Thailand.[92][93]

In the third group, age of men and women at sexual initiation was more closely matched; there were two sub-groups, however. In non-Latin, Catholic countries (Poland and Lithuania are mentioned), age at sexual initiation was higher, suggesting later marriage and reciprocal valuing of male and female virginity. The same pattern of late marriage and reciprocal valuing of virginity was reflected in Singapore and Sri Lanka. The study considered China and Vietnam to also fall into this group, though data were not available.[92][93] In northern and eastern European countries, age at sexual initiation was lower, with both men and women involved in sexual intercourse before any union formation; the study listed Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic as members of this group.[92][93]

Concerning United States data, national surveys in 1995 indicated that at least 3/4 of all men and women in the U.S. engaged in sexual intercourse by their late teenage years, and more than 2/3 of all sexually experienced teens had two or more partners.[94] Based on the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the average age of first sexual intercourse in U.S. participants aged 15 to 44 was 17.3 years for females and 17.0 years for males.[95][96][97] Special tabulations by the National Center for Health Statistics suggest that this figure changed between 2006 and 2010 to 17.1 years for both males and females.[98] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that 45.5 percent of girls and 45.7 percent of boys had engaged in sexual activity by 19 in 2002; in 2011, reporting their research from 2006–2010, they stated that 43% of American unmarried teenage girls and 42% of American unmarried teenage boys have ever engaged in sexual intercourse.[99] The CDC also reports that American girls will most likely lose their virginity to a boy who is 1 to 3 years older than they are.[99]

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported in 2002 that teenagers are delaying sexual intercourse and other sexual activity until older ages.[100] Between 1988 and 2002, the percentage of people in the U.S. who had sexual intercourse between the ages of 15 to 19 fell from 60 to 46 percent for never-married males, and from 51 to 46 percent for never-married females.[100] A 2008 survey conducted by YouGov for Channel 4 suggested that 40% of all 14 to 17-year-olds are sexually active, 74% of sexually active 14 to 17-year-olds have had a sexual experience under the age of consent, and 6% of teens would wait until marriage before having sex.[101]

  1. ^
    • "Coitus". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved September 6, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
    • Nilamadhab Kar; Gopal Chandra Kar (2005). Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. pp. 107–112. ISBN 8180614050. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
    • Fedwa Malti-Douglas (2007). Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: A-C. Macmillan Reference. p. 308. ISBN 0028659619. Sexual intercourse. [T]he term coitus indicates a specific act of sexual intercourse that also is known as coition or copulation. This 'coming together' is generally understood in heteronormative terms as the penetration of a woman's vagina by a man's penis.
    • Ada P. Kahn; Jan Fawcett (2008). The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Infobase Publishing. p. 111. ISBN 0816064547. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Alters was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e See page 302 for orgasm information, and pages 285–286 for definitions, prevalence and length of sexual intercourse. Janell L. Carroll (2012). Discovery Series: Human Sexuality (1st ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 656 pages. ISBN 1111841896. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
  4. ^ Harvey B. Milkman; Kenneth W. Wanberg (2004). Pathways to Self-Discovery and Change: Criminal Conduct and Substance Abuse Treatment for Adolescents. SAGE. pp. 254–255. ISBN 1412906148. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  5. ^ a b Human Kinetics (2009). Health and Wellness for Life. Human Kinetics. p. 207. ISBN 0736068503. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Edward M. Barrows (2011). Animal Behavior Desk Reference: A Dictionary of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. Taylor & Francis. pp. 122–124. ISBN 1439836515. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
  7. ^ "Copulation". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, 2007/TheFreeDictionary.com for various dictionary definitions. Retrieved September 6, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ "Copulation". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^
    • Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 1134922426. Retrieved August 24, 2013. [S]ome sexual practices are regarded as inherently better (normal, natural, more satisfying) than others, with vaginal intercourse privileged as the 'Real Thing.' Such beliefs, influenced by views about sex as ultimately a reproductive function, continue to be perpetuated through discourses on sex despite a number of important contradictions.
    • Richard M. Lerner; Laurence Steinberg (2004). Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 193–196. ISBN 0471690449. Retrieved April 29, 2013. When researchers use the term sex, they nearly always mean sexual intercourse – more specifically, penile–vaginal intercourse... The widespread, unquestioned equation of penile–vaginal intercourse with sex reflects a failure to examine systematically 'whether the respondent's understanding of the question matches what the researcher had in mind.'
    • See page 11 onwards and pages 47–49 for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in penile–vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
    • Fedwa Malti-Douglas (2007). Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: A-C. Macmillan Reference. p. 308. ISBN 0028659619. Sexual intercourse. [T]he term coitus indicates a specific act of sexual intercourse that also is known as coition or copulation. This 'coming together' is generally understood in heteronormative terms as the penetration of a woman's vagina by a man's penis.
    • Irving B. Weiner; W. Edward Craighead (2010). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Vol. 4. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1577. ISBN 0470170239. Retrieved August 21, 2013. Human sexual intercourse, or coitus, is one of the most common sexual outlets among adults. Sexual intercourse generally refers to penile penetration of the vagina...
    • Clint E. Bruess; Elizabeth Schroeder (2013). Sexuality Education Theory and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 152. ISBN 1449649289. Retrieved December 5, 2014. Vaginal sex is defined as when a penis or sex toy is inserted into a vagina for pleasure. In many cultures around the world, vaginal sex is what is usually implied when people refer to 'having sex' or 'sexual intercourse'. It is the most frequently studied behavior and is often the focus of sexuality education programming for youth.
  10. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference WHO, Sex was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Randall was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b c d e Cox, Lauren (March 8, 2010). "Study: Adults Can't Agree What 'Sex' Means". ABC.com. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
  13. ^ "Fuck". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 30, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ "Shag". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 30, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ "Sleep together". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  16. ^ "Intromission". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved December 26, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. ^
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference health.discovery.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Kar was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Kahn, Fawcett was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ a b
    • Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 1134922426. Retrieved August 24, 2013. The social construction of 'sex' as vaginal intercourse affects how other forms of sexual activity are evaluated as sexually satisfying or arousing; in some cases whether an activity is seen as a sexual act at all. For example, unless a woman has been penetrated by a man's penis she is still technically a virgin even if she has had lots of sexual experience.
    • Randall, H. E.; Byers, S. E. (2003). "What is sex? Students' definitions of having sex, sexual partner, and unfaithful sexual behaviour". The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 12: 87–96. Recently, researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia have investigated university students' definitions of having sex. These studies found that students differ in their opinions of what sexual behaviours constitute having sex (Pitts & Rahman, 2001; Richters & Song, 1999; Sanders & Reinisch, 1999). While the vast majority of respondents (more than 97%) in these three studies included penile–vaginal intercourse in their definition of sex, fewer (between 70% and 90%) respondents considered penile-anal intercourse to constitute having sex. Oral-genital behaviours were defined as sex by between 32% and 58% of respondents. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
    • See page 11 onwards and pages 47–49 for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in penile–vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
    • Bryan Strong; Christine DeVault; Theodore F. Cohen (2010). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p. 186. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. Retrieved October 8, 2011. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. ...But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' ... Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual activity (e.g. oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). ... Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins'.
    • Robert Crooks; Karla Baur (2010). Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. pp. 286–289. ISBN 0495812943. Retrieved August 30, 2012. Noncoital forms of sexual intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a viable form of birth control. Outercourse includes all avenues of sexual intimacy other than penile–vaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation, and oral and anal sex.
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Carpenter was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). Like a Virgin. The Advocate/Here Publishing. pp. 44–45. 0001-8996. Retrieved 2011-03-13. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ Dolby, Tom (February 2004). "Why Some Gay Men Don't Go All The Way". Out. pp. 76–77. Retrieved 2011-02-12. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Lerner was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Karen Bouris (1995). What Parents and Teenage Girls Should Know about "Losing Your Virginity". Conari Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 0-943233-93-3. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  27. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Weiten, 2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Jerrold S. Greenberg; Clint E. Bruess; Sarah C. Conklin (2007). Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 429. ISBN 0-7637-4148-5. 9780763741488. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  29. ^
  30. ^ Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 1134922426. Retrieved August 24, 2013. [S]ome sexual practices are regarded as inherently better (normal, natural, more satisfying) than others, with vaginal intercourse privileged as the 'Real Thing.' Such beliefs, influenced by views about sex as ultimately a reproductive function, continue to be perpetuated through discourses on sex despite a number of important contradictions.
  31. ^ a b Andrew Baum; Tracey A. A. Revenson; Jerome Singer (2012). Handbook of Health Psychology (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 080586461X. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  32. ^ Arthur G. Miller (1999). Perspectives on Evil and Violence. Psychology Press. p. 240. ISBN 0805897844. Retrieved April 29, 2013. Many people consider penile–vaginal intercourse the only form of 'real' sex.
  33. ^ Pamela J. Kalbfleisch; Michael J. Cody (2012). Gender Power and Communication in Human Relationships. Routledge. p. 153. ISBN 1136480501. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  34. ^ Michael R Kauth (2000). True Nature: A Theory of Sexual Attraction. Springer. p. 74. ISBN 0306463903. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  35. ^ Jayson, Sharon (October 19, 2005). "'Technical virginity' becomes part of teens' equation". USA Today. Retrieved August 7, 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ a b "Oral Sex and HIV Risk" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  37. ^ a b c Jonathan Engel (2009). The Epidemic: A History of Aids. HarperCollins. p. 242. ISBN 0061856762. Retrieved August 30, 2013. Many men simply did not like the feel of condoms, or associated them with emasculation. They say, 'Unless it's flesh on flesh, it's not real sex...
  38. ^ a b Naomi N. Wekwete (2010). Adolescent Pregnancy Challenges in the Era of HIV and AIDS: A Case Study of a Selected Rural Area in Zimbabwe. African Books Collective. p. 49. ISBN 9994455486. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  39. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Diamond was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ a b Harry T. Reis; Susan Sprecher; Susan K. Sprecher (2009). Encyclopedia of Human Relationships. Vol. 1. SAGE. pp. 541–543. ISBN 1412958466.
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference Non-human was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Taormino, Tristan (2009). The Big Book of Sex Toys. Quiver. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-59233-355-4. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
  43. ^ Wayne Weiten; Dana S. Dunn; Elizabeth Yost Hammer (2011). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. Cengage Learning. pp. 384–386. ISBN 1-111-18663-4. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  44. ^ Sandra Alters; Wendy Schiff (2011). Essential Concepts for Healthy Living Update. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 144965374X. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  45. ^ Plant T., Zeleznik A. (2015). Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press, 4th edition.
  46. ^ a b Wunsch S. (2017) Phylogenesis of mammal sexuality. Analysis of the evolution of proximal factors. Sexologies, 26(1):e1-e10.
  47. ^ a b Pfaus J.G., Flanagan-Cato L.M., Blaustein J.D. (2015) Female sexual behavior. in Plant T., Zeleznik A. (Eds). Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press, 4th edition
  48. ^ Dixson A.F. (2012) Primate sexuality: Comparative studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Human Beings. Oxford University Press, 2nd edition.
  49. ^ Keller M., Bakker J. (2009) Special issue (12 articles) : Pheromonal communication in higher vertebrates and its implication for reproductive function. Behavioural Brain Research, 200(2):237-358.
  50. ^ Nei M., Niimura Y., Nozawa M. (2008) The evolution of animal chemosensory receptor gene repertoires: roles of chance and necessity. Nat. Rev. Genet., 9(12):951-963.
  51. ^ Zhang J., Webb D.M. (2003) Evolutionary deterioration of the vomeronasal pheromone transduction pathway in catarrhine primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(14):8337-8341.
  52. ^ Doty R.L. (2014) Human Pheromones: Do They Exist? in Mucignat-Caretta C. (Ed). Neurobiology of Chemical Communication. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, (19).
  53. ^ Georgiadis J.R., Kringelbach M.L., Pfaus J.G. (2012) Sex for fun: a synthesis of human and animal neurobiology. Nat. Rev. Urol., 9(9):486-498.
  54. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Roberts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  55. ^ Cecie Starr; Beverly McMillan (2008). Human Biology. Cengage Learning. p. 314. ISBN 0495561819. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  56. ^ Joseph A. Flaherty; John Marcell Davis; Philip G. Janicak (1993). Psychiatry: Diagnosis & therapy. A Lange clinical manual. Appleton & Lange (Original from Northwestern University). pp. 544 pages. ISBN 0-8385-1267-4. The amount of time of sexual arousal needed to reach orgasm is variable — and usually much longer — in women than in men; thus, only 20–30% of women attain a coital climax. b. Many women (70–80%) require manual clitoral stimulation...
  57. ^ Mah K, Binik YM (January 7, 2001). "The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends". Clinical Psychology Review. 21 (6): 823–856. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00069-6. PMID 11497209. Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse.
  58. ^ Kammerer-Doak D, Rogers RG (June 2008). "Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 35 (2): 169–183. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006. PMID 18486835. Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...
  59. ^ Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (2005). The case of the female orgasm: bias in the science of evolution. Harvard University Press. p. 53. ISBN 0-674-01706-4. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  60. ^ O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (October 2005). "Anatomy of the clitoris". The Journal of Urology. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd. PMID 16145367. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
  61. ^ Hurlbert DF, Apt C (1995). "The coital alignment technique and directed masturbation: a comparative study on female orgasm". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 21 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1080/00926239508405968. PMID 7608994. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysource=, |laysummary=, and |laydate= (help)
  62. ^ Barry R. Komisaruk; Beverly Whipple; Sara Nasserzadeh; Carlos Beyer-Flores (2009). The Orgasm Answer Guide. JHU Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-8018-9396-8. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  63. ^ Paula Kamen (2000). Her Way: Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution. New York University Press. pp. 74–77. ISBN 0814747337. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
  64. ^ Hite, Shere (2003). The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press. pp. 512 pages. ISBN 1-58322-569-2. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  65. ^ Carroll, Janell L. (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. pp. 118, 252, and 264. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  66. ^ Pappas, Stephanie (October 22, 2014). "Sex Is 385 Million Years Old, and It Looked Like Square Dancing". Live Science. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  67. ^ a b Richard Evan Jones; Kristin H. López (2006). Human Reproductive Biology. Academic Press. pp. 604 pages. ISBN 0120884658. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  68. ^ Jared Diamond (1997). Why Is Sex Fun?. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03127-7.
  69. ^ James Bobick; Naomi Balaban (2008). The Handy Anatomy Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. pp. 306–307. ISBN 157859328X. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  70. ^ R.K. Sharma (2007). Concise Textbook Of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. Elsevier India. pp. 113–116. ISBN 8131211452. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  71. ^ Mosby, Marie T. O'Toole (2013). Mosby's Medical Dictionary. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 138. ISBN 0323112587. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  72. ^ Berkowitz D, Marsiglio W (2007). "Gay Men: Negotiating Procreative, Father, and Family Identities". Journal of Marriage and Family. 69 (2): 366–381. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00371.x.
  73. ^ a b Joan M. Burda (2008). Gay, lesbian, and transgender clients: a lawyer's guide. American Bar Association. pp. 69–74. ISBN 1-59031-944-3. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  74. ^ Elizabeth Bernstein; Laurie Schaffner (2005). Regulating sex: the politics of intimacy and identity. Perspectives on gender. Psychology Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-415-94869-X. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  75. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kumar was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  76. ^ Jerry D. Durham; Felissa R. Lashley (2000). The Person With HIV/AIDS: Nursing Perspectives (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company. p. 103. ISBN 8122300049. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  77. ^ Robert Crooks; Karla Baur (2010). Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. pp. 286–289. ISBN 0495812943. Retrieved August 30, 2012. Noncoital forms of sexual intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a viable form of birth control. Outercourse includes all avenues of sexual intimacy other than penile–vaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation, and oral and anal sex.
  78. ^ Feldmann J, Middleman AB (2002). "Adolescent sexuality and sexual behavior". Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology. 14 (5): 489–493. doi:10.1097/00001703-200210000-00008. PMID 12401976.
  79. ^ Thomas, R. Murray (2009). Sex and the American teenager seeing through the myths and confronting the issues. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Education. p. 81. ISBN 9781607090182. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  80. ^ Edlin, Gordon (2012). Health & Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 213. ISBN 9781449636470. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  81. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Who was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  82. ^ a b c Chin HB, Sipe TA, Elder R, Mercer SL, Chattopadhyay SK, Jacob V, Wethington HR, Kirby D, Elliston DB, Griffith M, Chuke SO, Briss SC, Ericksen I, Galbraith JS, Herbst JH, Johnson RL, Kraft JM, Noar SM, Romero LM, Santelli J (2012). "The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 42 (3): 272–294. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006. PMID 22341164.
  83. ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (July 20, 2001). Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention. Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. pp. 13–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  84. ^ "Effectiveness of male latex condoms in protecting against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections". World Health Organization. 2000. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  85. ^ Dianne Hales (2010). An Invitation to Health: Choosing to Change. Cengage Learning. pp. 301–302. ISBN 0538736550. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  86. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Hales was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  87. ^ Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, Secura GM (2012). "Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception". N. Engl. J. Med. 366 (21): 1998–2007. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855. PMID 22621627.
  88. ^ "Contraceptive Use". Guttmacher Institute. 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
  89. ^ "Sexual Health Statistics for Teenagers and Young Adults in the United States" (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. September 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  90. ^ "Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, Centre for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 7, Supplement 5.: 4 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
  91. ^ Clint E. Bruess; Elizabeth Schroeder (2013). Sexuality Education Theory and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 152. ISBN 1449649289. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  92. ^ a b c d Bozon, Michael (2003). "At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse? World comparisons and recent trends" (PDF). Population and Societies. 391: 1–4.
  93. ^ a b c d Graziella Caselli; Guillaume Wunsch; Daniel Courgeau; Jacques Vallin (2005). Demography – Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. pp. 490–501. ISBN 012765660X. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  94. ^ "Sexual and Reproductive Health: Women and Men". Guttmacher Institute. 2002. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  95. ^ "Seventeen Is the Average Age at First Sexual Intercourse" (PDF). American Sexual Behavior. newstrategist.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  96. ^ "Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S.Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  97. ^ "Fertility, Contraception, and Fatherhood: Data on Men and Women From Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  98. ^ "Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family Growth". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  99. ^ a b "Teenagers in the United States: Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing, 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  100. ^ a b "Teenagers in the United States: Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing, 2002" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  101. ^ "Teen Sex Survey". Channel 4. 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Flyer22_Frozen/A_different_setup&oldid=1193763391"