List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Germany

"Polish-German Wars" redirects you to this page.

Poland and Germany have been in a total of 33 armed conflicts against each other. These include conflicts such as Polish–Teutonic Wars, Silesian Uprisings and World War II. This does include Polish and German intervention in wars such as the Lithuanian Civil War or the Polish–Ukrainian conflict.

Polish or Polish-Lithuanian victory - 17

German, Teutonic or Prussian victory - 11

Another result - 5 (Result unknown or indecisive, Status quo ante bellum, treaty or peace without a clear result or an internal conflict inside Poland or Germany in which the other intervened)

*Some wars may not be included due to lack of evidence. If you have evidence for a war, please include it.

Civitas Schinesghe against the Holy Roman Empire (972–1018)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
972	Battle of Cedynia^[1] Location: Cedynia, present-day Poland (Disputed)^[2]	Civitas Schinesghe	Saxon Eastern March	Polish victory^[3]
979-980	Otto II's raid on Poland^[4] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Poznań, Greater Poland Mieszko I's warriors	Civitas Schinesghe	Holy Roman Empire	Polish victory^[5]
1003-1005	German-Polish War [pl]^[6] Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018) Location: Bohemia, Lusatia, Margravate of Meissen, Upper Lusatia Map of Poland during the reign of Bolesław I the Brave with marked expeditions and major battles of the German–Polish War	Civitas Schinesghe	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia Veleti	German victory^[7] Peace of Poznań (1005) Civitas Schinesghe loses Bohemia, Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia
1007-1013	German-Polish War [pl]^[8] Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018) Location: Lubusz Land, Lusatia, Elbe Valley	Civitas Schinesghe	Holy Roman Empire	Polish victory^[8] Peace of Merseburg [pl] (1013)
1015-1018	German-Polish War [pl]^[9] Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018) Location: Lusatia, Meissen, Bohemia, Greater Poland, Silesia	Civitas Schinesghe Moravians	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia Margraviate of Austria Veleti	Polish victory^[9] Peace of Bautzen (1018) Poland is granted control over Lusatia and Upper Lusatia The Duchy of Bohemia becomes an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Poland against the Holy Roman Empire (1028–1157)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1028-1031	German–Polish War^[10] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Lusatia, Moravia, Saxony, Poland, Red Ruthenia	Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Saxony Duchy of Bohemia (from 1029) Kievan Rus' (from 1030) Kingdom of Hungary (1031)	German-Rus' victory^[10]
Summer 1109	Henry V's expedition to Poland^[11] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Oder River, Silesia German-Polish War (1109)	Kingdom of Poland	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia	Polish victory^[12]
1157	Frederick I's expedition to Głogów^[13] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Głogów, Poznań, Greater Poland Medieval German knights	Kingdom of Poland Cumania Old Prussians	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia	German victory^[14] Peace of Krzyszkowo [pl] (1157)

Kingdom of Poland against the Teutonic Order (1308–1521)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1308	Teutonic takeover of Danzig^[15] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Danzig (Gdańsk) Pomerelia (Pommerellen) while part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.	Kingdom of Poland	Teutonic Order	Teutonic victory^[16] Expansion of the Teutonic Order Start of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Poland landlocked from the Baltic Sea Massacre of inhabitants by Teutonic Order Germanization of the region
1326-1332	Polish–Teutonic War^[17] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Kuyavia, Kulmerland King Ladislaus the Elbow-high breaking off agreements with the Teutonic Knights at Brześć Kujawski, a painting by Jan Matejko in the National Museum in Warsaw	Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Hungary	Teutonic Order Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Masovia Holy Roman Empire	Inconclusive^[18] Treaty of Kalisz (1343)
1345-1348	Polish–Bohemian War^[19] Location: Silesia, Lesser Poland Casimir the Great by Leopold Löffler	Kingdom of Poland	Kingdom of Bohemia Holy Roman Empire	Inconclusive^[20] Treaty of Namysłów (1348)
1389-1392	Lithuanian Civil War^[21] Part of the Vytautas–Jogaila power struggle Location: Prussia, Grand Duchy of Lithuania Jogaila, later known as Władysław II Jagiełło	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland	Teutonic Order Samogitia Rus' principalities	Inconclusive^[21]^[22] Ostrów Agreement (1392) Władysław II Jagiełło was designated Supreme Duke of Lithuania Vytautas was designated Grand Duke of Lithuania
1409-1411	Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War^[23] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Baltic coast Battle of Grunwald (painted in 1878)	Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Golden Horde	Teutonic Order Kingdom of Denmark Holy Roman Empire	Polish-Lithuanian victory^[24] Peace of Thorn (1411) Decline of the Teutonic Order
Summer 1414	Hunger War^[24] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: State of the Teutonic Order	Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Teutonic Order	Mediation at the Council of Constance^[25] Treaty of Strasburg (1414)
1422	Golub War^[26] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars and the Lithuanian Crusade Location: Chełmno Land in the State of the Teutonic Order Golub Castle	Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Principality of Moldavia	Teutonic Order Mercenaries Various knights from the rest of Europe	Polish victory^[27] Treaty of Melno (1422)
1431-1435	Polish–Teutonic War^[28] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: State of the Teutonic Order A Hugo Schüllinger painting of Hussite warriors	Kingdom of Poland Duchy of Stolp Orphans (Hussite mercenaries) Principality of Moldavia	Teutonic Order Bohemian mercenaries	Polish victory^[29] Peace of Brześć Kujawski (1435) Further decline of the Teutonic Order
1432-1438	Lithuanian Civil War ^[30] Location: Grand Duchy of Lithuania Royal seal of Sigismund Kęstutaitis	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Švitrigaila's supporters) Teutonic Order Golden Horde Principality of Moldavia	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Sigismund's supporters) Kingdom of Poland Orphans (Hussite mercenaries)	Švitrigaila's defeat^[31] Švitrigaila withdraws to Moldavia (1438)^[32]
1454-1466	Thirteen Years' War^[33] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Pomerelia, Prussia, Baltic Sea Battle of Konitz, 1454	Kingdom of Poland Prussian Confederation	Teutonic Order Denmark Livonian Order Amsterdam Duchy of Żagań	Polish victory^[34] Second Peace of Thorn (1466)^[35] Teutonic Order becomes a vassal of Kingdom of Poland Teutonic Order returns Eastern Pomerania to Poland Teutonic Order cedes the bishopric of Warmia Both lands become Royal Prussia under direct rule of Kingdom of Poland
1467-1479	War of the Priests^[36] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Warmia	Kingdom of Poland	Teutonic Order Diocese of Warmia	Polish victory^[37] Treaty of Piotrków (1479)
1519-1521	Polish–Teutonic War^[38]^[39] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: State of the Teutonic Order 16th-century Polish soldiers, depicted by Jan Matejko	Kingdom of Poland	Teutonic Order	Polish victory^[40] Treaty of Kraków (1525)

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Prussia (1793–1794)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1793	Second Partition of Poland^[41] Part of the Partitions of Poland Location: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Scene after the battle of Zieleńce 1792, Polish withdrawal; painting by Wojciech Kossak	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Russian Empire Prussia	Prussian-Russian victory^[42]
1794	Kościuszko Uprising^[43] Greater Poland uprising (1794) Part of the Partitions of Poland and Polish-Russian Wars Location: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Prussian Partition (Greater Poland and Kuyavia), Russian Partition Tadeusz Kościuszko taking the oath, 24th March 1794	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Russian Empire Prussia	Prussian-Russian victory^[44] Third Partition of Poland Disappearance of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Duchy of Warsaw against Prussia (1806–1815)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1806	Greater Poland Uprising^[45] Part of the War of the Fourth Coalition Location: Greater Poland Entrance of Jan Henryk Dąbrowski to Poznań painted by Jan Gładysz	First French Empire Duchy of Warsaw	Kingdom of Prussia	Franco-Polish victory^[46] Treaties of Tilsit (1807)
1812-1814	War of the Sixth Coalition^[47] Part of the Napoleonic Wars and Coalition Wars Location: Central and Eastern Europe, the Low Countries, France Strategic situation in Europe in 1813	Original coalition Russia Prussia Spain United Kingdom Hanover Mecklenburg-Schwerin Portugal Sardinia Sicily Sweden After the Armistice of Pläswitz Austria Bavaria After the Battle of Leipzig Baden Liechtenstein Saxony Württemberg After 20 November 1813 Netherlands After January 1814 Denmark	France Duchy of Warsaw Italy Naples Until January 1814 Confederation of the Rhine (many member states defected after Battle of Leipzig) Denmark–Norway Co-belligerent: United States (War of 1812 only)	Coalition victory^[48] End of Napoleon's empire Napoleon sent into exile Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) Treaty of Paris (1814)
1815	Fourth Partition of Poland^[49] Part of the Partitions of Poland Location: Vienna The partition of the Duchy of Warsaw according to the Congress of Vienna; division of Polish territories in the year 1815.	Duchy of Warsaw	Russian Empire Prussia	Prussian-Russian victory^[50] Congress of Vienna

Polish insurgents against Prussia (1848)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1848	Greater Poland Uprising^[51] Part of the Revolutions of 1848 Location: Prussian Partition (Grand Duchy of Posen and former West Prussia), Silesia Karl Wilhelm von Willisen	Polish independence movement	Prussia Prussian Army and German colonists militia	Prussian victory^[52] Autonomy of Grand Duchy of Posen removed, Posen transformed into the Province of Posen

Second Polish Republic against Weimar Republic (1918–1921)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1918-1919	Greater Poland Uprising^[53] Part of the Aftermath of World War I Location: Greater Poland Soldiers and workers assembling to elect a council in Poznań, 10 November 1918	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic	Weimar Republic	Polish victory^[54] Poland gains provinces of Posen and West Prussia Poland gains eastern Upper Silesia and the area of Działdowo
1919	First Silesian Uprising^[55] Part of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings Location: Parts of Upper Silesia	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic	Weimar Republic	German victory^[56] Rebellion suppressed
1920	Second Silesian Uprising^[55] Part of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings Location: Upper Silesia	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic	Weimar Republic	Polish victory^[57]
1921	Third Silesian Uprising^[55] Part of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings Location: Upper Silesia Opposing the Silesian insurrectionists were the Grenzschutz "border guards" of the Weimar Republic.	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic	Weimar Republic	League of Nations forces a ceasefire^[58]

Polish Underground State against Nazi Germany (1939–1945)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1939	Invasion of Poland^[59] Part of the European theatre of World War II Location: Second Polish Republic, eastern Germany, Free City of Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk) Vyacheslav Molotov signs the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a German-Soviet non-aggression pact	Second Polish Republic	Nazi Germany Slovakia Soviet Union	German-Soviet-Slovak victory^[60] Polish territory divided among Germany, Lithuania, Soviet Union and Slovakia Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany Kresy annexed by the Soviet Union Vilnius region granted to Lithuania
1939-1945	World War II^[61] Location: Europe Pacific Atlantic Indian Ocean South-East Asia China Japan Middle East Mediterranean North Africa Horn of Africa Central Africa Australia Caribbean North and South America Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938	Allies of World War II Including: Polish Underground State	Axis powers Including: Nazi Germany	Allied victory^[62] Collapse of Nazi Germany

Communist Poland against Nazi Germany (1939–1947)


Date	Conflict	Polish side	German side	Result
1939-1947	Polish–Ukrainian conflict^[63] Part of World War II and the Cold War Location: Lublin Voivodeship, Lwów Voivodeship, Rzeszów Voivodeship [pl] Basaj's Unit	Polish Underground State After 1944: Polish People's Republic	Ukrainian Insurgent Army Nazi Germany (1943–1945)	Polish victory^[64]^[65]^[66] Liquidation of UPA in Polish territories Mass deportation of Ukrainian civilians

References

^ Vogenbeck, Bernd; Institut für Angewandte Geschichte, eds. (2008). Terra Transoderana: zwischen Neumark und Ziemia Lubuska. Almanach - europäische Grenzregionen neu entdecken. Berlin: Be.bra Wissenschaft Verl. ISBN 978-3-937233-50-5.
^ Vogenbeck, Bernd; Institut für Angewandte Geschichte, eds. (2008). Terra Transoderana: zwischen Neumark und Ziemia Lubuska. Almanach - europäische Grenzregionen neu entdecken. Berlin: Be.bra Wissenschaft Verl. p. 83. ISBN 978-3-937233-50-5.
^ "THIETMARI CHRONICON". web.archive.org. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ Janicki, Kamil (2021-01-02). "Pierwsza inwazja Niemców na Polskę w dziejach. Najeźdźcy postarali się, by nikt o niej nie pamiętał". WielkaHistoria (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-02-29.
^ Labuda, Gerard (2002). Mieszko I. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich--Wydawn. ISBN 978-83-04-04619-1. OCLC 51531686.
^ Reuter, Timothy, ed. (2014). The new Cambridge medieval history. 3: C. 900 - c. 1024 / ed. by Timothy Reuter (5. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^ Reuter, Timothy, ed. (2014). The new Cambridge medieval history. 3: C. 900 - c. 1024 / ed. by Timothy Reuter (5. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^ ^a ^b Achremczyk, Stanisław; Markiewicz, Henryk; Polska Akademia Nauk, eds. (1993). Polski słownik biograficzny. T. 34: Rząśnicki Adolf - Sapieha Jan. Wrocław [etc.]: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 251. ISBN 978-83-04-00148-0.
^ ^a ^b Zakrzewski, Stanisław (2006). Bolesław Chrobry Wielki (Universitas ed.). pp. 285, 288–289.
^ ^a ^b "Mieszko II Lambert". zamki.name.
^ Kosto, Adam J. (2012). Hostages in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965170-2. OCLC 778325914.
^ Topolski, Jerzy (1986). An outline history of Poland. Warsaw: Interpress Publ. ISBN 978-83-223-2118-8.
^ "Fryderyk I Barbarossa". zamki.name. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
^ Biniaś-Szkopek, Magdalena (2009). Bolesław IV Kędzierzawy - książę Mazowsza i princeps. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie. ISBN 978-83-7177-603-8.
^ "History of the City Gdańsk - Gdańsk - en". web.archive.org. 2012-10-17.
^ Halina, Wątróbska (2003). "Holländische Spuren in der Danziger Geschichte". pp. 369–400.
^ Jurek, Tomasz (1999). Dzieje średniowieczne: 1 - podręcznik dla klasy pierwszej szkół średnich. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. ISBN 978-83-02-07370-0.
^ The Cambridge History of Poland. CUP Archive. pp. 170–172. ISBN 978-1-001-28802-4.
^ Kurtyka, Janusz (1997). Tęczyńscy: studium z dziejów polskiej elity możnowładczej w średniowieczu. Kraków: Secesja. pp. 156, 164. ISBN 978-83-86077-83-0.
^ Rogers, Clifford J., ed. (2010). The Oxford encyclopedia of medieval warfare and military technology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6.
^ ^a ^b Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). The history of Lithuania before 1795. Lietuvos Istorijos institutas (Lietuvos Mokslų akademija). Vilnius: Arlila. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-9986-810-13-1.
^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 1–50. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
^ Turnbull, Stephen R.; Hook, Richard (2003). Tannenberg 1410: disaster for the Teutonic Knights. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84176-561-7. OCLC 51779463.
^ ^a ^b Christiansen, Eric (1997). The northern Crusades. London, England ; New York, N.Y., USA: Penguin. pp. 228, 230–231. ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5.
^ Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). The history of Lithuania before 1795. Lietuvos istorijos institutas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of history. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-9986-810-13-1.
^ Turnbull, Stephen R.; Hook, Richard (2003). Tannenberg 1410: disaster for the Teutonic Knights. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-84176-561-7. OCLC 51779463.
^ Christiansen, Eric (1997). The northern Crusades. London, England ; New York, N.Y., USA: Penguin. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5.
^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality (Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 306–308. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality (Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
^ Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought. Cambridge [England] ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
^ Spečiūnas, Vytautas, ed. (2004). Lietuvos valdovai: XIII-XVIII a.: enciklopedinis žinynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-5-420-01535-3.
^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality (Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
^ Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. University of Washington Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5.
^ Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386-1795. History of East Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5.
^ "Drugi Pokój Toruński 1466 - Przewodnik Toruński Serwis Turystyczny". www.turystyka.torun.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-27.
^ "Jeziorany - castle of Warmian bishops". Ancient and medieval architecture. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
^ Szczur, Stanisław (2002). Historia Polski: średniowiecze. Kraków: Wydaw. Literackie. pp. 582–583. ISBN 978-83-08-03272-5.
^ Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0.
^ Repcheck, Jack (2007-12-04). Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began. Simon and Schuster. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4165-5356-4.
^ "Modern Era (16-18th century) - Treaty of Krakow". web.archive.org. 2012-02-06.
^ Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, W. H. (2001). A concise history of Poland. Cambridge concise histories. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-521-55109-0.
^ Nowicki, Adam (1945). Dzieje Polski: od czasów najdawniejszych do chwili bieżącej (in Polish). Księgarnia Polska. p. 152.
^ Szyndler, Bartłomiej (2001). Powstanie kościuszkowskie 1794 (1994 ed.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ancher. p. 445. ISBN 978-83-85576-10-5.
^ Haggett, Peter, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of world geography (2nd ed.). New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1740. ISBN 978-0-7614-7289-6.
^ "On this Day, in 1806: Jan Henryk Dąbrowski led an uprising against Prussian occupation". web.archive.org. 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
^ Zawadzki, Hubert (2009). "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807". Central Europe. 7 (2): 110–124. doi:10.1179/147909609X12490448067244. ISSN 1479-0963.
^ Leggiere, Michael V. (2015). Napoleon and the struggle for Germany: the Franco-Prussian war of 1813. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 105, 120. ISBN 978-1-107-08051-5.
^ Büsch, Otto; Neugebauer, Wolfgang; Kleinehagenbrock, Frank; Historische Kommission zu Berlin, eds. (1992). Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte. Berlin ; New York: De Gruyter. p. 72. ISBN 978-3-11-014091-0.
^ Harold Nicolson (1945). The Congress Of Vienna. p. 197.
^ Simon, Walter M. (1956). "Prince Hardenberg". The Review of Politics. 18 (1): 88–99. doi:10.1017/S0034670500023597. ISSN 0034-6705.
^ Davies, Norman (1981). Ahistory of Poland, God's playground. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-0-231-05350-1.
^ Collegium Carolinum (Munich, Germany); Jaworski, Rudolf; Luft, Robert, eds. (1996). 1848/49-Revolutionen in Ostmitteleuropa: Vorträge der Tagung des Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 30.Nov. bis 1.Dez. 1990. Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum. München: Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-56012-1.
^ Vogt, Dietrich; Rhode, Gotthold (1980). Der großpolnische Aufstand 1918/1919: Bericht, Erinnerungen, Dokumente. Marburg, Lahn: Herder-Institut. ISBN 978-3-87969-147-0.
^ Pajewski, Janusz; Czubiński, Antoni, eds. (1987). Polacy i Niemcy: dziesięć wieków sąsiedztwa: studia ofiarowane profesorowi Januszowi Pajewskiemu w osiemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin: praca zbiorowa (Wyd. 1 ed.). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. ISBN 978-83-01-07535-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c "THE REBIRTH OF POLAND". www.conflicts.rem33.com. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
^ Greenman, Kathryn; Orford, Anne; Saunders, Anna; Tzouvala, Ntina (2021-02-18). Revolutions in International Law: The Legacies of 1917. Cambridge University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-108-85236-4.
^ Gajda, Patricia A. (1982). Postscript to victory: British policy and the German-Polish borderlands, 1919-1925. Washington, D.C: University Press of America. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8191-2204-9.
^ Wilson, Tim (2010). Frontiers of violence: conflict and identity in Ulster and upper Silesia 1918-1922. Oxford historical monographs. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-958371-3.
^ "German-Soviet Pact". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
^ Toppe, Andreas (2008). Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899 - 1940. München: Oldenbourg. p. 398. ISBN 978-3-486-58206-2.
^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A world at arms: a global history of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85316-3.
^ Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth". The Journal of Military History. 62 (1): 135–154. doi:10.2307/120398.
^ Lotnik, Waldemar; Preece, Julian (1999). Nine lives: ethnic conflict in the Polish-Ukrainian borderlands. London: Serif. ISBN 978-1-897959-40-4.
^ Chwalba, Andrzej; Smaga, Józef (2001). Imperium korupcji: korupcja w Rosji i Królestwie Polskim w latach 1861-1917. Historia Najnowsza (Wyd. 2 zm ed.). Warszawa: "Volumen". ISBN 978-83-7233-065-9.
^ Motyka, Grzegorz (2006). Ukraińska partyzantka 1942-1960: działalność Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii. Seria Wschodnia (Wyd. 1 ed.). Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN : RYTM. ISBN 978-83-88490-58-3. OCLC 71208525.
^ Motyka, Grzegorz (2023). From the Volhynian massacre to Operation Vistula: the Polish-Ukrainian conflict 1943-1947. Fokus. Paderborn: Brill, Schöningh. ISBN 978-3-657-79537-6.