Force and Determination (Hungarian: Erő és elszántság) was a far-right Hungarian nationalist political movement founded on 8 July, 2017, by dissident members of Jobbik during that parties effort to moderate its platform.[2]
Force and Determination Erő és elszántság | |
|---|---|
| Leader | László Balázs Zsolt Tyirityán |
| Founded | 8 July, 2017 |
| Merger of | Identitesz[1] Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement[1] |
| Split from | Jobbik[2] |
| Ideology | Neo-Nazism[2][1] Hungarian nationalism Hard Euroscepticism Antiziganism |
| Political position | Far-right |
| National Assembly | 0 / 199
|
| European Parliament | 0 / 100
|
History edit
Jobbik split edit
Jobbik had, since its foundation in 2003, been the main party of the Far-Right in Hungary, holding positions such as ethno-nationalism, a rejection of both Capitalism and Socialism, and even Pan-Turanism while also running a paramilitary, the Magyar Gárda, from 2007 to 2009.[3] However, in the lead up to the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, Jobbik's leadership drastically changed the party platform in what they called "néppártosodás" with party president Gábor Vona promising to "cut the wildlings" in reference to the more radical members of the party.[4][5][6]
During this transition, radical members of the party led by László Balázs and Zsolt Tyirityán split off to form Force and Determination, officially unveiling the movement and its symbols at a rally in the Budapest suburb of Vecsés on 8 July 2017, which the movement labeled the "unfurling the flag of the far right."[2] The movement was the merger of two smaller far-right groups, the Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement and the Hungarian branch of the Identitarian movement.[1] Although the rally was poorly attended, with only 300 participants, Balázs stated "Tens of millions are added to the ranks of the Arabs, Africans and Gypsies who will show no tolerance once they realise the power that their demographic significance lends them," and that "Our ethnic community must come first... there is no equality" while Tyirityán stated "World history is made and lost on population, the fight for living space and the fight to hold on to living space," that "Anyone who says different is either delusional or lying. Any way you look at it, the strongest always wins" and that "I have race awareness. I am proud to be a white European... And I reserve the right to defend that." After his speech Tyirityán signed a copy of Mein Kampf for an attendee.[2]
2018 election edit
The party sought to splinter the vote of Jobbik in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, hoping to prevent Jobbik from winning any political victories. However, Cas Mudde, professor in the School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Georgia who specializes in far-right politics, correctly predicted that Force and Determination was a small regional block of dissatisfied Jobbik voters with no national presence, being isolated to the northern suburbs of Budapest, however, he stated that if these disparate regional blocks ran on a national platform, similar to what the Our Homeland Movement envisioned, that they might pose a serious threat to Jobbik and become a new rival to Fidesz.[7]
The 2018 election saw Jobbik win 2 more seats in the National Assembly, increasing their share to 26 seats in total with 19.06% of the vote and became the second largest party in Hungary. Meanwhile, Force and Determination did not even register a presence in the polls.[8][9]
Later history edit
The party gained Hungarian media notability when Tamás Horváth, editor-in-chief of the pro-government news website Vasárnap.hu announced that he was close to the movement and was a former member and also a former Identitarian, resulting in criticism to both him and the overall reliability of the newspaper. He also held the microphone for Balázs during the founding rally in 2017.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e https://telex.hu/belfold/2021/08/11/a-szelsojobboldali-ero-es-elszantsag-tunteteseinek-aktiv-reszese-volt-a-kormanykozeli-kereszteny-ujsag-uj-foszerkesztoje
- ^ a b c d e Dunai, Marton (2017-07-08). "Hungarian hard right launches new anti-liberal, racist movement". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
- ^
- Huggan, Graham; Law, Ian (2009). Racism Postcolonialism Europe. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9781846312199.
- Schori Liang, Christina (2007). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754648512.
- Kirton, Gill; Greene, Anne-Marie (2010). The Dynamics of Managing Diversity: A Critical Approach (3rd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9781856178129.
- "Trading places on the Hungarian right". Politico. 14 August 2017.
- "Hungary's far-right Jobbik party challenges for power". Euractiv. 1 April 2015.
- "Hungary's far-right Jobbik makes local election gains". BBC. 13 October 2014.
- "Hungarian Leader Adopts Policies of Far-Right". Der Spiegel. 30 January 2013.
- "Transforming the opposition in Hungary after the EP elections". Heinrich Böll Foundation. 3 July 2019.
- ^ "The Far-Right Hungarian Party Jobbik Is Moderating. Is That a Good Thing?". Freedom House. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
- ^ "Anti-Semitic Hungarian Party Embraces Israel and Jews". Haaretz. Reuters. 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
- ^ "Gábor Vona on the wildling". Jobbik. 2015-04-24. Archived from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
- ^ Strickland, Patrick. "How is Hungary's far right changing?". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ^ "Térkép". index.hu.
- ^ "Országgyűlési képviselők választása 2018 - országos listás szavazás eredménye". valasztas.hu.