The Feappii (Ingush: фаьппий) were an Ingush subgroup (society) that mostly inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. Historically, they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and in the south with Gudomakarians. The center of the society was the fortified village (aul) of Erzi or Metskhal.
 Vassan-Girey Jabagiyev, representative of the society. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 1 924 (1890) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia | ? |
 Ingushetia | ? |
 Dagestan | ? |
| Languages | |
| Ingush | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Bats people | |
During the 16th and 17th centuries, part of the Feappii migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, due to a lack of land. The descendants of the migrants are known as Bats people. In the 17th and 18th centuries, another wave of migration occurred, to the region of Aukh (modern-day Dagestan).
In 1733, due to concerns about the expansion of the Ottoman Turks in the region, the Feappii tried to establish ties with the Kingdom of Kartli. As the Russian Empire began expanding its territories in the Caucasus region in the 19th century, the Caucasian War broke out. During the war, the Feappii Society was devastated after a Russian punitive expedition in 1830.
After the end of the Caucasian War, the Feappii became part of various okrugs of the Terek Oblast, which in turn was part of the Caucasus Viceroyalty. These included the Voeynno-Ossetian okrug, Ingush okrug, Vladikavkazsky Okrug, Sunzhensky Otdel, and the Nazran okrug.
Etymology
editEndonyms
editThe endonym of the Feappii in their native Ingush language is фаьппий (Fäppij in old Ingush Latin writing system).[1][2][3][4]
Foma Gorepekin translated the ethnonym in Ingush language as "settlers marching in a discordant crowd".[5] Similarly, Rusudan Kharadze and Aleksey Robakidze made a hypothesis that the ethnonym might be connected with the term "alien/new settler" (but not as ethnically different from the main mass of Ingush).[6] According to linguist Yu. Desheriyev, the ethnonym has no etymological explanation.[7] Anatoly Genko connected the name in the form of Veppiy with the Khazar king Uobos, mentioned in the Georgian Chronicles, thus dating the name back to the 10th century AD.[8]
Exonyms
editHistorically, the Feappii were known by the exonym of Georgian origin as Kists or Kistins, along with its variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. These terms later appeared in Russian literature.[9] Eventually, the meaning of this ethnonym expanded to cover all Nakh peoples, despite originally referring specifically to the Feappii.[10] The Kist ethnonym was replaced by the term "Metskhalins" in the 19th century, and the Kistin society became known as the "Metskhalin society" respectively, after the chancellery of the society was transferred to Metskhal.[11]
The Ossetians referred to the Feappii as Maqqal (Мæхъхъæл), and the river Armkhi, on which the society was situated, as Maqqaldon (Мæхъхъæлдон), which lent its name to one of the Russian names for Armkhi, Makaldon (Макалдон).[12] The ethnonym Maqqal was infrequently used to denote Feappii on some maps.[a] This ethnonym is linked to the Ingush and Ossetian word for Kite, Maqqal (Маккхал/Мæхъхъæл).[13][14] According to Anatoly Genko, the Ossetians derived this name from the aul of Erzi and its inhabitants, the Erzians.[13]
History
editEarly history
editOne of the mountainous Ingush societies,[b] the Fyappins inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus.[15] All Fyappin villages and settlements were descended from the inhabitants of a mountainous fortified village (aul), Falkhan.[16] Fyappins bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and in the south with Gudomakarians.[17]
Historically, the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin as Kists or Kistins, along with other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. The region where they resided was referred to as "Kistetia," as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia".[c] The first recorded mention of Kists dates back to the 7th century, in the work Ashkharhatsuyts, where it appeared in the form Kusts. However, in that context, it was used to generally describe the Ingush people, not specifically the Fyappins.[19]
During the 16th to 17th centuries, a portion of the Fyappins migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, in search of land.[20][d] Today, the descendants of these Fyappins are known as the Bats people.[23] Another wave of migration of the Fyappins occurred in the 17th to 18th centuries to the region of Aukh (modern-day Dagestan).[24][25] Today, the descendants of those migrants are known as the Vyappiy and refer to Tyarsh as their ancestral village, as evidenced by their family chronicle (teptar):[26]
Their fathers left the village of Tyarsh in the Vabo District on a high mountain near the Buruv fortress. Tyarsh is the name of their eldest father.
In 1733, fearing the expansion of the Ottoman Turks, the Fyappins and Dzherakh wrote a letter to Vakhtang VI, declaring their oath of allegiance to Kartli. The letter was signed by 16 representatives from various surnames of the Fyappin and Dzherakh communities.[27]
Contacts with Russia and incorporation into Russia
editOn January 8, 1811, foremen from 13 Fyappin villages swore allegiance to the Russian Empire through an act of oath.[e][28] However, it's essential to note that despite these oaths from individual Ingush societies or clans, the nature of Russian-Ingush relations remained largely unchanged. Both sides viewed these oaths as concluding union treaties.[29]
During the Caucasian War, the Fyappins were targeted by Russian expansion efforts. In July 1830, two Russian columns led by Major General Abkhazov embarked on a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian forces traversed the Darial and Assa Gorges, encountering fierce resistance, particularly from the inhabitants of Eban.[30] As a result of this expedition, the Fyappins were temporarily subdued by the Russian Empire,[31] and their villages (auls) were devastated.[30] This marked the establishment of district courts and the introduction of a civil system in mountainous Ingushetia for the first time.[32] Following the general uprising of Chechnya in March 1840, during which Chechens aligned with the Caucasian Imamate, Pavel Grabbe reported on March 30, 1840, that the Kists (i.e., Fyappins) were either greatly agitated or openly sided with the Caucasian Imamate.[33]
Whole Greater Chechnya was transferred to him, as well as the Michik and Ichkerin residents and many Aukhites; the Kachkalyks are kept in obedience only by the presence of our detachment. Some of the Karabulak and Ingush villages, all the Galgai and Kists are also in great agitation and are secretly or openly assisting the rebel.
Within the Russian Empire, the Fyappins were part of the Ossetian-Military Okrug (1857–1862),[34] the Ingush okrug (1862–1871),[35][36] the Vladikavkazsky okrug (1871–1888),[37][38] the Sunzhensky otdel (1888–1909),[39] and the Nazran okrug (1909–1920).[40]
Modern
editDuring the Russian Civil War, the self-proclaimed state of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus emerged in the Caucasus region, with Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, a Fyappin representative, serving as its finance minister.[41][42][f] He was also a prominent figure in Ingushetia, leading the Ingush National Council.[44]
In 1944, the Ingush people (including Fyappins) were deported to Central Asia and were only allowed to return in 1957, after Nikita Khrushchev reversed many of Josif Stalin's policies, including the mentioned deportation. Fyappin representatives like the writer and poet Issa Kodzoev faced repressions by the Soviet regime after writing about Stalin's repressions.[45][g] In 1989, Kodzoev, along with other Fyappin representatives like Sulambek Mamilov, was part of the committee for the revival of Ingush autonomy within the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union.[46][h] Today, representatives from the Fyappin society mostly reside across Ingushetia.[47]
Composition
editFyappin society consisted of the following fortified villages (auls), tribal organizations (teips), and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):[i]
| Auls | Teips and nyaqhash/vyarash | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beyni (Бейни) | Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)[j] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Byalgan (Баьлгӏане) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bisht (Бишт) | Beshtoy (Бештой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eban (Эбане) | Ebankhoy (Эбанхой): Tsitskiyevs (Цискнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erzi (Аьрзи) | Oartskhoy (Оарцхой): Mamilovs (Мамилнаькъан), Ozievs (Ознаькъан), Yandievs (Янднаькъан), Aldaganovs (ӏалдагӏнаькъан), Buruzhevs (Буружнаькъан), Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Garak (Гаракх) | Garakoy (Гаракой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goust (Гӏовзтӏе) | Ebankhoy (Эбанхой): Akhilgovs (Ахильгнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Guli (Хьули) | Khulkhoy (Хьулахой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dukhargisht (Духьаргишт) | Kushtovs (Куштнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kasheti (Кашетӏе) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kerbite (Кербӏитӏе) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Keyrakh (Кхерахье) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khamishk (Хьамишк) | Chilievs (Чилинаькъан)
Didigovs (Дидигнаькъан) Patievs (Патнаькъан) Mizievs (Мизинаькъан) Gumukovs (Гумукнаькъан) Torievs (Торинаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kharp (Хьарп) | Matiyevs (Матенаькъан)
Amerhanovs (Амерхананаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khastmak (Хьастмоаке) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Koshk (Къоашке) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lyazhgi (Лаьжг) | Lozkhoy (Лошхой) Khautiyevs (Ховтнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metskhal (Мецхал) | Dzhabagiyevs (Джабагӏнаькъан),
Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Kusievs (Кусенаькъан), Tochiyevs (Тоачанаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Morch (Морч) | Morchkhoevs (Морчхой),
Dzortovs (Дзортонаькъан), Yaryzhevs (Ярыжнаькъан), Ortskhanovs (Орцхонаькъан), Bagaevs (Баганаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Olgeti (Олгатӏе) | Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан), Itarovs (Итаранаькъан), Buruzhevs (Буружнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shoan (Шоане) | Shoankhoy (Шоанхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tyarsh (Тӏаьрш) | Gudantovs (Гӏудантнаькъан), Daskievs (Даскенаькъан), Doskhoy (Досхой), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Falkhan (Фалхан) | Azhigovs (ӏажнаькъан), Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Dzarakhovs (Зарахнаькъан), Umarovs (ӏумарнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Including Chulkhoian auls
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gu (Гув) | Gukhoy (Гухой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khanikal (Ханикал) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khyani (Хаьни) | Khanievs (Хоаной) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kyazi (Каьзи) | Kodzoyevs (Коазой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lyalakh (Лаьлах) | Lolokhoyevs (Лоалахой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magote (Маготе) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Salgi (Салги) | Salgirkhoy (Салгирхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Population | Source | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1816 | 1 269[k] | Document[52] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1838 | 2 071 | Document[53] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1857 | 1 269 | Adolf Berge[54][55] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1883 | 1 749[l] | Census[38] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1890 | 1 924[m] | Census[39] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | 880[n] | Census[40] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: The information in the table pertains to the Fyappiy residing in the mountainous region, not those living in the lowlands of Ingushetia.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notable people
edit- Akhmed Kotiev, an Ingush employee of the MIA, secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Ingushetia, and a hero of the Russian Federation.[o]
- Akhmed Kotiev, an Ingush boxer and Minister of Physical Culture and Sports of the Republic of Ingushetia.[o]
- Nazyr Mankiev, an Ingush wrestler and 2008 Olympic gold medalist.[p]
- Timur Matiev, an Ingush historian (Doctor of Sciences), Head of the Department of History of the Ingush State University.[q]
- Bersnako Gazikov, an Ingush historian and archivist.[r]
- Nurdin Kodzoev, an Ingush historian and writer.[g]
- Dzhemaldin Yandiev, the first Ingush people's poet, member of the Union of Soviet Writers, and chairman of the Union of Writers of Checheno-Ingushetia.[s]
- Issa Kodzoev, an Ingush writer, poet, and teacher.[g]
- Ruslan Mamilov, an Ingush artist, director, and sculptor.[h]
- Tamara Yandieva, an Ingush artist and singer.[s]
- Amur Amerkhanov, an Ingush artist, director, and singer.[t]
- Mikhail Gutseriev, a high-profile Ingush businessman.[u]
- Mukharbek Didigov, an Ingush politician, statesman, and engineer.[v]
- Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, an Ingush educator, social thinker, major political and public figure, agricultural economist, and sociologist.[f]
- Yunus-bek Yevkurov, a politician and former Head of Ingushetia.[w]
- Magamet Djabrailovich Yandiev, a politician, Speaker of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia, and former Head of the Administration of Sunzhensky District.[s]
- Muslim Alikhanovich Yandiev, a politician, Minister of External Relations, National Policy, Press, and Information of the Republic of Ingushetia, and former Mayor of Karabulak.[s]
- Magomet Isaevich Yandiev, a politician and economist, former Minister of Economic Development, and Moscow City Duma deputy.[s]
- Zaam Yandiev, a military and political figure. Active participant in the First World War and the Russian Civil War on the side of the Reds, and commander of the Ingush cavalry brigade.[s]
- Mussa Timurkoevich Sautiev, a military and political figure. Chairman of the Defense Council of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus and Commander of the Armed Forces of Red Ingushetia.[x]
- Zarifa Sautieva, an Ingush activist.[y]
Notes
edit- ^ For instance, Karte von dem Kaukasischen Isthmus und von Armenien 1850; Karte der Kaukasus-Länder und der angränzenden türkischen und persischen Provinzen Armenien, Kurdistan und Azerbeidjan 1854
- ^ Martirosian 1928, p. 12; Krupnov 1971, p. 37; Volkova 1973, p. 151, 160–161; Volkova 1974, p. 153; Bennigsen & Wimbush 1985, p. 185; Kuznetsov 2004, p. 41; Gorepekin 2006, p. 14
- ^ One of the earliest mentions of this toponym is found in the work Description of the Kingdom of Georgia by the 18th-century Georgian eristavi, historian, and geographer Vakhushti Bagrationi. He localized it along the Gorge of the Armkhi river (historical "Kistinka"), situated in mountainous Ingushetia.[18]
- ^ As noted by Nataliya Volkova, "the resettlement of the Fappians to Tusheti is not chronologically determined." However, if the comparison made by Anatoly Genko of the Batskiye grebeny mentioned in Russian documents with the Bats people is correct, then the Fyappins were already present in Tusheti by the end of the 16th century. Additionally, Nataliya Volkova mentions various legends of the Bats and Ingush peoples. The Bats legends date the migration of the Fyappins to the times of Abbas the Great of the Safavid Empire.[21] Nataliya Volkova and Leonid Lavrov, in a different work, date the migration no earlier than the 16th century.[22]
- ^ The 13 villages included Erzi with 50 households, Tyarsh with 29, (Upper Khuli) with 29, Lower Khuli with 20, Kharp with 18, Koshke with 15, Morch with 10, Garak with 28, Metskhal with 10, Falkhan with 30, Beyni with 20, Lyazhgi with 30, and Furtoug with 29.
- ^ a b Dzhabagievs are part of the Tochievs, a Fyappin surname, native to the mountainous aul of Metskhal.[43]
- ^ a b c Kodzoevs are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoyevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi.[63]
- ^ a b Mamilovs are part of the Oartskhoy,[57] a Fyappin clan (teip).[64] Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.[57]
- ^ The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[48] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[49] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).[35] The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia",[50] while the information regarding which auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information from Zaurbek Malsagov[51] and Shukri Dakhkilgov.[47]
- ^ Including Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Mestoy (Местой) and Shovkhalovs (Шовхалнаькъан).
- ^ 1195 Christians and 74 Muslims.
- ^ 952 men and 797 women.
- ^ 1001 men and 923 women.
- ^ 468 men and 412 women.
- ^ a b Kotiyevs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Metskhal and Falkhan.[56]
- ^ Mankievs are part of the Loshkhoy,[57] a Fyappin clan (teip).[58] Native to the mountainous aul of Lyazhgi.[57]
- ^ Matievs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.[59]
- ^ Gazikovs are part of the Gelatkhoy,[60] who are a Fyappin clan (teip) originating from Oartskhoy, another Fyappin clan. Native to the mountainous aul of Gveleti.[61]
- ^ a b c d e f Yandievs are part of the Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.[62]
- ^ Amerkhanovs are part of the Matievs,[65] a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.[59]
- ^ Gutserievs are part of the Kodzoevs, who in turn, are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi.[63]
- ^ Didigovs are part of the Gorokoy,[66] a Fyappin clan (teip).[66] Native to the mountainous aul of Khamishk.[67]
- ^ Yevkurovs are part of the Oartskhoy,[68] a Fyappin clan (teip).[64] Native to the mountainous aul of Olgeti.[68]
- ^ Sautievs are part of the Torshkhoy,[69] a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Tyarsh, Beyni, and Falkhan.[70]
- ^ Sautievs are part of the Torshkhoy,[69] a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Tyarsh, Beyni, and Falkhan.[70]
References
edit- ^ Malsagov 1963, p. 144.
- ^ Kurkiev 2005, p. 413.
- ^ Barakhoeva, Kodzoev & Khayrov 2016, p. 62.
- ^ Genko 1930, p. 696.
- ^ Gorepekin 2006, p. 16.
- ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 37.
- ^ Desheriev 1963, p. 54.
- ^ Genko 1930, p. 705.
- ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 17.
- ^ Dalgat 1934, p. 4–5.
- ^ Vertepov 1892, p. 75.
- ^ Genko 1930, p. 707.
- ^ a b Genko 1930, pp. 707, 709.
- ^ Vinogradov 1966, p. 160.
- ^ Volkova 1974, p. 153.
- ^ Dalgat 2008, p. 150.
- ^ Karta Kavkazskogo kraya s pogranichnymi zemlyami 1834.
- ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 18; Volkova 1973, p. 137 (referring to Bagrationi 1904, p. 151)
- ^ Krupnov 1971, pp. 25, 28, 29.
- ^ Volkova 1977, p. 84.
- ^ Volkova 1974, p. 153–154.
- ^ Volkova & Lavrov 1968, p. 342.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 222.
- ^ Ibragimov 2002, p. 464.
- ^ Chechenskaya Respublika i chechentsy: istoriya i sovremennost 2006, p. 188.
- ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 70.
- ^ Kodzoev 2020, p. 14.
- ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 82.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 236.
- ^ a b Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 260.
- ^ Martirosian 1928, p. 48.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 277.
- ^ Kodzoev 2002.
- ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 485–489.
- ^ a b Sbornik statisticheskiy svedeny o Kavkaze 1869, p. 44.
- ^ Dubrovin 1871, pp. 381, 412.
- ^ Terksaya oblast. Spisok naselennykh mest po svedeniyam 1874 goda 1878, pp. 21–23 (PDF).
- ^ a b Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti 1885, pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b Sunzhenskiy otdel 1890, pp. 40, 42, 44.
- ^ a b Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti 1915, pp. 336–339.
- ^ Kashkaev 1960, p. 126.
- ^ Istoriya Dagestana 1968, p. 76.
- ^ Almazov 2015.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, pp. 8, 416, 421.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 543.
- ^ Vtoroy syezd ingushkogo naroda 1990, p. 216.
- ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991.
- ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 486–487 (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111).
- ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.).
- ^ Onomastikon Ingushetii 2021, pp. 16–33.
- ^ Malsagov 1963, pp. 142–150.
- ^ Akhmadov 2002, p. 225.
- ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, p. 466.
- ^ Berzhe 1857, p. 270.
- ^ Berzhe 1992, p. 6.
- ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 38.
- ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 37.
- ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 39.
- ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 22.
- ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 25.
- ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 43.
- ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 26.
- ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 11.
- ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 12.
- ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 30.
- ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 24.
- ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 31.
- ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 45.
- ^ a b Genko 1930, p. 697.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Robakidze, А. И., ed. (1968). Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии [Caucasian ethnographic collection. Essays on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Tbilisi: Mentsiereba. pp. 1–333.
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- Terskiy Oblastnoy Statisticheskiy Komitet (1890). Maksimov, E. (ed.). Сунженский отдел [Sunzhensky Otdel]. Statisticheskiy tablitsy naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti (in Russian). Vol. 1: Issue 1. Vladikavkaz: Tip. Tersk. Obl. Pravl. pp. 1–85.
- Terskiy Oblastnoy Statisticheskiy Komitet (1915). Gortinsky, S. P. (ed.). Список населенных мест Терской области: (По данным к 1-му июля 1914 года) [List of populated places in the Terek region: (as of July 1, 1914)] (in Russian). Vladikavkaz: Elektro-pechatnya Tip. Tersk. Obl. Pravl. pp. 2, 15–459.