Wikipedia

Cubana de Aviación Flight 389

Cubana de Aviación Flight 389 (CU389/CUB389) was a scheduled international passenger flight, flying from the former Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito to Havana's José Martí International Airport, with a stopover at Simón Bolívar International Airport in Guayaquil, operated by Cuban flag carrier Cubana de Aviación.

Cubana de Aviación Flight 389
CU-T1264, the aircraft involved in the accident
Accident
Date29 August 1998
SummaryRunway excursion crash after aborted takeoff due to pilot error
SiteNear Mariscal Sucre International Airport, Quito, Ecuador
0°15′00″S 78°35′00″W / 0.25°S 78.5833°W / -0.25; -78.5833
Total fatalities80 (including 10 on the ground)
Aircraft
Aircraft typeTupolev Tu-154M
OperatorCubana de Aviación
RegistrationCU-T1264
Flight originMariscal Sucre International Airport, Quito, Ecuador
StopoverSimón Bolívar International Airport, Guayaquil, Ecuador
DestinationJosé Martí Airport, La Habana, Cuba
Occupants91
Passengers77
Crew14
Fatalities70
Injuries21
Survivors21
Ground casualties
Ground fatalities10
Ground injuriesUnknown

On 29 August 1998, the aircraft operating the domestic Quito-Guayaquil leg of the flight, a Russian-made Tupolev Tu-154M overran the runway, smashing buildings and crashed into a soccer field in Quito while taking off from the airport. The aircraft burst into flames and 70 people on board were killed. A total of 10 people on the ground, including children, were killed.[1]

Aircraft edit

The aircraft was a Tupolev Tu-154M, serial number 85A720 and registered in Cuba as CU-T1264. It was manufactured by the Kuybyshev Aviation Plant in Kuybyshev, Soviet Russia, today the Aviakor plant in Samara, Russia. The aircraft had first flown in December 1985 and was powered by three Soloviev D-30KU-154 turbofan engines. It was delivered to Cubana de Aviación in February 1986 and by the time of the crash, the airframe had reportedly accumulated 9,256 flight hours.[2][3][4]

Passengers and crew edit

The aircraft was carrying 91 people, consisting of 14 crew and 77 passengers. It was piloted by Mario Ramos (commander), Leonardo Díaz (co-pilot) and Carlos González (flight engineer).[5] Most of the occupants were Ecuadorians, with some Argentinians, Italians, Jamaicans, Chileans and Cubans.[6][7]

Among the passengers killed in the accident was 27-year-old Maita Madriñan Guayasamín,[8] grand-daughter of renowned Ecuadorian painter Oswaldo Guayasamín. Madriñan, married to Chilean citizen Alejandro Sule (also spelled "Zule"),[8] was traveling with her 4-year-old daughter Alejandra and her 4-month-old son Martín, both of whom were Guayasamín's great-grandchildren. Both Sule-Madriñan children were also the grandchildren of Anselmo Sule, a leader of Radical Party of Chile and a former legislator.[4] Moreover, Madriñan was also the granddaughter of Ecuadorian politician and former government minister Alfredo Vera, who also lost his grand nephew Emilio in the crash.[9]

Accident edit

Events edit

Flight 389 was preparing for departure. During the first engine start, a pneumatic valve was blocked. The problem was rectified and two engines were started with ground power. During its taxi, the third engine was started. Flight 389 later obtained their take-off clearance and started their roll. The first and the second take-off attempt failed. It then attempted its third take-off. When Flight 389 reached VR speed, the nose of the aircraft wouldn't rotate (lift). The crew initiated a rejected take-off procedure, but the aircraft overran the runway, narrowly missed the heavily traveled Tufiño avenue at the end of the airport runway into the middle-class El Rosario residential neighborhood, slammed into a wall, clipped an auto mechanic shop, smashed into two houses and plowed into a soccer field. At the time, many people including children were playing on the field. The aircraft exploded and burst into flames.[10]

Rescue efforts edit

Rescuers reached the crash site and started to evacuate survivors from the crash site. Explosions could be heard repeatedly after the crash. Firefighters jets of water on the smoking ruins to prevent additional explosions and local authorities cordoned off the crash site and searched for missing local residents. Many people on the ground went missing in the crash. A mother stated that her three children were missing after the crash. 26 injured people were rushed to three hospitals, with 15 of them to the Quito Metropolitan Hospital. Survivors stated that some doors on the plane wouldn't open after impact and several survivors escaped from the fiery wreckage through a hole in the fuselage. Several people jumped from the plane while they were on fire. On Sunday, 30 August, Ecuadorian Red Cross stated that as many as 77 badly burned bodies have been recovered from the crash site. Five children playing on the field were killed as the plane plowed onto them.[1]

Aftermath edit

Shortly after the crash, Mariscal Sucre International Airport was closed and flight operations were canceled in response to the crash. Newly-inaugurated Ecuadorian President Jamil Mahuad, who had just taken office 19 days before, visited the crash site and expressed his solidarity to the next of kin and relatives of the victims of the crash. Mahuad ordered a full report into the cause of the crash and stated that he would build a new airport away from the city, as the airport had been criticized for being too close to a densely populated area.[11]

Previous tragedies and close calls edit

The concerns about the airport's location and its danger were not without merit or merely a consequence of the Cubana accident. On 18 September 1984, AECA Flight 767-103 also overran the runway after a failed takeoff, slamming into several houses at the end of the runway 17 (start of runway 35), opposite to where the Cubana plane would crash 14 years later. The crash killed the four crewmembers and almost 50 people in the ground.

Two years before the CU389, and in a similar fashion, on 1 May 1996 an overloaded Fly Linhas Aéreas Boeing 727, which carried the Brazilian Corinthians football team to Portovelo (and also with a stopover at Guayaquil) had also overran runway 35 (start of runway 17) after a rejected take-off in rainy conditions, hit the ILS installation, went down a slope or embankment, hit the airport perimeter wall and came to rest between the Tufiño avenue and the airport terrain. There were no fatalities among the 79 passengers and 11 crew, but six people were injured and the plane was written off. [12][13][14]

Investigation edit

Initial speculation edit

The plane's mechanical fitness was initially questioned,[4] as at that time Cubana de Aviación was operating within the restrictions and difficulties that Cuba was experiencing in the context of the so-called Special Period that the island was going through after the fall of the Soviet Union. This period of generalized socioeconomic crisis that followed the end of the Cold War and the termination of Soviet support to the Fidel Castro regime also affected the aeronautical industry and Cubana especially.

In this line, being one the only remaining operators of Soviet passenger planes in the Western hemisphere at the time, Cubana was known to be having difficulties keeping these aircraft airworthy. Spare parts had to be paid for with US dollars, which were hard and scarce to obtain during the 1990s crisis. This latter task was especially difficult given a long-standing US commercial embargo and other economic sanctions put in place against the island's Communist regime since the 1960s. Consequently, due to all these reasons, Cubana resorted to carrying its own Soviet-trained technicians and mechanics aboard flights and cannibalizing airframes of other Soviet-built aircraft in its fleet to keep its other aircraft of the same origin in the air during the 1990s.[4]

Eventually, the head of Ecuador's General Directorate of Civil Aviation (DGAC), Ecuadorian Air Force general Oswaldo Domínguez announced that Cuban records showed that "the plane was totally in compliance. There are records of all the inspections and obligatory maintenance procedures." He further ruled out the possibility of a bomb or a terrorist attack but reported "signs that the motors were put in reverse."[4]

Post-crash fire edit

The post-crash fire was more determinant in the tragedy than the actual runway overrun and crash. Several testimonies recalled how passengers initially survived the crash but later struggled to evacuate the plane on fire, with several dying as a consequence.[4] Surviving passengers' testimonies, for instance, reported that two stewardesses survived the crash and helped some passengers to evacuate but were later killed by the fire.[15] Another local resident testified that passengers' cries for help continued after the crash until "the final explosion came and [then] everything was quiet." The intense heat of the fire, with flames reaching up to 150 feet into the air, also hampered initial rescue efforts by the locals. The whole ordeal led a local resident to claim that "people didn't die from injuries. They died from the explosion and fire.[4]

Safety zone edit

In the meantime, and as a safeguard against another tragedy, the DGAC commenced a series of works in 1999 to build a runway safety area (a.k.a "safety zone" or a "safety and stop zone") in the immediate and adjacent areas to the start of runway 17, from where Flight 389 had strayed off after its ill-fated, aborted take-off. The project, which involved private and public property expropriation,[16][17] erected a horizontal berm-like platform of 280 meters long and 92 meters wide[16] that increased the runway excursion space for planes to stop in case of a rejected takeoff or a botched landing.[18]

The safety zone covered (and thus shielded) all or part of the places through which the Cubana Tu-154 had wreaked havoc in its way before stopping. This was mainly the case of the Tufiño avenue, which circles the runway 17 start and, due to the safety zone being erected over it, had a two-way tunnel built to allow vehicular traffic under the new structure.[19] Nearby streets and other surrounding residential areas and businesses were also protected from potential tragedies by the new construction. The safety zone was finished and inaugurated in mid-July 2000.[19]

New airport edit

In the end, despite the construction of the safety zone being carried out during his time in office, President Mahuad's earlier promise to build a new airport did not come to fruition during his tenure, which coincided with the start of a severe socioeconomic and political crisis that eventually led to Mahuad being ousted in a coup in 2000. The new airport only began construction in 2006 and was finally opened in February 2013, nearly 15 years after the CU389 tragedy, located about 18 kilometres (11 mi; 9.7 nmi) east of Quito, way outside its urban area.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Dozens dead in Ecuador crash". BBC News. 30 August 1998.
  2. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154M CU-T1264 Quito-Mariscal Sucre Airport (UIO)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  3. ^ "Карточка самолёта: Туполев · Ту-154М · CU-T1264 (зав.н. 85A720)" [Aircraft card: Tupolev Tu-154M CU-T1264 (serial number 85A720)]. russianplanes.net (in Russian). Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, Tim (31 August 1998). "Probe: Pilot tried to abort doomed Cubana flight". Miami Herald. Retrieved 3 June 2023 – via www.latinamericanstudies.org.
  5. ^ "76 De Los 90 Pasajeros Perdieron La Vida" [76 Of The 90 Passengers Lost Their Lives]. Explored | Archive News (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  6. ^ "77 Die in Crash Of Cuban Jet In Ecuador". The New York Times. Reuters. 30 August 1998. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  7. ^ "Registration Details For CU-T1264 (Cubana) Tu-154-M". www.planelogger.com. PlaneLogger. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Mayta Madriñan Guayasamìn". FamilySearch. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  9. ^ "Murio Oswaldo Guayasamin". Explored | Archive News (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  10. ^ Oviedo, Gustavo (30 August 1998). "SCORES KILLED AS CUBAN JET CRASHES IN ECUADOR". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.
  11. ^ "Cuban airliner crashes in Ecuador". San Francisco Chronicle. SFGate. Examiner News Services. 30 August 1998.
  12. ^ "Fly Linhas Aéreas | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives".
  13. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-2B6 PP-LBY Quito-Mariscal Sucre Airport (UIO)".
  14. ^ https://www.elcomercio.com/deportes/corinthians-brasil-susto-accidente-quito.html in Spanish
  15. ^ "Relatives start burying victims of deadly Ecuador plane crash". 20 January 2024.
  16. ^ a b "Aeropuerto Zona de seguridad estará lista este mes" [Airport Security zone will be ready this month]. La Hora (in Spanish). 1 March 2000. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  17. ^ "En zona de seguridad del aeropuerto" [In the airport security zone]. La Hora (in Spanish). 14 January 2000. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Para evitar salidas de la pista" [To avoid runway excursions]. La hora (in Spanish). 11 June 2000. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  19. ^ a b "Consta de dos túneles" [It consists of two tunnels]. La Hora (in Spanish). 14 July 2000. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
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