Ağaçeri was a Turkmen tribe that was attested to be inhabiting parts of Anatolia until the 14th century. They were allied with the Qara Qoyunlu during the 14–15th centuries but shifted their allegiance to the Aq Qoyunlu upon the downfall of the former. A portion of the tribe remained in Anatolia, while another migrated to Iran.
Etymology edit
The name of the tribe was attested by multiple medieval sources.[1] 12–13th-century Ilkhanid historian Rashid al-Din Hamadani pointed out that the tribe's name was not mentioned in earlier works and referred to an Oghuz group that settled in the forested areas of the Near East, which earned its name.[2] The term means "people of the forest" in Turkic languages. Present-day members of the tribe in Iran, primarily those who do not speak Turkic, hold that the name originates in the terms agha (gentleman) and jari (bold), which are lexical borrowings that entered Persian from Turkic.[1]
History edit
Origins edit
Some sources relate the tribe's origins to the Akatziri tribe that inhabited Russia in the 5th century. However, medieval historians including Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad, Abu al-Faraj, Rashid al-Din Hamadani, Aziz ibn Ardashir-i Astarabadi, Badr al-Din al-Ayni, and al-Maqrizi mentioned the tribe's Turkmen origin. Historian Faruk Sümer suggests that Ağaçeri may be related to the Turkmens who previously initiated the Babai revolt as they inhabited the same region around Malatya.[2] In 1246, tribesmen were known to have fought against Baiju Noyan (r. 1241–47, 1251–55), the commander of the Mongol Empire in the Near East. A group of the tribe was the dominant tribe near Khalkhal, Iran, where they neighbored the Daylamites and are thought to have been brought to the region following the capture of Alamut by Hulegu Khan (r. 1256–65), a Mongol commander who was the founder of the Ilkhanate after the division of the Mongol Empire.[1]
Relations with the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu edit
During the second half of the 14th century, the tribe forged an alliance with the Qara Qoyunlu. Its head at the time, Hasan, was the son of Tatar Khatun, who was the sister of Qara Mahammad (r. 1380–89), the ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu. In the next century, the tribe migrated to Iran along with the Qara Qoyunlu tribe. Members of the tribe, Husayn, Sulan, and Ali Beg were chieftains loyal the Qara Qoyunlu ruler Iskandar (r. 1421–29, 1431–36). Ali Beg was among the ranks of the Qara Qoyunlu forces in the skirmish against the Aq Qoyunlu tribe in 1450. He was captured but later released by the Aq Qoyunlu.[3]
Upon the downfall of the Qara Qoyunlu, Ali Beg and various other Ağaçeri lords entered in the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan's (r. 1453–78) service. Ağaçeri tribesmen continued to serve various Aq Qoyunlu lords, such as Hajji Hasan and Dündar-i Ahaj Eri who served Jahan Shah Mirza and Uzun Hasan's son Zeynel Mirza, respectively.[3]
Ağaçeri in Iran edit
Ağaçeri is not mentioned in Safavid chronicles. When Tabriz temporarily came under Ottoman control in the first half of the 18th century, a tahrir defter attested a nearby village that was the namesake of the tribe of Ağaçeri.[3]
Much of the tribe was forced to transition into a sedentary life in Behbahan in c. 1820 in order to defend the town from the violent tribes of Bakhtiari and Boir Ahmadi. The nomadic portions of Ağaçeri were eventually absorbed by the latter and became known as Aqa'i.[4] In the mid-19th century, Ağaçeri appeared in records as a wealthy tribe of 1000 tents in Fars province incorporating the sub-tribes of Chaghatai and Kashtil. By the next century, the tribe was known to be inhabiting Kohgiluyeh and included the sub-tribes of Afshar, Begdili, and Tileku.[3]
Historian Pierre Oberling describes the Ağaçeri of Kohgiluyeh as a tribe of mixed origin inhabiting Khuzestan. Vladimir Minorsky classified them as part of the Kohgiluyeh Lurs but noted that it was composed of the Turkic tribes of Afshar, Chaghatai, Begdili, and Qarabaghi. Other early 20th-century sources, Fasa'i and Demorgny referred to them as an "amalgamation of Turkic, Tajik, and Lur elements." Oberling links some of the constituent tribes to the Afshars of Khuzestan, who Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1587–1629) had scattered over the region following a rebellion in 1596–97. Oberling further proposes a tie between the Ağaçeri of Kohgiluyeh and the Qashqai Kashkuli Bozorg tribe of western Fars as both incorporate the sub-tribes of Begdili and Jama Bozorg.[4]
Demorgny put the population of Ağaçeri around Behbahan at 2000 families in 1913. Oberling noted that the number was over 1000 in the 1950s. It consisted of the following sub-tribes: Jama Bozorgi, Tileku, Chaghatai, Begdili, Afshar, Lor Zaban, She'ri, Aqbaghi, Bashiri, Daylami, Kashtil, and Davudi. A portion of the tribe retained their Turkic language, but most conversed in Persian and Luri. Many of the tribesmen have moved to Abadan, Bandar-e Mahshahr, and Aghajari, where they work under the National Iranian Oil Company.[4]
Ağaçeri in Turkey edit
The remnants of the tribe in Anatolia who did not depart for Iran split into smaller tribes for economic reasons and spread across the peninsula. These tribes are identified with the modern-day Tahtacı. This group inhabits various regions of Turkey, such as Çukurova, Mersin, Antalya, Isparta, Burdur, Konya, Muğla, Denizli, and Aydın. In parallel with Ağaçeri's etymological explanation, Tahtacı are known for woodworking.[3]
References edit
- ^ a b c Oberling 1984, p. 605.
- ^ a b Sümer 1988, p. 460.
- ^ a b c d e Sümer 1988, pp. 460–461.
- ^ a b c Oberling 1984, pp. 605–606.
Bibliography edit
- Oberling, Pierre (1984). "Aḡāč Erī". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/6: Afghanistan–Ahriman. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 605–606. ISBN 978-0-71009-095-9.
- Sümer, Faruk (1988). "Ağaçeriler". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1 (Âb-ı Hayat – El-ahkâmü'ş-şer'i̇yye) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 460–461. ISBN 978-975-954-801-8.