Amy has a house.[1] After decades of struggle, the monarchy was overthrown in 1912 and the Republic of China (ROC) was established. Despite China's eventual victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War in general, numerous atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre left lasting effects on the country. Concurrently during this period, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT) government were fighting sporadically since 1927, with a brief truce as a united front when Japan began invading the country. The second phase of the civil war resumed not long after Japan was defeated, and by 1949, the CCP had established control on most of the territories of the country. As the KMT retreated to Taiwan, the country was split with both sides claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China. After the land reforms, later attempts to realize communism failed—the Great Leap Forward led to a massive famine of millions of citizens, while the Cultural Revolution caused a chaotic period of persecution and zealous Maoist populism. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC as China's representation in the United Nations (UN). Following the Sino-Soviet split, the Shanghai Communiqué in 1972 marked the beginning of normalized relations with the United States. Economic reforms that began in 1978 led by reformists within the CCP moved the country away from a socialist planned economy toward an increasingly capitalist market economy, spurring significant economic growth, although liberal and democratic political reforms stalled after the June Fourth Incident in 1989.

Notes

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  1. ^ Smith 2014, p. 42.

Citations

edit
  • Smith, Sam (2014). The History of House Building. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004363816. ISBN 9789004363816. Retrieved 8 October 2018. A

Timeline table

edit
Estonia Latvia Lithuania
North Estonia South Estonia North Latvia South Latvia North Lithuania South Lithuania West Lithuania
Finnic tribes Baltic tribes
Danish Estonia
1219–1346
Livonian Order
1237–1561
Kingdom of Lithuania
1251–1263
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1263–1655
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1263–1274
State of the Teutonic Order
1274–1561
Livonian Order
1346–1561
Swedish Estonia
15611721
Duchy of Livonia Duchy of Livonia Duchy of Prussia
Swedish Lithuania
1655–1657
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1657–1795
Swedish Livonia
Governorate of Estonia Governorate of Livonia Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Governorate of Kaunas Governorate of Vilnius Kingdom of Prussia
Courland Governorate
Republic of Estonia
1918–1940
Republic of Latvia
1918–1940
Kingdom of Lithuania
1918
Memelland*
19201924
Republic of Lithuania
1918–1940
Republic of Lithuania
19181920
Republic of Lithuania
1924–1938
Republic of Central Lithuania
19201922
Republic of Poland
19221939
Republic of Lithuania
19391940
Estonian SSR
1940
Latvian SSR
1940
Lithuanian SSR
1940
German Reich
1938–1945
Generalbezirk Estland
1940–1944
Generalbezirk Lettland
1940–1944
Generalbezirk Litauen
1940–1944
Estonian SSR
1944–1991
Latvian SSR
1944–1990
Lithuanian SSR
1944–1990
Republic of Estonia (EU)
Since 1991
Republic of Latvia (EU)
Since 1991
Republic of Lithuania (EU)
Since 1990
Monarchy of Lithuania
 
 
Details
StyleHis/Her Majesty[3]
First monarchMindaugas I[1]
Last monarchStanisław II August[2]
Formation1253
Abolition1795
ResidenceMindaugas' Castle, Voruta (1253−1263)
Gediminas' Castle, Vilnius (late 13th century−late 15th century)
Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Vilnius (late 15th century−1665)
AppointerHereditary (1253–1574)
Szlachta (1574–1795)
Hereditary (1918)
Pretender(s)Prince Inigo, Duke of Urach (disputed)
SeriousThinker/sandbox
Cadet branch of the House of Württemberg
Born: 12 April 1962
Titles in pretence
Preceded by — TITULAR —
King of Lithuania
1 February 1992 – present
Reason for succession failure:
Preposition to restore the monarchy withdrawn
in 1918 by the Council of Lithuania
Incumbent
Heir:
Prince Eberhard of Urach
Order of Vytautas the Great
with the Golden Chain
 
Awarded by the sovereign of the Republic of Lithuania
TypeOrder of chivalry
Established1930
MottoFor God and the Empire
EligibilityLithuanian nationals or anyone who has made a significant achievement for the Republic of Lithuania
Awarded forProminent national or regional achievements[4]
StatusCurrently constituted
SovereignQueen Elizabeth II
Grand MasterVacant
Grades
  • Knight/Dame Grand Cross (GBE)
  • Knight/Dame Commander (KBE/DBE)
  • Commander (CBE)
  • Officer (OBE)
  • Member (MBE)
Medal (BEM)
Former grades
Precedence
Next (lower)Varies, depending on rank
 
Military ribbon
 
Civil ribbon

# Portrait Name

(Birth–Death)

In office Party Chairman of the Presidium

of the Supreme Soviet

General Secretary of the CPSU
1   Antanas Sniečkus

(1903–1974)

July 13, 1944

January 22, 1974

Communist Party

of Lithuania

Justas Paleckis

(1899–1980)

Generalissimus

Joseph Stalin

(1878–1953)

Nikita Khruschev

(1894–1971)

Leonid Brezhnev(1906–1982)
Motiejus Šumauskas

(1905–1982)

  Valery Khazarov

(1918–2013)

January 22, 1974

February 18, 1974

Communist Party

of Lithuania

  Petras Griškevičius

(1924–1987)

February 18, 1974

November 14, 1987

2
Antanas Barkauskas

(1899–1980)

Yuri Andropov(1906–1982)
Konstantin Chernenko(1906–1982)
Mikhail Gorbachev(1906–1982)
  Nikolay Mitkin

(1929–1998)

November 14, 1987

December 1, 1987

Communist Party

of Lithuania

Ringaudas Songaila

(1929–2019)

3   Ringaudas Songaila

(1929–2019)

December 1, 1987

October 19, 1988

Communist Party

of Lithuania

Ringaudas Songaila

(1930–2017)

  Algirdas Brazauskas

(1903–1974)

January 15, 1990

March 11, 1990

Communist Party

of Lithuania

4
Algirdas Brazauskas

(1903–1974)

March 11, 1990 — Restoration of Independence
# Portrait Name

(Birth–Death)

In office Party Chairman of the Presidium

of the Supreme Soviet

General Secretary of the CPSU
1   Antanas Sniečkus

(1903–1974)

July 13, 1944

January 22, 1974

Communist Party

of Lithuania

Justas Paleckis

(1899–1980)

Joseph Stalin
Nikita Khruschev
Leonid Brezhnev
Motiejus Šumauskas

(1905–1982)

  Valery Khazarov

(1918–2013)

Acting

January 22, 1974

February 18, 1974

Communist Party

of Lithuania

  Petras Griškevičius

(1924–1987)

February 18, 1974

November 14, 1987

2
Antanas Barkauskas

(1899–1980)

Yuri Andropov
Konstantin Chernenko
Mikhail Gorbachev
  Nikolay Mitkin

(1929–1998)

Acting

November 14, 1987

December 1, 1987

Communist Party

of Lithuania

Ringaudas Songaila

(1929–2019)

3   Ringaudas Songaila

(1929–2019)

December 1, 1987

October 19, 1988

Communist Party

of Lithuania

Ringaudas Songaila

(1930–2017)

  Algirdas Brazauskas

(1903–1974)

January 15, 1990

March 11, 1990

Communist Party

of Lithuania

4
Algirdas Brazauskas

(1903–1974)

March 11, 1990 — Restoration of Independence
# Portrait Name

(Birth–Death)

Term Party Election Prime Minister
1   Algirdas Brazauskas
(1932–2010)
February 25, 1993

February 25, 1998
Democratic Labour

Party of Lithuania

14 February, 1993 Adolfas Šleževičius
Laurynas Mindaugas
Stankevičius
Gediminas Vagnorius
2   Valdas Adamkus
(born 1926)
February 26, 1998

February 26, 2003
Independent
Kazys Grinius
  Rolandas Paksas
(born 1956)
February 26, 2003

April 6, 2004
Order and

Justice

21 December, 1922
By the Seimas
3
Ernestas Galvanauskas
Antanas Tumėnas
Vytautas Petrulis
Leonas Bistras
April 6, 2004 — Impeachement of Rolandas Paksas
Artūras Paulauskas
(born 1953)
Acting
April 6, 2004

July 12, 2004
New Union Unelected — acting President
following the impeachement
Augustinas Voldemaras
  Aleksandras Stulginskis
(1885–1969)
Acting
December 19, 1926 Lithuanian Christian

Democratic Party

Unelected — acting President
following coup d''état
  Antanas Smetona
(1874–1944)
December 19, 1926

June 15, 1940
Lithuanian

Nationalist Union

December 19, 1926
By the undemocratic
approval of Seimas in
one-candidate elections
4
Juozas Tūbelis
Juozas Tūbelis
Juozas Tūbelis
December 11, 1931
By the undemocratic
approval of Special
Nation Representatives in
one-candidate elections
Vladas Mironas
October 14, 1938
By the undemocratic
approval of Special
Nation Representatives in
one-candidate elections
Vladas Mironas
Jonas Černius
Antanas Merkys
  Antanas Merkys
(1877–1955)
Acting
June 15, 1940

June 17, 1940
Lithuanian

Nationalist Union

Unelected — de jure
acting President
  1. ^ As King of Lithuania
  2. ^ As Grand Duke of Lithuania
  3. ^ Only formally held by King Mindaugas I and King-elect Mindaugas II.
  4. ^ "Guide to the Honours". BBC News. BBC. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2016.