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100th anniversary of the Communist Party of China
Part of the Two Centenaries
Official logo of the event, displayed in Tianxin District of Changsha, Hunan, China
Native name 中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动
Date1 July 2021 (2021-07-01)
LocationChang'an Avenue, Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China
Coordinates39°54′26.4″N 116°23′27.9″E / 39.907333°N 116.391083°E / 39.907333; 116.391083
Also known as
  • Centennial of the Communist Party of China
  • Centenary of the Communist Party of China
  • 中国共产党成立一百周年
Typemass pageant, music and dance gala
MotiveTo commemorate the centennial of the founding of the Communist Party of China on 23 July 1921[1]
Organised by
ParticipantsChinese Communist Party, Government of China, National leaders, international organization leaders, PLA, PAP, Militia, and other formations
WebsiteOfficial event page (English)
MabelodetheFaceless/sandbox
Simplified Chinese中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动
Traditional Chinese中國共產黨成立100週年慶祝活動
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng chénglì 100 zhōunián qìngzhù huódòng
Wade–GilesChung-kuo kung-ch'an-tang chʻêng-li 100 chou-nien ch’ing-chou huo-tung
Centennial of the Communist Party of China
Simplified Chinese中国共产党成立一百周年
Traditional Chinese中國共產黨成立一百週年
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng chénglì yībǎi zhōunián
Wade–GilesChung-kuo kung-ch'an-tang chʻêng-li yi-pai chou-nien
Flag of the Communist Party of China

Celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党成立100周年庆祝活动), or the Centennial of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党成立一百周年), were held on 1 July 2021 in Beijing to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC), which has been the sole governing political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1949.[2] CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the guest of honor, delivered a speech and presented the Order of July the First order of honour to CPC members who have made significant contributions.[2] Premier Li Keqiang served as the official host of the event.

Similar celebrations were scheduled nationwide in Mainland China, the Macau Special Administrative Region, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,[3] coinciding with the 24th anniversary of the handover from the United Kingdom on the same day.

Background

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Main article: History of the Communist Party of China
Further information: Chinese Civil War, Chinese Communist Revolution, and Proclamation of the People's Republic of China

The CPC was founded in 1921 by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), who seized power in Russia after the 1917 October Revolution, and the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International.[4] From 1927 to 1950, the CPC fought a civil war against the Kuomintang-led government but it temporarily ceased its hostilities to form a short-lived alliance with the Kuomintang to fight the war against Japan, and in 1949, it emerged victorious when Chairman Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. Since then, the CPC has been the sole ruling party in the country, renamed the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Preparations

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Leading up to the centenary celebrations, the Chinese government has been promoting Xi Jinping's outlook on history as the new orthodoxy.[1] Internet screening and censorship were stepped up while museums across the country curated exhibitions related to history of the Communist Party.[5] The Guardian reported that the Communist Party has been assiduously pushing the official narrative and the official history of the Communist Party across the entire country since the beginning of 2021. Adulatory messages such as "Listen to the party, appreciate the party, follow the party" have adorned banners and billboards; foreign journalists have been given tours to spread the official narrative; Buddhist temples have held special anniversary events.[1] The National Film Administration mandated local film authorities, film and cinema companies and production firms to screen and promote, starting 1 April, "outstanding films" – works "closely focused on the themes of loving the party, loving the nation and loving socialism," and "sing the praises of … and eulogise the Party, the motherland, its people and its heroes".[6] CCTV produced a patriotic television series, called The Awakening Age, glorifying Chinese revolutionary history from 1915 to 1921;[5] a collection of 100 rappers produced a 15-minute track praising the Party called "100%".[5]

In preparation for the Centennial efforts at suppressing and tailoring the Party’s history were stepped up. The Party uses manufactured historical memories to legitimize the Party’s place in society. The highlighting of the Party’s centenary followed the CPC’s general pattern of periodizing history. It is contrasted with the century of humiliation trope.[7]

The first full rehearsal for the festivities took place on 13 June 2021.[8] Security was strengthened leading up to the celebrations, with an increase in the number of officers of the People's Armed Police and officers of the state security police in Beijing.[9] The first press conference hosted by the Press Center took place on 27 June 2021.[10]

Hong Kong

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Heavy police presence in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong on 1 July 2021

Although the Civil Human Rights Front, traditional organisers of the annual march, announced that it was cancelling its plans, three other pro-democracy groups stepped in with an application to hold a demonstration, but the request was refused by police on the grounds of COVID-19 restrictions.[11] Thousands of police were mobilised to prevent any possible protests, one day after the first anniversary of the implementation of the national security law in the territory. Victoria Park, the traditional starting point of the annual march, was declared off limits due to public order concerns, and all occupants were banished.[12][5]

Light shows and television extravaganza

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Fireworks set off in Changsha, Hunan, on 30 June 2021

Throughout June 2021, light shows took place in celebration of the anniversary in multiple Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.[13][14]

An extravaganzasa produced by China Central Television was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 28 June 2021. It starred over 90 celebrities.[15] The gala evening concluded with a huge fireworks display and a rendition of "Without the Communist Party, There Would be No New China".[5]

Tiananmen Square ceremony

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The scenery of decorations at Tiananmen Square on 30 June 2021

A national ceremony and rally of 70,000 took place on Tiananmen Square in Beijing.[16][17] It was attended by CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping, former General Secretary Hu Jintao, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, former Premier Wen Jiabao and members of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. Hong Kong and Macau Chief Executives Carrie Lam and Ho Iat-seng were also in attendance. However, former CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin and former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji were absent.

The events began with a flag raising ceremony by the PLA Honour Guard after it marched off from the sides of the Monument to the People's Heroes, with a gun salute of 56 gunners (representing the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups of China) being fired 100 times (representing the 100 years of the party) in the background.[5] The Flag of China was raised to the national anthem of the People's Republic of China, March of the Volunteers. The Communist Youth League of China and the Young Pioneers of China also read a message of congratulations.

Military flypast

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In March 2021, General Li Jun, assistant to the director of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, had said at a news conference that the expected military parade will not occur.[18][19] The traditional military parade was replaced by a flypast of Chinese aircraft. Seventy-one People's Liberation Army Air Force fighters flew over Tiananmen Square, with helicopters and fighter jets forming the numbers "100" and "71".

Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping

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Later, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an hour-long speech in which he specifically declared the realization of the first of the Two Centenaries' goals.[20] While Xi warned during his speech that "any foreign force who attempted to bully China would find their heads broken and bashed bloody against the great wall of steel forged by the blood and flesh of 1.4 billion Chinese people",[5][20][21] the official translation used the analogy "on a collision course with a great wall of steel".[12][21][22] Xi praised the Communist Party, saying that there would be no new China without it, and it had "profoundly transformed the advancement of the Chinese nation ... [being] ... the foundation and lifeblood of the party and the country, and the crux upon which the interests and wellbeing of all Chinese people depend."[12]

With respect to Taiwan, he stressed the need to "crush any Taiwan independence", reiterating the adherence to the one China principle and the 1992 Consensus, and the goal of completing unification, although the People's Republic of China has never ruled over the island.[20][23]

Xi said that in addition to social stability, China's sovereignty and security must be maintained in Hong Kong.[20]

Finale

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After Xi Jinping's speech, the ceremony ended with performances of The Internationale and the Ode to the Motherland.

Symbols

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The Commemorative medal and its introduction card

Commemorative coins

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On 21 June 2021, the People's Bank of China issued a set of nine commemorative coins for the anniversary.[24]

Medal

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See also: July 1 Medal

Since June 2021, the "Glorious 50 Years in the Party" Commemorative Medal has been awarded, and the award will continue until 1 July. It consists of the party emblem, a five-pointed star, the flag, a monument, a sunflower, and other elements.[25] The CPC award ceremony to present the 1 July Medal to outstanding CPC members took place on 29 June 2021.[26]

Incidents

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Hong Kong suicide attack

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Main article: July 1 police stabbing

Amidst heavy police presence in Causeway Bay aimed at stopping demonstrations along the traditional march route in Hong Kong, a 50-year-old man stabbed a police officer in the back with a knife at 10 pm, and then turned the knife on himself. The police officer was rushed to hospital in a critical condition but survived, while the alleged assailant was declared dead upon arrival at the hospital.[27][28] Hong Kong's newly-appointed Security Secretary, Chris Tang, declared it a "terrorist act" committed by a "lone wolf", but blamed "many people who have encouraged violence and incited hatred toward society and the country".[27] The police have become highly unpopular for their brutal suppression of the anti-ELAB protests. After Hongkongers started laying flowers at the location where the suspect fell, police warned that the mourning amounted to supporting terrorism.[29]

Twitter incident

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Anne-Marie Brady, a Sinologist at Canterbury University in New Zealand and prominent critic of the Communist Party, saw her Twitter account suspended as a result of her tweets that made fun of Xi Jinping and the lack of international validation of the centenary. A Times journalist said that the block was probably an algorithmic response to the number of complaints from Communist Party agents that would have been received by Twitter. Her account was subsequently restored, with neither explanation nor apology.[30]

International reactions

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As of 27 June 2021, according to the official Chinese news agency Xinhua, more than 1,300 messages[verification needed], both congratulatory and criticizing, were received from about 150 head of states and 200 major political parties worldwide[verification needed][31]

Congratulatory

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  •   Armenia – Acting Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said that "The Communist Party of China has won the Chinese people’s trust since its inception by defying numerous challenges and leading the country along the path of sovereignty, empowerment and socio-economic development."[32]
  •   Azerbaijan – In a phone call, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev congratulated Chinese President and CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping.[33]
  •   Belarus – President Alexander Lukashenko noted that the CPC's motto of 'Serve the people' "was the organizing force for the formation of the state."[34]
  •   India – General Secretary of the Communist Party of India D. Raja sent a congratulatory letter to Chinese President and CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping, where he commended him for leading China towards becoming a major economic power, and applauded for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. He also sounded a word of caution on the strained India-China relations. General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) Sitaram Yechury also sent congratulatory letter to Xi, where he stated that the history of the last century holds testimony to the manner in which China has evolved its policies, often identifying and correcting its mistakes.[35]
  •   Japan – Secretary-General Toshihiro Nikai and former party President Yōhei Kōno of the Liberal Democratic Party, veteran-politician Ichiro Ozawa and Chairwoman of the Social Democratic Party Mizuho Fukushima all sent congratulatory messages to the Communist Party of China.[36]
  •   Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov congratulated Chinese President and CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping in a video address on 17 June.[37]
  •   Malaysia – President of the Malaysian Chinese Association Wee Ka Siong sent a congratulatory letter to China saying that the Communist Party of China is advancing with the times and pursuing progress.[38]
  •   Pakistan – Prime Minister Imran Khan congratulated the Communist Party of China on its 100th anniversary and hailed 70 years of establishing Sino-Pakistan diplomatic relations.[39]
  •   Russia – Russian President Vladimir Putin congratulated Chinese President and CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping during a meeting on 28 June. The Soviet Union organized the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in Moscow in 1928. The Federal Archival Agency of Russia gave documents on the 6th congress to their Chinese counterparts on the occasion of the holiday.[40]
  •   Singapore – Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, in his capacity as the Secretary-General of the People's Action Party, sent a letter to CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping, with a congratulatory message in Chinese to celebrate the CPC's 100th anniversary.[41]
  •   Venezuela – Recognized President Nicolás Maduro held a celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC and the 47th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Venezuela at the Presidential Palace.[42]
  • CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, Inc Elon Musk congratulated China's "economic prosperity" on the 100th anniversary of Communist Party of China and tweeted that what China has achieved is truly amazing, especially in infrastructure and he encouraged people to visit and see for themselves.[43]

Critical

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  •   Republic of China – In response to Xi Jinping's speech threatening to crush attempts at Taiwan independence, the spokesperson of Taiwan's Presidential Office, Kolas Yotaka, told CPC to "grow up" and "just pick another birthday gift for itself".[23] The Mainland Affairs Council of the ROC called for a democratic transition in mainland China on the CPC's 100th anniversary.[44][45][46] The standing committee of the Kuomintang, the previously pro-Beijing opposition party, voted down an proposal to congratulate the CPC, particularly in view of the People's Republic's repeated military incursions into Taiwanese airspace.[47][48]
  •   Japan – Leader of the Opposition Yukio Edano said that the two parties sent the messages only after being entrusted by China, and that the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC should not be congratulated. Edano also criticized China's human rights abuses.[49]
  •   United States – Members of both political parties in the US House of Representatives proposed a resolution stating that the founding of the Communist Party of China is not a reason for celebration, and that the party should reflect on its own history.[50]
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "'Making China great again': pomp and propaganda as CCP marks centenary". The Guardian. 30 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b Xinhua, ed. (23 March 2021). "CPC to hold a series of events for centenary celebrations". Beijing. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  3. ^ CoconutsHongKong (23 June 2021). "All aboard: Trams, buses celebrate 100th anniversary of Chinese Communist Party | Coconuts Hong Kong". Coconuts. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  4. ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (20 July 2011). "On Party Anniversary, China Rewrites History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Davis, Rebecca (1 July 2021). "China's Entertainment Industry Bolsters Communist Party's 100th Anniversary Celebrations".
  6. ^ Davis, Rebecca (2 April 2021). "China's Film Authority Orders All Cinemas to Screen Propaganda Films at Least Twice a Week".
  7. ^ Ross Smith, Nicholas; Fallon, Tracey. "How the CCP Uses History". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  8. ^ "Analysis: G-7 and the Chinese Communist Party have no chemistry". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  9. ^ "China Mounts Massive Security Operation in Beijing Ahead of Centenary". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  10. ^ The first press conference of the Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the CPC, retrieved 27 June 2021
  11. ^ "From partner to pariah: how the Hong Kong gov't attitude to July 1 protest organiser soured over the years". Hong Kong Free Press. 1 July 2021.
  12. ^ a b c "Xi Jinping warns China won't be bullied in speech marking 100-year anniversary of CCP". The Guardian. 1 July 2021.
  13. ^ EPIC! Six-minute Bund light show invites you all to believe in Shanghai miracles, retrieved 27 June 2021
  14. ^ Light shows celebrating CPC's 100th anniversary held in Jinan, Changchun, retrieved 27 June 2021
  15. ^ Davis, Rebecca (2 July 2021). "Jackie Chan, Andy Lau Celebrate China's Communist Party Anniversary as Hong Kongers Are Arrested".
  16. ^ Buckley, Chris; Bradsher, Keith (1 July 2021). "Marking Party's Centennial, Xi Warns That China Will Not Be Bullied". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  17. ^ "At Communist Party centenary, Xi says China won't be bullied". AP NEWS. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  18. ^ "China says there will be no military parade to mark party centenary". South China Morning Post. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  19. ^ "China's Communist Party skips military parade for centennial". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  20. ^ a b c d Ben Westcott and Steven Jiang. "Foreign countries that 'bully' China will meet a 'great wall of steel,' says Xi". CNN. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  21. ^ a b "At Communist Party centenary, Xi says China won't be bullied". AP NEWS. 1 July 2021.
  22. ^ "Xi says Chinese people will never allow foreign bullying, oppressing, or subjugating – Xinhua | English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency.
  23. ^ a b "Taiwan tells CCP to 'pick something else' for its birthday". Taiwan News. 2 July 2021.
  24. ^ "建党100周年纪念币来了，共9枚含10元、50元、100元三种面额". Sina Corp. 18 June 2021.
  25. ^ "CPC to award July 1 Medal for first time". npc.gov.cn. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  26. ^ "President Xi presents medals to outstanding CPC members as country marks the centenary of its ruling party | Live Ruptly". www.ruptly.tv. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Hong Kong police officer's condition improves after stabbing". ABC News.
  28. ^ Grundy, Tom (1 July 2021). "Man dies after stabbing Hong Kong police officer and himself in Causeway Bay". Hong Kong Free Press.
  29. ^ "Hong Kong police warn residents against mourning man who stabbed police officer". CNA.
  30. ^ "Twitter restricts account of expert who mocked China leader". AP NEWS. 6 July 2021.
  31. ^ "国际社会热烈祝贺中国共产党建党100周年". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  32. ^ "Nikol Pashinyan sends congratulatory message to PRC President Xi Jinping". www.primeminister.am. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  33. ^ "Xi Jinping Speaks with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev on the Phone". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  34. ^ "Поздравление Председателю Китайской Народной Республики Си Цзиньпину | Официальный интернет-портал Президента Республики Беларусь". president.gov.by (in Russian). Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  35. ^ "Left parties congratulate Communist Party of China on its centenary, applaud its governance". financialexpress.com. July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  36. ^ "中共党庆要面子 外国政要贺电有多少". rfi.fr. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  37. ^ "Новости – Официальный сайт Президента Кыргызской Республики". president.kg. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  38. ^ "Highlights of foreign congratulatory messages on CPC's 100th founding anniversary (20) - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  39. ^ "Pakistan and China, iron brothers and strategic partners – today and forever: PM Imran". dailytimes.com. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Conversation with President of China Xi Jinping". President of Russia. Retrieved 2 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ "李显龙总理致函习近平贺中共百年党庆". zaobao.com. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  42. ^ "委内瑞拉政府举行庆祝大会 祝贺中国共产党成立100周年". finance.sina.com. July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  43. ^ "Elon Musk praises China's 'economic prosperity' on 100th anniversary of Chinese Communist Party". cnn.com. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  44. ^ "MAC calls for democracy in China on CCP's 100th anniversary". Radio Taiwan International (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  45. ^ "CCP threatening global democracy, MAC says". Taipei Times. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  46. ^ "Taiwan pits peace, democracy against Xi's 'one China' principle". Taiwan News. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  47. ^ "Taiwan's KMT will not congratulate CCP on 100th anniversary". Taiwan News. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  48. ^ "No tradition of well-wishes for CCP: KMT". Taipei Times. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  49. ^ "中共党庆要面子 外国政要贺电有多少". Radio France Internationale. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  50. ^ "美国会提两党议案指出中共建党百年不是庆祝的理由". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 26 June 2021.

Category:2020s in Beijing Category:2021 in China Category:Anniversaries Category:Centennial anniversaries Category:Events in Beijing Category:July 2021 events in China Category:History of the Chinese Communist Party

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