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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Prior to 11th century
edit- c.850-900 - Gelou, "a certain Vlach"[1][2] and "prince of the Vlachs"[3][4], is ruling in Transylvania, the Gesta Hungarorum mention indicating that the Vlachs were considered the dominant Transylvanian population.[5][6]
- c.895–902 - Magyars (Hungarians) commence the conquest of the Carpathian Basin defeating and conquering the lands of Menumorut and later Gelou
- c.902-950 - the area falls under the rule of Tuhutum (Tétény) and his descendants [7][8] (within newly formed Principality of Hungary)
- 1000 - the area becomes part of the Kingdom of Hungary, as Stephen I of Hungary is crowned as the first king and adopts Christianity[9][10]
11th century
edit- 1080s-1090s - Kolozsmonostor Abbey is established as first Benedictine monastery in Transylvania by Ladislaus I of Hungary[11][12][13]
12th century
edit- 1111-1113 - Mercurius, a distinguished nobleman who held the office during the reign of Coloman, King of Hungary (1095–1116)[14] , is mentioned in two royal charters as "princeps Ultrasilvanus" (perhaps the first known voivode of Transylvania)[15]
- 1143 - The colonization of Transylvania by Germans commences under the reign of King Géza II of Hungary (1141–1162)
- 1173 - Clus as a county name is recorded for the first time, in a document which mentions Thomas comes Clusiensis[16]
- 1178 - Site "colonized" by newly arrived "Saxons".[17]
13th century
edit- 1213 - The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – under the Medieval Latin name Castrum Clus.[18]
- 1241 - City and Kolozsmonostor Abbey are destroyed during First Mongol invasion of Hungary
- 1246 - The first recording for the Hungarian form Kolozsvár (uar / vár means "castle" in Hungarian).[19]
- 1275 - In a document of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, the village (Villa Kulusvar) is granted to the Bishop of Transylvania.[20]
- 1285-1286 - Second Mongol invasion of Hungary
14th century
edit- 1316
- August 19: King Charles I of Hungary grants the status of a city (Latin: civitas), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian voivode, Ladislaus Kán.[20]
- Groundbreaking for the St. Michael's Church[21]
- 1332 - The first appearance of the Hungarian form Koloswar, as it underwent various phonetic changes over the years.[19]
- 1348 - First usage of the Saxon name of Clusenburg/Clusenbvrg appeared.[19]
- 1349 - A document signed by the archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the St. Michael's Church.
- 1390 - The altar of St. Michael's Church is inaugurated.[21]
15th century
edit- 1405 - Through the privileges granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg, Cluj becomes a royal free city, is opting out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtains the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.[22]
- 1408 - First mention of the Saxon form Clausenburg.[19]
- 1432 - St. Michael's Church is completed.[17]
- 1443 - 23 February: - Matthias Corvinus, future King of Hungary is born in Cluj
- 1481 - First record of the presence of Jews living in Cluj.[23]
16th century
edit- 1511-1545 - Tower of St. Michael's Church is built.
- 1541 - City stays in Eastern Hungarian Kingdom after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary.
- 1543 - Bonțida Bánffy Castle built near city.
- 1550 - Printing press established by Gáspár Heltai.[24][25]
- 1565 - Witch trials begin.[26]
- 1568 - Unitarian Church of Transylvania is founded by Dávid Ferenc, who was previously a Catholic priest, later a Lutheran one and then a Calvinist bishop
- 1570 - City becomes part of the independent Principality of Transylvania, established through the Treaty of Speyer
- 1572 - Filstich Wolf House built in Big Market Square.
- 1581 - Gymnasium (school) founded.[27]
- 1593 - Witch trials end, with thirteen people being burned.[26]
17th century
edit- 1615 - Witch-hunt starts.[26]
- 1629 - Witch-hunt ends.[26]
- 1695 - Hungarian Szakácskönyv (cookbook) published.[28][29]
- 1699 - City becomes part of the Habsburg Monarchy per Treaty of Karlowitz.
18th century
edit- 1715 - Construction of the Citadel begins.[17]
- 1785
- Bánffy Palace built.
- Gherla Prison begins operating in vicinity.
- 1790 - City becomes capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.
- 1792 - Hungarian Theatre founded.
- 1798 - Large parts of the city destroyed by fire.[17]
19th century
edit- 1803 - Bob Church consecrated.
- 1812 - Reduta Palace built.
- 1828 - Josika Palace expanded.
- 1829 - Evangelical-Lutheran Church built.
- 1830s - Népkertnek Park (Central Park) opens.
- 1845 - Town Hall built.[30]
- 1848 - 25 December: City taken by Hungarian forces.[31]
- 1869 - Institute of Agronomic Studies founded.
- 1870
- 1872 - Franz Joseph University[33] and Botanical Garden founded.
- 1880 - Population: 29,923 (70% of Hungarian ethnicity).[34]
- 1887 - Neolog Synagogue built.
- 1890 - Population: 32,739.[35]
- 1895 - New York Café built.
- 1900 - Population: 46,670.[17]
20th century
edit- 1902
- Palace of Justice built.
- Matthias Corvinus Monument unveiled in Big Market Square.[36]
- 1906 - Cluj-Napoca National Theatre opens.
- 1907 - CFR Cluj (football club) formed.
- 1910 - Hungarian Theatre of Cluj building constructed.
- 1911 - Ion Moina Stadium opens.
- 1913 - Sebestyén Palace built in Big Market Square.
- 1918
- 1 December: Union of Transylvania with Romania is declared
- 24 December: City taken by Romanian forces; Hungarian rule ends.[37]
- 1919
- Iulian Pop becomes the first Romanian mayor.
- U Cluj football club formed.
- Gheorghe Dima Music Academy founded.
- 1920
- Based on the Treaty of Trianon, Cluj becomes part of the Kingdom of Romania.[38]
- Population: 85,509.
- 1921 - 28 September: Capitoline Wolf Statue, a gift from Italy to Romania as a symbol for its Latinity, unveiled in Unirii Square.[39]
- 1922 - Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania founded.
- 1925 - Fine Arts School founded.
- 1930
- Greek Catholic Diocese of Cluj-Gherla established.[40]
- Population: 100,844.[34]
- 1933 - Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral (Romanian Orthodox) built.[41]
- 1934 - Goldmark Jewish Symphonic Orchestra founded.[42]
- 1940 - City becomes part of Hungary again.[38]
- 1944
- 1948
- Protestant Theological Institute established.
- Population: 117,915.[38]
- 1966 - Population: 185,663 (56% of Romanian ethnicity; 42% of Hungarian ethnicity).[34]
- 1968 - Echinox literary magazine begins publication.
- 1973 - CFR Cluj Stadium opens.
- 1974
- City renamed to "Cluj-Napoca".
- Population: 218,703.[44]
- 1989 - December: Romanian Revolution.
- 1992
- Gheorghe Funar becomes mayor.
- Population: 328,602 (75% of Romanian ethnicity).[34]
- 1994 - Association for Interethnic Dialogue established in Cluj.[45]
21st century
edit- 2001 - Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR) founded.[46]
- 2004 - Emil Boc becomes mayor.
- 2008
- Sorin Apostu becomes mayor.
- Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area created.
- 2011 - Population: 324,576 city; 411,379 metro.
- 2012 - Emil Boc becomes mayor again.
- 2016 - Emil Boc becomes mayor yet again.
See also
edit| History of Romania |
|---|
 |
 Romania portal |
References
edit- ^ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.24.
- ^ Bak 2010, p. 59.
- ^ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.26.
- ^ Bak 2010, p. 63.
- ^ Sălăgean 2006, p. 141.
- ^ Pop 1996, p. 146.
- ^ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.27.
- ^ Bak 2010, p. 65.
- ^ Macartney 2008, p. 118.
- ^ Pop 1996, p. 142.
- ^ Bóna 1994, p. 163.
- ^ Benkő 1994, p. 364.
- ^ Keul 2009, p. 27.
- ^ Markó 2006, p. 416.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 355.
- ^ Lazarovici 1997, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d e Britannica 1910, p. 891.
- ^ clujnet 2004.
- ^ a b c d szabadsag 2003.
- ^ a b Lazarovici 1997, p. 204.
- ^ a b ghidvideoturistic 2013.
- ^ Lazarovici 1997, p. 38.
- ^ BeitHatfutsot 2013.
- ^ Csontosi 1882, p. 135.
- ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 90.
- ^ a b c d Levack 2013, p. II.
- ^ HandbuchÖsterreich 1856, p. 59.
- ^ Csontosi 1882, p. 138.
- ^ Davidson 2014, p. 401.
- ^ Flóra 2012.
- ^ a b Ripley 1879.
- ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 92.
- ^ Magocsi 2002.
- ^ a b c d Brubaker 2006, p. 93.
- ^ Chambers 1901.
- ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 134.
- ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 97.
- ^ a b c Seltzer 1952, p. 421.
- ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 100.
- ^ OsloCatholicDiocese 2007.
- ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 142.
- ^ YIVO 2010.
- ^ a b c Brubaker 2006, p. 105.
- ^ UN 1976.
- ^ Carey 2004, p. 264.
- ^ ETHZ 2018.
Sources
editPrimary sources
edit- Anonymus, Notary of King Béla (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Medieval Latin).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Bak, János M; Rady, Martyn C; Veszprémy, László, eds. (2010). Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians. Central European Medieval Texts. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Secondary sources
edit- Brubaker, Rogers; Feischmidt, Margit; Fox, Jon; Grancea, Liana (2006). Brubaker, Rogers (ed.). Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (illustrated ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
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- Keul, István (2009). Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691). Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions: History, Culture, Religion, Ideas (illustrated ed.). Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Lazarovici, Gheorghe (1997). Cluj-Napoca: inima Transilvaniei [Cluj-Napoca: the heart of Transylvania] (in Romanian and summary in English). Cluj-Napoca: Studia. ISBN 978-973-97555-0-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (2008). The Magyars in the Ninth Century (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08070-5. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- "Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR)". ethz.ch: Center for Security Studies, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century: The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State. Bibliotheca rerum Transsilvaniae. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Cultural Foundation, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 978-973-577-037-2. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
Tertiary sources
edit- Benkő, Elek (1994). "Kolozsmonostor". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-963-056-722-0. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- "Biserica Romano-Catolica Sf.Mihail - Cluj-Napoca" [St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church - Cluj-Napoca] (in Romanian). ghidvideoturistic.ro: Ghid Video Turistic. PhantomMedia. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
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- Bóna, István (1994). "The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 109–177. ISBN 978-963-056-703-9. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Carey, Henry F., ed. (2004). Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0592-4. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). "Kolozsvár". Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Vol. 15–16 (11th ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. OL 7083162M. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Romania". katolsk.no: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). 19 March 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- "Cluj". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. yivoencyclopedia.org: Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- Davidson, Alan (2014). "Hungary". In Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- "Demographic Yearbook 1975" (27th ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. 1976: 253–279. OCLC 5157865. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich" [Court and State Handbook of the Austrian Empire]. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich (in German). 1856 (5). Vienna: Kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1856. OCLC 894955555. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- "Kolozsvár neve" [The name of Kolozsvár] (in Hungarian). szabadsag.ro: Szabadság. 4 August 2003. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
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- Levack, Brian P., ed. (2013). Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-164884-7. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Magocsi, Paul Robert (2002). Historical Atlas of Central Europe. Heritage Collection (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai: Szent Istvántól napjainkig - Életrajzi Lexikon [The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Budapest: Helikon Kiadó Kft. ISBN 978-963-208-970-6. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest) (1882). "Magyaroszagi regi nyomtatvanyok 1473-1711" [Kolozsvar (Hungarian printing 1473-1711)]. In Csontosi, János (ed.). Kalauz az Orsz. Magy. Iparművészeti Muzeum részéről rendezett könyvkiállitáshoz [Guide to the Museum of Applied Arts] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Athenaeum. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu55628052. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- "O istorie inedită a Clujului – Cetatea coloniștilor sași" [A unique history of Cluj - The fortress of the Saxon settlers] (in Romanian). clujnet.com: ReMARK ltd. 2004. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
- Sălăgean, Tudor (2006). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Seltzer, Leon E., ed. (1952). "Cluj". Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 421. OL 6112221M. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- "The Jewish Community of Cluj-Napoca". dbs.bh.org.il: The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cluj-Napoca by year.
- Europeana. Items related to Cluj, various dates.
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Cluj, various dates
This article incorporates information from the Hungarian Wikipedia and Romanian Wikipedia.
 Years in Romania | |||||
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| United Principalities | |||||
| Kingdom of Romania | Years of the Kingdom of Romania and the short-lived National Legionary State (1940–1941).
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| Socialist Romania | Years between the abdication of King Michael of Romania and the December 1989 Romanian Revolution.
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| Romania | Years since the December 1989 Romanian Revolution.
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