List of fact-finding reports on human rights in North Korea (copied the 09:32, 7 March 2022 version, and making more edits and updates here before publishing them)
General type | Publications |
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Items listed | Fact-finding reports |
Topic | Human rights |
Period | 1977-present |
Geographical focus | North Korea (DPRK) |
Inclusion criteria | Fact-focused reports published by notable institutions in the inquiry and deliberations on the situation of H.R. in the DPRK |
Sorting criteria | Reports are generally first grouped by publishing entity type and entity, then by thematic type, then listed chronologically |
Part of a series on |
Human rights in North Korea |
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Publications reporting the factual situation of human rights in North Korea (DPRK) are the basis upon which policies are shaped and society mobilized. This article includes those fact-finding publications issued by the United Nations, governments, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)/ civil society entities.[1][2]
This article focuses on listing fact-finding reports, which distinguish themselves from other publications such as pamphlets, news articles, books, or journal articles, in that they are meant to aggregate information from multiple sources and provide a balanced, overall view of the topic covered for the non-commercial purpose of informing the general public and policy makers. These reports tend to rely more on the credibility of their publishing institutions than on their individual authors. Fact-finding reports are also distinct from policy briefs as the latter ground their analysis and recommendations on the facts laid out in the former. The inclusion is based on the notability (and not the concurrence to any particular view) of the publishing institutions to the inquiry and deliberations on the situation in North Korea.
This list lays out the evolution of the reporting efforts, with a first wave of reports by human rights NGOs just describing the general characteristics of the regime, followed by another wave of civil society and governmental reports with some more details, then prompting the United Nations to also exercise greater scrutiny and pursue its own investigations.[3]
The vast majority of reports (except those published by the DPRK itself, also included in this article) point to a very grave situation, with human rights systematically violated by the North Korean government.
Efforts to continue to investigate and document the situation of human rights in the DPRK are on-going, given that there are no indications of substantial improvements in the regime's policies, and despite the continued isolation of the regime that limits outside investigators' access to the country and to its general population.[4]
Introduction and overview
editHistorical context
editKorea had for centuries been a high-ranking tributary state within the Imperial Chinese tributary system,[i] until in the late 19th century Japan began to assert greater control over the Korean peninsula, culminating in its annexation in 1910. It remained a colony of Japan, until Japan lost World War II in 1945.[ii][iii][iv][v]
At the end of WWII, with Japan stripped of its colonial territories, the Korean peninsula became a United Nations trusteeship, with the northern half administered by the Soviet Union, and the southern half administered by the United States.[vi][vii][viii] The ultimate stated plan was to allow Korea as a whole to become again a united and independent country.[ix][x] Disagreements among the parties on how and when to implement the united self-rule led to the two territories establishing their own separate and rival governments.[xi][xii][xiii][xiv] The Korean War (1950-1953) was the last attempt to reunify the peninsula by force, but it ended in stalemate and it entrenched two very different regimes.[xv][xvi][xvii]
Within the Soviet and American spheres respectively, the North became a Stalinist totalitarian regime uninterruptedly led by the Kim family,[xviii] and the South became a capitalist society that until 1987 included short periods of unstable democracy as well as longer periods of authoritarian rule, including over 25 years of right-wing military rule.[xix]
Propped by their allies, North and South experienced rapid economic growth after the Korean War, but in the 1970s the North's growth faltered[xx] while the South's accelerated.[xxi]
While South Korea had a period of military autocracy, mass mobilizations of its citizens forced its end in 1987. This led to the modern South Korea being a young, more stable democracy with a prosperous free market economy.[xxi][xix] Meanwhile, North Korea's totalitarian regime kept a stronger grip on its society, which was never able to mobilize to demand reforms. Its command economy stagnated in the 1970s, and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union it spiraled into crisis in the 1990s, leading to a massive famine. North Korea remains to this day as one of the most isolated countries in the world, with a struggling economy, within an isolationist, militaristic, and totalitarian regime.[xix]
Chronology and major themes
editThe reporting of human rights in the DPRK follows the progression of the modern movement of human rights, which from the 1970s civil society and governmental efforts made violations more visible to the general public and in international politics.[5][6][7]
Given the opacity of the DPRK's regime, especially before the 1990s, little was known about the situation of human rights.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The few reports that were issued at that time made note of the lack of concrete information, mostly only being able to describe the general characteristics of the country's political system.[11][8][15] Amnesty International, founded in 1961,[16] began to issue some basic reports on the DPRK in 1977.[17][9] In 1979 the US's Department of State also began to cover the DPRK in its Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.[18]
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the subsequent North Korean famine of the 1990s, a higher number of individuals began to flee the country, and more first-person accounts began to be collected by human rights organizations.[3] That was also followed in the early 2000s by greater availability of satellite imagery.[10] South Korea, having itself transitioned from a military dictatorship to a democracy in the late 1980s, began to publish reports in 1996 through its governmental think tank Korea Institute for National Unification.[19][20] In the late 1990s and 2000s several NGOs specialized on North Korea emerged and began to publish their own research: Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (1996),[2][21] Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (2001),[22][23][24][3] Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (2003),[25][26][27] People for Successful Corean Reunification (2006).[28][29][30][31] Around the same time some other world-wide human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Christian Solidarity Worldwide also began to publish reports on the DPRK.
As reports from NGOs and governments began to reveal more details on the human rights situation in the DPRK during the 1990s and 2000s, these concerns were elevated to the United Nations, where various UN bodies and parties also began to express a growing concern on the situation and opacity of the regime.[32][33][34][35][3] The mounting evidence being collected and published by governments and civil society led in 2004 to the establishment of the mandate for the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK, issuing reports annually.[36]
The growing amount of information, and the grave situation it increasingly revealed, led the United Nations General Assembly[37] and the UN Human Rights Council (HRC)[38][39][40] to repeatedly pass resolutions officially expressing their concerns and urging the DPRK's government to change its ways.[33][34][35][41]
Ten years later, further joint efforts by the UN Special Rapporteur, governments, and NGOs[2] led to the establishment of a special one-time investigation unprecedented in depth and breadth[42] commissioned by the Human Rights Council, with a landmark report published in 2014.[43][44][33][45][3] It was deemed the most authoritative report up to that point.[46][44][47] The report unequivocally concluded that the DPRK regime committed gross and systematic violations of human rights including freedom of thought, expression and religion; freedom from discrimination; freedom of movement and residence; and the right to food,[45] as well as crimes against humanity entailing "extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation".[33][48][49]
The UN's fact-finding process continues to yield periodical reports, which greatly rely on and are underpinned by the also on-going research and publishing conducted by NGOs and governmental agencies.[35][50][51][2][42][4][7]
Increased awareness of human rights abuses has led to efforts in shaping policy and pressuring the North Korean regime.[1] However the pursuit for the improvement of human rights in the DPRK has had to contend with the efforts of preventing a nuclear weapons escalation.[1][42] Further, the isolationist and totalitarian nature of the regime has also meant that information and freedom of movement of its population as well as that of foreigners is still tightly controlled, making extremely challenging to document abuses on the ground,[4] including having access to imagery (other than satellite imagery) that could inspire greater action.[42]
United Nations
editThe United Nations has issued four main kinds of reports on the human rights of North Korea.
The first are a series of documents intended to be recommendations from Treaty-based bodies, which are issued by those bodies to each country that is party to it (in contrast to charter-based bodies, which all UN members are part of). These treaty-based bodies that North Korea has decided to be a party to include the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Committee on the Rights of the Child, and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The first document of this kind was issued in 1998 (Convention on the Rights of the Child); the second was in 2001 (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), after a 17-year delay in North Korea submitting the required information to the committee.[52][53]
Prompted by growing evidence provided by human rights NGOs, during the 1990s and 2000s various UN bodies and parties expressed greater concern on the situation of human rights in North Korea and the opacity of the country's government.[32][33][34][35][7] That led to another series of reports that were started by the UN Commission on Human Rights (the predecessor of the UN Human Rights Council), which established the mandate for the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK in 2004, issuing reports annually.[54][55] They are issued in detail to the Human Rights Council, and in a more condensed form to the General Assembly.
The United Nations also conducts a Universal Periodic Review (every 3 or 4 years, in which all UN members are subject to a review on their human rights practices), with the first report on North Korea issued in 2010.[56][57][58][59]
Finally, the most notable one was the 2014 Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the DPRK, considered a landmark document resulting from a special in-depth, one-time investigation commissioned by the Human Rights Council,[43][44][33][45][2] It was deemed the most authoritative report up to that point.[46][44][47]
2014 Commission of inquiry
edit- UN Human Rights Council (25th session) (February 7, 2014), Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/25/63), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-11
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[54][43][44][33][45][60] - UN Human Rights Council (25th session) (February 7, 2014), Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/25/CRP.1), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-27
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[54][43][44][33][45][60]
Universal Periodic Review
edit- UN Human Rights Council (13th session) (January 4, 2010), Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review – Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/13/13) (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-11
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[60]- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (HRC 6th session) (September 18, 2009), Compilation prepared by the office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 -- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/WG.6/6/PRK/2) (PDF), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-11
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (HRC 6th session) (September 18, 2009), Compilation prepared by the office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 -- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/WG.6/6/PRK/2) (PDF), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-11
- UN Human Rights Council (27th session) (July 2, 2014), Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review – Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/27/10) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-11
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[56][61][60]- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (HRC 19th session) (July 2, 2014), Compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21 -- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/WG.6/19/PRK/2) (PDF), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-11
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (HRC 19th session) (July 2, 2014), Compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21 -- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/WG.6/19/PRK/2) (PDF), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-11
- UN Human Rights Council (42nd session) (June 25, 2019), Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review – Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/42/10) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-11
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (HRC 3rd session) (February 26, 2019), Compilation on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/WG.6/33/PRK/2) (PDF), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-11
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- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (HRC 3rd session) (February 26, 2019), Compilation on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/WG.6/33/PRK/2) (PDF), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-11
Secretary General
edit- Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Secretary-General (A/72/279) (PDF), August 3, 2017
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Note by the Secretary-General (A/74/275/Rev.1), September 20, 2019
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Secretary-General (A/76/242) (PDF), July 28, 2021
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2021 - 76/177. Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/RES/76/177) (PDF), January 10, 2022
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Secretary-General (A/77/247) (PDF), July 29, 2022
Special Rapporteur
editSpecial Rapporteur annual reports to the Human Rights Council
- UN Human Rights Council (4th session) - Vitit Muntarbhorn (February 7, 2007), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Vitit Muntarbhorn (A/HRC/4/15) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (7th session) - Vitit Muntarbhorn (February 15, 2008), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Vitit Muntarbhorn (A/HRC/7/20) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (10th session) - Marzuki Darusman (February 24, 2009), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Marzuki Darusman (A/HRC/10/18) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (16th session) (February 21, 2011), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/16/58) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (19th session) (February 13, 2012), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/19/65) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (22nd session) - Marzuki Darusman (February 1, 2013), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Marzuki Darusman (A/HRC/22/57) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (26th session) - Marzuki Darusman (June 13, 2014), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Marzuki Darusman (A/HRC/26/43) (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (28th session) - Marzuki Darusman (March 18, 2015), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Marzuki Darusman (A/HRC/28/71), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (31st session) (January 19, 2016), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/31/70), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (34th session) (February 22, 2017), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/34/66), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[22] - 2018?
- UN Human Rights Council (40th session) (May 30, 2019), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/40/66), United Nations
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link) - UN Human Rights Council (43rd session) (May 1, 2020), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/43/58), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - UN Human Rights Council (46th session) - Tomás Ojea Quintana (July 2, 2021), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Tomás Ojea Quintana (A/HRC/46/51), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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- United Nations General Assembly (60th session) (August 25, 2005), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/60/306), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (61st session) (September 15, 2006), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/61/349), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (62nd session) (August 15, 2007), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/62/264), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (64th session) (August 4, 2009), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/64/224), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-27
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (65th session) (September 14, 2010), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/65/364), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (66th session) (August 24, 2011), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/66/322), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (68th session) (August 14, 2013), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/68/319), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (69th session) (December 5, 2014), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/69/639), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (72nd session) (September 18, 2017), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/72/394), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (73rd session) (September 19, 2018), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/73/386), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (74th session) (August 2, 2019), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/74/275), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Skipped 2020?
- United Nations General Assembly (76th session) (October 8, 2021), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/76/392), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - United Nations General Assembly (77th session) (October 13, 2022), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/77/522), United Nations
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Other reports
edit- Convention on the Rights of the Child (18th session) (Jun 24, 1998), Convention on the Rights of the Child - Committee on the Rights of the Child eighteenth session - Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the convention - Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (CRC/C/15/Add.88), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (72nd session) (August 27, 2001), Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 40 of the covenant - Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee - Democratic People's Republic of Korea (CCPR/CO/72/PRK), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Economic and Social Council (31st Session) (December 12, 2003), Concluding observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - Democratic People's Republic of Korea (E/C.12/1/Add.95), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Convention on the Rights of the Child (36th session) (July 1, 2004), Committee on the rights of the child - Thirty-sixth session - Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the convention - Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (CRC/C/15/Add.239), United Nations, archived from the original on 2021-05-09
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (33rd session) (July 22, 2005), Concluding comments: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (CEDAW/C/PRK/CO/1), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Convention on the Rights of the Child (50th session) (March 27, 2009), Committee on the rights of the child - Fiftieth session - Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the convention - Concluding Observations: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (CRC/C/PRK/CO/4), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Human Rights Council (31st session) (February 1, 2016), Role and achievements of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights with regard to the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/31/38), United Nations, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-27
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Convention on the Rights of the Child (October 23, 2017), Committee on the Rights of the Child Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (CRC/C/PRK/CO/5), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (November 22, 2017), Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (CEDAW/C/PRK/CO/2-4), United Nations, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- Torn Apart - The Human Rights Dimension of the Involuntary Seperation of Korean Families (PDF), UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), December 2016, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-13
- Human Rights Council (34th session) (February 24, 2017), Report of the group of independent experts on accountability (A/HRC/34/66/Add.1), United Nations, archived from the original on 2022-03-08
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Human Rights Council (40th session) (March 7, 2019), Fortieth sessionPromoting accountability (A/HRC/40/36) (PDF)
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Governmental reports
editNorth Korea
editNorth Korea published a report on its own human rights situation, as a rebuttal to the 2014 United Nations report.[44][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][47][60] It has also submitted reports to the United Nations.
- DPRK's Association for Human Rights Studies (September 13, 2014), Report of the DPRK Association for Human Rights Studies (PDF), Korean Central News Agency, archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2015 (also archived here, and here)
Reports to the United Nations
edit- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Initial reports submitted by States Parties to the Covenant concerning rights covered by articles 6 to 9, in accordance with the first stage of the programme established by the Economic and Social Council in its resolution 1988 (LX) ~~ Addendum DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (E/1984/6/Add.7), Economic and Social Council, United Nations, February 5, 1985, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Initial reports submitted by States parties to the covenant, in accordance with Council resolution 1988 (LX), concerning rights covered by articles 10 to 12 DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (E/1986/3/Add.5), Economic and Social Council, United Nations, November 5, 1986, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-30
- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Initial reports submitted by States Parties to the Covenant concerning rights covered by articles 13-15, in accordance with the third stage of the programme established by the Economic and Social Council in its resolution 1988 (LX) -- Adendum (E/1988/5/Add.6), Economic and Social Council, United Nations, April 14, 1989, archived from the original on 2023-02-11
- CORE DOCUMENT FORMING PART OF THE REPORTS OF STATES PARTIES DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (HRI/CORE/1/Add.108), May 15, 2000, archived from the original on 2021-07-03
- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Second periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant - Addendum -DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (E/1990/6/Add.35) (PDF), Economic and Social Council, United Nations, May 15, 2002, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- NATIONAL REPORT SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH PARAGRAPH 15 (A) OF THE ANNEX TO HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION 5/1 - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/WG.6/6/PRK/1), Human Rights Council, General Assembly, United Nations, August 27, 2009, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21 - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/WG.6/19/PRK/1), Human Rights Council, General Assembly, United Nations, January 30, 2014
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Common core document forming part of the reports of States parties - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, United Nations, June 2, 2016, archived from the original on 2021-07-03
- National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21 - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (A/HRC/WG.6/33/PRK/1), Human Rights Council, General Assembly, United Nations, February 20, 2019, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
South Korea
editThe Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU; formerly the Research Institute for National Unification) opened the Center for North Korean Human Rights in 1994 to collect and manage systematically all source materials and objective data concerning North Korean human rights; and from 1996, KINU has been publishing every year the ‘White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea’ in Korean and in English.[19][69][70][71] Other reports, including reports by the U.S. government, use South Korea KINU's reports as part of their sources. Another South Korean governmental institution publishing research on human rights in the DPRK is the National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK).[72]
Annual general reports (Korea Institute for National Unification)
edit- Ok, Tae Hwan; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 1996, ISSN 1225-6072, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Kim, Philo; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 1997, ISBN 89-87509-01-X, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 1998, ISBN 89-87509-38-9, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- Choi, Euichul; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 1999, ISBN 89-8479-187-3, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- Jhe, Seongho; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2000, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- Suh, Jaejean; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2001, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Suh, Jae Jean; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2002, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Suh, Jae Jean; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2003, ISBN 89-8479-187-3, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Lee, Keum-Soon; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2004, ISBN 89-8479-187-3, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Lee, Keum-Soon; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2005, ISBN 89-8479-293-4, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- Kim, Soo-am; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2007, ISBN 978-89-8479-406-1, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Lee, Keum-Soon; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2008, ISBN 978-89-8479-462-7, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Lee, Keum-Soon; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2009, ISBN 978-89-8479-497-9, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Park, Young-ho; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2010, ISBN 978-89-8479-553-2, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Kim, Kook-shin; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2011, ISBN 978-89-8479-603-4, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Kim, Soo-am; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2012, ISBN 978-89-8479-656-0, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2013, ISBN 978-89-8479-714-7, archived from the original on 2022-03-02
- White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2014, ISBN 978-89-8479-766-6, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- Do, Kyung-ok; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2015, ISBN 978-89-8479-802-1, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Do, Kyung-ok; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2016, ISBN 978-89-8479-839-7, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Do, Kyung-ok; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2017, ISBN 978-89-8479-875-5, archived from the original on 2022-02-01
- Han, Dong-ho; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2018, ISBN 978-89-8479-919-6, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- Kim, Sookyung; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2019, ISBN 978-89-8479-962-2, archived from the original on 2022-03-08
- Lee, Kyu-chang; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2020, ISBN 979-11-6589-006-3, archived from the original on 2022-12-31
- Oh, Gyeong-seob; et al., White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2021, ISBN 979-11-6589-048-3, archived from the original on 2022-03-13
Thematic reports (KINU and NHRCK)
edit- Survey on North Korean Human Rights Conditions (PDF), National Human Rights Commission of Korea, September 17, 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-28
- Survey Report on Political Prisoners' Camps in North Korea (PDF), National Human Rights Commission of Korea, September 30, 2010, ISBN 978-89-6114-206-9, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-26
- Relations between Corruption and Human Rights in North Korea, Korea Institute for National Unification, 2013, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- Human Rights Situation of Women and Children in North Korea, Korea Institute for National Unification, 2016, archived from the original on 2022-02-26
- Torture and Inhumane Treatment in North Korea, Korea Institute for National Unification, 2016, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- Study on Changing Trends of Human Rights Institution and Situation in North Korea, Korea Institute for National Unification, 2017, archived from the original on 2022-02-27
- North Koreans’ Current Living Conditions Based on UNICEF Survey Results: With a Focus on the Status of Infant Nutrition, Korea Institute for National Unification, 2019, ISBN 978-89-8479-958-5, archived from the original on 2021-05-02
- Daily Lives of North Korean Women and Gender Politics, Korea Institute for National Unification, 2020, ISBN 979-11-6589-004-9, archived from the original on 2021-04-28
- A Study on the Access to Information of the North Korean People, Korea Institute for National Unification, 2021, ISBN 979-11-6589-047-6, archived from the original on 2022-06-30
United States
editThe United States government, through its Department of State's (DOS) Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor has published annually Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, that beginning in 1979 included North Korea.[18] Also, two different bodies within the U.S. government have published reports on religious freedom: the Department of State (since 2001),[73] and U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCRIF; since 2003). Finally, the DOS' Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons also publishes Trafficking in Persons Reports (TIP) that include some coverage of North Korea. The TIP reports series began in 2001, following the passing of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, with North Korea beginning to be briefly covered starting in the 2003 report,[74][75] and more fully covered beginning in 2005.[76]
The Country Reports on Human Rights Practices issued by the DOS noted every year the difficulty of having detailed an up-to-date information, and instead relying on sparse information collected over several years. This was especially the case in the during the 1970s and 80s, and began to change in the 1990s with more witness accounts, while continuing to note a lack of more detailed and more timely information.[12] As more reports became available, the DOS and USCRIF reports have frequently cited reports from the United Nations, South Korea's Korea Institute for National Unification (starting in 1996), nonprofits (especially the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea and Data Center for North Korean Human Rights, since their establishment in the 2000s), and from the press.[50]
Annual general reports
edit- 1979 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 4, 1980, pp. 467–472, archived from the original on February 26, 2022, retrieved February 26, 2022
- 1980 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 2, 1981, pp. 631–638, archived from the original on February 26, 2022, retrieved February 26, 2022
- 1981 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1982, pp. 619–625, archived from the original on 2022-02-27, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1982 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1983, pp. 735–741, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1983 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1984, pp. 804–811, archived from the original on 2022-02-27, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1984 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1985, pp. 789–797, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1985 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 1986, pp. 791–797, archived from the original on 2022-02-27, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1986 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1987, pp. 737–743, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1987 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 1988, pp. 721–727, archived from the original on 2018-08-25, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1988 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1989, pp. 834–841, archived from the original on 2018-08-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1989 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1990, pp. 877–884, archived from the original on 2018-08-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1990 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1991, pp. 921–928, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1991 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1992, pp. 887–894, ISBN 0-16-037393-X, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-04-05
- 1992 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1993, pp. 588–591, ISBN 0-16-040072-4, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-04-05
- 1993 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
- 1994 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
- 1995 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, April 1996, pp. 639–644, ISBN 0-16-052480-6, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-04-05
- 1996 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 1997, pp. 690–698, ISBN 0-16-054190-5, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1997 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, March 1998, pp. 813–822, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1998 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, April 1999, pp. 952–962, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1998 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, April 1999, pp. 952–962, ISBN 0-16-058293-8, archived from the original on 2022-02-28, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices:DPRK, 2000, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
Annual general reports 2000–present
- 2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001, pp. 914–927, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2001 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2002, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2002 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2003, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2004, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2004 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2005, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2006, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2006 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2007, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2008, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2009, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2010, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2011, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2011 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), May 24, 2012, archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2021, retrieved February 26, 2022
- 2012 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), April 19, 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2021, retrieved February 26, 2022
- 2014 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), June 25, 2015, archived (PDF) from the original on April 6, 2021, retrieved February 26, 2022
- 2016 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), 2016, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-06
- 2017 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2017, archived from the original on 2022-12-06
- 2018 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), 2018, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-07
- 2019 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), 2019, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-07
- 2020 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), March 30, 2021, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-23
- 2021 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2022, archived from the original on 2023-01-23
- 2022 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2023, archived from the original on 2023-03-20
Religious freedom reports (Department of State)
edit- 2001 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2002 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2003 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2004 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2005 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2006 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2007 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2009 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, archived from the original on 2022-02-26, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2010 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-19, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2011 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-19, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2012 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-31, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2013 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-01, retrieved 2022-02-26
- 2014 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), October 14, 2015, archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2021, retrieved February 26, 2022
- 2015 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), August 10, 2016, archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2017, retrieved August 20, 2021
- 2016 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), August 15, 2017, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-06
- 2017 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2018, archived from the original on 2021-02-26
- 2018 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2019, archived from the original on 2022-01-27
- 2019 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2020, archived from the original on 2022-09-30
- 2020 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 2021, archived from the original on 2022-08-18
- 2021 International Religious Freedom Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, June 2, 2022, archived from the original on 2023-01-25
Religious freedom reports (Commission on International Religious Freedom)
edit- Hawk, David; et al. (2005), Thank You Father Kim Il Sung: Eyewitness Accounts of Severe Violations of Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in North Korea (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-09
- 2006 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-01
- 2007 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-01
- A prison without bars - Refugee and Defector Testimonies of Severe Violations of Freedom of Religion or Belief in North Korea (PDF), March 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-14
- 2008 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), May 2008, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-01
- 2009 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-01
- 2010 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2010, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-01
- 2011 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2011, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-01
- 2012 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2012, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-03
- 2013 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-03
- 2014 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2014, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-03
- 2015 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2015, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-03
- 2016 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: DPRK (PDF), 2016, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-01
- 2017 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: North Korea (PDF), 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-14
- 2018 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: North Korea (PDF), 2018, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-30
- 2019 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: North Korea (PDF), 2019, archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-13
- 2020 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: North Korea (PDF), 2020, archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-08
- 2021 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: North Korea (PDF), 2021, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-29
- 2022 Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom: North Korea (PDF), 2022, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-26
Trafficking in Persons Reports
edit- 2003 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), p. 116, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-07
- 2004 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), p. 104, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-21
- 2005 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), p. 170, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-15
- 2006 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), pp. 194–195, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-12
- 2007 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), pp. 17, 161–162, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22
- 2008 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), pp. 7, 24, 198–200, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-15
- 2009 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), pp. 227–229, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-27
- 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), pp. 198–199, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-08
- 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), pp. 215–216, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-15
- 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report (PDF), pp. 208–210, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-09
- 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, archived from the original on 2018-03-23
- 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, archived from the original on 2018-03-23
- 2015 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, archived from the original on 2018-03-23
- 2016 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, archived from the original on 2016-08-27
- 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, archived from the original on 2018-03-23
- 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, archived from the original on 2018-07-29
- 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, June 2019, archived from the original on 2020-09-29
- 2020 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, June 2020, archived from the original on 2020-10-20
- 2021 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, June 2021, archived from the original on 2021-07-12
- 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report - Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, July 2022, archived from the original on 2023-04-20
Other
edit- Report on Human Rights Abuses or Censorship in North Korea, Department of State, January 11, 2017, archived from the original on February 26, 2022, retrieved February 26, 2022
- Report on Serious Human Rights Abuses and Censorship in North Korea, Department of State, October 26, 2017, archived from the original on 2018-05-21
Human rights organizations specialized on North Korea (based in South Korea)
editCitizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights
editThe Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (NKHR; South Korea-based nonprofit founded in 1996) works in researching and disseminating information about the human rights violations in North Korea. It also runs assistance programs for North Korean defectors.[2][78][21]
- Ogawa, Harushisa; Yoon, Benjamin H., eds. (October 1998), Voice From The North Korean Gulag
- Hosaniak, Joanna (2004), Prisoners of Their Own Country :North Korea in the eyes of the Witnesses (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- Heo, Man-ho, ed. (2005), Class and Gender Discrimination in North Korea (PDF)
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Lee, Young-Hwan; et al. (2008), North Korea: Republic of Torture (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-18
- Lee, Young-Hwan; et al. (2009), Child is King of the Country (PDF), ISBN 9788988378151, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- Heo, Man-Ho (2009), The Last Outposts of Slavery of the Past XX Century (PDF), ISBN 978-89-88378-13-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- Bang, Sanghee; et al. (2009), Survival under Torture (PDF), ISBN 978-89-88378-14-4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- Hosaniak, Joanna; et al. (2009), Flowers, Guns and Women on Bikes (PDF), ISBN 978-89-88378-16-8, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-18
- Hosaniak, Joanna; et al. (2015), Status of Women's Rights in the Context of Socio-Economic Changes in the DPRK, ISBN 978-89-88378-33-5, archived from the original on 2018-03-15
- Bang, Sanghee; et al. (2015), The Battered Wheel of the Revolution (PDF), ISBN 978-89-88378-28-1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-15
- KIM, Sohee; LEE, Ji-yoon, What Happened to Ethnic Koreans Displaced from Japan to North Korea? (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-18
- Gang, Daye; Hosaniak, Joanna (2018), “They only claim that things have changed…” Discrimination against Women in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (PDF), ISBN 978-89-88378-37-3
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Blood Coal Export from North Korea. Pyramid scheme of earnings maintaining structures of power (PDF), January 2020
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Database Center for North Korean Human Rights
editThe Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (NKDB; South Korea-based nonprofit founded in 2003)[25][26][27] specializes in collecting and analyzing and maintaining a database of human rights abuses, which as of 2022 included the accounts of over 52,000 individuals and 82,000 cases of human rights violations.[79][80]
Annual general reports
edit- 2007 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, 2007
- 2008 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Jul 22, 2008
- 2009 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Sep 11, 2009
- 2010 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Aug 5, 2010
- 2011 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Aug 31, 2011
- 2012 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Aug 31, 2012
- 2013 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Dec 20, 2013
- 2014 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Nov 30, 2014
- 2014 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Dec 22, 2014
- 2015 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Dec 16, 2015
- 2020 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, March 22, 2021, ISBN 979-11-90000-22-2
Religious freedom
edit- 2008 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2009 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2010 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2011 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2012 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2013 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2014 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2015 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- 2016 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
- An, Hyunmin; Yoon, Yeo-sang; Chung, Jai-ho (2018), 2018 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea, ISBN 978-89-93739-61-9
- Ahn, Hyun-min; Yoon, Yeosang; Chung, Jai-ho, 2020 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
Other thematic reports
edit- Shin, Dong-hyuk (c. 2013), North Korean Maximum Security Camp out to the World
- Pukhan Inkwŏn Chŏngbo Sent'ŏ (July 20, 2011), Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today, ISBN 9788993739169, OCLC 778647494
- North Korean Defectors in China – Forced Repatriation and Human Rights Violations, Jan 28, 2014, ISBN 978-89-93739-41-1, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- North Korean Human Rights Case Report: Victims' Voices Vol. 1, Sep 11, 2013, ISBN 978-89-93739-32-9, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- North Korean Human Rights Case Report: Victims' Voices Vol. 2, Oct 31, 2013, ISBN 978-89-93739-36-7, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- An Evaluation Report of the North Korean Human Rights Situation after the 2014 UN Commission of Inquiry Report -Based on an Analysis of NKDB's Database-, March 2016
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - North Korean Political Prison Camps: A Catalogue of Political Prison Camp Staff, Detainees, and Victims of Enforced Disappearance, August 2016
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Park, Chan Hong (December 2016), Conditions of Labor and Human Rights: North Korean Overseas Laborers in Russia, ISBN 978-89-93739-90-9, archived from the original on 2023-02-03
- The UN Universal Periodic Review and the DPRK: Monitoring of North Korea's Implementation of Its Recommendations, July 2017, ISBN 978-89-93739-96-1, archived from the original on 2023-02-12
- Song, Hanna (2019), A Second Chance: North Korea's Implementations of its Recommendations during its Second Universal Periodic Review, archived from the original on 2023-02-12
- AN, Hyunmin; SIM, Jina (2018), The State of Menstrual Health of North Korean Women - “Periods are a shameful thing in North Korea”, ISBN 978-89-93739-39-8, archived from the original on 2023-02-12
{{citation}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 2023-01-31 suggested (help) - Kim, Insung; An, Hyun-min; Song, Hanna; Lee, Seungju (March 28, 2022), Prisoners in Military Uniform: Human Rights in the North Korean Military, archived from the original on 2023-02-12
- Su, Bobae; Sung, Minju; Yang, Suyoung (2023), North Korea's Non-socialist Group: Inspections, Crackdowns and Human Rights Violations in a Panoptic Society, archived from the original on 2023-02-12
Other organizations
edit- The Conditions of the North Korean Overseas Labor (PDF), International Network for the Human Rights of North Korean Overseas Labor, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017
- Human Rights Violations In North Korea (PDF), South Korea: People for Successful Corean Reunification, April 18, 2014, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-26
- Nam, Bada; et al. (2014), PSCORE's Submission To The United Nations Universal Periodic Review (UPR) – 2014 (PDF), South Korea: People for Successful Corean Reunification, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-26
- North Korean workers overseas: State-sponsored slavery (PDF), South Korea: People for Successful Corean Reunification, 2015, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-26
- Child Labor in the DPRK,Education and Indoctrination UNCRC Alternative Report to the 5th Periodic Report for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) (PDF), South Korea: People for Successful Corean Reunification, February 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-26
- Mapping Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea: Mass Graves, Killing Sites and Documentary Evidence (PDF), South Korea: Transitional Justice Working Group, July 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-20
Human rights organizations specialized on North Korea (based outside South Korea)
editCommittee for Human Rights in North Korea (U.S.-based)
editThe Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK; U.S.-based non-profit established in 2001) is known for its original research based on its adept[22][23][24][1] use of satellite imagery, defector accounts,[3] and even information coming directly from inside the country.[35][22] Its published research has been relied upon as sources in reports issued by the United Nations and governments.[35][50][51][3] HRNK has issued three types of reports: reports analyzing the situation on prison camps,[1] reports on other human rights issues in the country, and reports on North Korea's leadership and institutions, as well as policy briefings addressed at the international community. The first two types of reports are listed here.
Reports on prison camps
edit- Hawk, David (2003), The Hidden Gulag, First Edition - Exposing North Korea’s Prison Camps (PDF), ISBN 0615623670, LCCN 2012939299, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-12
- Hawk, David (2012), The Hidden Gulag, Second Edition - The Lives and Voices of 'Those Who are Sent to the Mountains' (PDF), ISBN 0615623670, LCCN 2012939299, archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-02[3]
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; et al. (2012), North Korea's Camp No. 22 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-19
- Hawk, David (2013), North Korea's Hidden Gulag: Interpreting Reports of Changes in the Prison Camps (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-03
- Farfour, Micah; et al. (2013), North Korea's Camp No. 25 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-02
- Bermudez Jr, Joseph S. (2014), North Korea's Camp No. 25, Update (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-07
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; et al. (2015), North Korea - Imagery Analysis of Camp 15 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-07
- Scarlatoiu, Greg; Bermudez S. Jr, Joseph (2015), Unusual Activity at the Kanggon Military Training Area in North Korea: Evidence of Execution by Anti-aircraft Machine Guns? (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-11
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; et al. (2015), Imagery Analysis of Camp 15 "Yodok" Closure of the "Revolutionizing Zone (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-11
- Hawk, David (2015), The Hidden Gulag IV: Gender Repression and Prison Disappearances (PDF), ISBN 9780985648046, LCCN 2015947712, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-18
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; et al. (2015), North Korea Imagery Analysis of Camp 16 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-09-14
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; et al. (2015), North Korea Imagery Analysis of Camp 14 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-09-14
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; et al. (2016), North Korea: Ch'oma-bong Restricted Area (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-07
- Kim, Kwang-jin (2016), Gulag, Inc.: The Use of Forced Labor in North Korea's Export Industries (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9856480-9-1, LCCN 2016938493, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-18
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; Eley, Mike (2016), North Korea: Kyo-hwa-so No. 12 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-09-09
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; Scarlatoiu, Greg (2016), North Korea: Flooding at Kyo-hwa-so No. 12 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-18
- Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr.; et al. (2016), North Korea Camp No. 25 Update 2 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-20
- Hawk, David; Mortwedt Oh, Amanda (2017), The Parallel Gulag: North Korea's 'An-jeon-bu' Prison Camps (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9995358-0-6, LCCN 2017957916, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-15
- Collins, Robert; et al. (2017), From Cradle to Grave: The Path of North Korean Innocents (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9995358-1-3, LCCN 2017959301, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-18
- Bermudez Jr., Joseph S.; Scarlatoiu, Greg; Mortwedt Oh, Amanda; Park, Rosa (2019), North Korea’s Long-term Re-education through Labor Camp (Kyo-hwa-so) at Pokchŏng-ni (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-03
- Bermudez Jr., Joseph S.; Scarlatoiu, Greg; Mortwedt Oh, Amanda; Park, Rosa (2019), North Korea’s Long-term Re-education through Labor Camp (Kyo-hwa-so) No. 4 at Kangdong (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-27
- Bermudez Jr., Joseph S.; Scarlatoiu, Greg; Mortwedt Oh, Amanda; Park, Rosa (2000), North Korea’s Long-term Prison-Labor Facility Kyo-hwa-so No. 1, Kaech’ŏn (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-26
- Report: Inquiry on Crimes Against Humanity in North Korean Detention Centers (PDF), June 27, 2022, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-25
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Other thematic reports
edit- Haggard, Stephan; Noland, Marcus (2005), Hunger and Human Rights: The Politics of Famine in North Korea (PDF), ISBN 0-9771-1110-5, LCCN 2005931434, archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-07
- Lives for Sale: Personal Accounts of Women Fleeing North Korea to China (PDF), 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-07
- Yamamoto, Yoshi; et al. (2011), Taken! North Korea's Criminal Abduction of Citizens in Other Countries (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9771111-3-8, LCCN 2011907022, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-18
- Gause, Ken E. (2012), Coercion, Control, Surveillance, and Punishment: An Examination of the North Korean Police State (PDF), ISBN 978-0985648015, LCCN 2012943393, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-26
- Collins, Robert (2012), Marked For Life: Songbun, North Korea's Social Classification System (PDF), ISBN 978-0985648008, LCCN 2012940892, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-04
- Gause, Ken E. (2013), Coercion, Control, Surveillance, and Punishment: An Examination of the North Korean Police State (updated) (PDF), ISBN 978-0985648015, LCCN 2012943393, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-03
- Stanton, Joshua (2015), Arsenal of Terror - North Korea, State Sponsor of Terrorism (PDF), ISBN 978-0-9856480-3-9, LCCN 2015937031, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-27
- Collins, Robert (2016), Pyongyang Republic: North Korea's Capital of Human Rights Denial (PDF), ISBN 978-0985648060, LCCN 2016932202, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-02
- Collins, Robert (2019), North Korea’s Organization and Guidance Department – The Control Tower of Human Rights Denial (PDF), ISBN 978-0999535844, LCCN 2019950052, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-26
- Robinson, W. Courtland; Cha, Jiho; Park, Soim; Branchini, Casey; Kim, Daeseong; Kim, Seung Yun; Kim, Taeyoung (2019), Lost Generation: The Health and Human Rights of North Korean Children, 1990–2018 (PDF), ISBN 978-0-999535868, LCCN 2019914948, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-08
- Williams, Martyn (2019), Digital Trenches – North Korea’s Information Counter-Offensive (PDF), ISBN 978-0999535882, LCCN 2019919723, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-14
- Scarlatoiu, Greg; Ha, Raymond; Lee, Hyunseung (September 26, 2022), North Korean Workers Officially Dispatched to China & Russia: Human Rights Denial, Chain of Command & Control (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-12
- Collins, Robert (2023), Propaganda and Agitation Department – Kim Jong-Un Regime's Sword of Indoctrination (PDF), ISBN 978-1959391005, archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-05-17
Submissions to the United Nations
edit- HRNK Submission - Universal Periodic Review of the DPRK 2014-2018, archived from the original on 2021-07-02
- Scarlatoiu, Greg (2021), HRNK Submission - Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-10
- ...
Other organizations
edit- Kagan, Richard; Oh, Matthew; Weissbrodt, David (1988), Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF), United States: Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee (later renamed to The Advocates for Human Rights), and Asia Watch, ISBN 0-929293-03-7, archived from the original on 2018-07-18, retrieved 2018-09-10
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)( part 2, Appendices) - Illicit Drugs and Human Rights, United States: North Korea Strategy Center, 2016
- United Nations Universal Period Review (UPR) - Joint Submission by NKSC and Free the North Korean Gulag (FNKG). (PDF), United States: North Korea Strategy Center, 2013, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-24
- The Conditions of North Korean Overseas Labor (PDF), United States: North Korea Strategy Center, 2013, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-24
- Burt, James; et al. (2018), Us Too: Sexual Violence Against North Korean Women and Girls (PDF), United Kingdom: Korea Future Initiative, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-10
Human rights organizations
editAmnesty International
editAmnesty International (AI; based in the United Kingdom, established in 1961) annual report The state of the world's human rights[17][42] initially included a brief mention of most countries, growing in later years to devoting 1-2 pages to the analysis of the situation of human rights in each country, including North Korea in 1977.[17][9][1] Through the 1970s, 1980s the organization noted that its ability to report on human rights in the country was severely hampered by the opacity of the regime, and only being able to recount some scant reports.[9][8] This began to change in the 1990s when some more information became available. Also since that point AI has also issued other stand-alone reports specific to human rights issues in North Korea.
Annual general reports
edit- 1977 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 192, ISBN 0 900058 68 4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- 1978 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 170, ISBN 0 900058 81 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- 1979 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 95, ISBN 0 900058 98 6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-26
- 1980 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 206, ISBN 0 86210 020 8, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1981 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 228, ISBN 0 86210 040 2, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- 1982 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 208, ISBN 0 86210 048 8, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-11
- 1983 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 206, ISBN 0 86210 057 7, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-07
- 1984 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 232, ISBN 0 86210 071 2, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1985 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 233, ISBN 0 86210 087 9, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-19
- 1986 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 233, ISBN 0 86210 106 9, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1987 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 243, ISBN 0 86210 125 5, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1988 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 164, ISBN 0 86210 143 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1989 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 181, ISBN 0 86210 171 9, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1990 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 141, ISBN 0 86210 177 8, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1991 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 137, ISBN 0 86210 196 4, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1992 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 161, ISBN 0 86210 210 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1993 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 180, ISBN 0 86210 222 7, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-25
- 1994 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 184, ISBN 0 86210 230 8, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-05
- 1995 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 183, ISBN 0 86210 245 6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1996 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 198, ISBN 0 86210 260 X, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1997 Amnesty International Report (PDF), pp. 205–206, ISBN 0 86210 267 7, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 1998 Amnesty International Report (PDF), pp. 223–224, ISBN 0 86210 272 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-06
- 1999 Amnesty International Report (PDF), pp. 223–225, ISBN 0 86210 278 2, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
Annual general reports 2000–present
- 2000 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 148, ISBN 0 86210 290 1, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 2001 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 148, ISBN 0 86210 299 5, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 2002 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 146, ISBN 0-86210-313-4, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 2003 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 150, ISBN 0-86210-329-0, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 2004 Amnesty International Report (PDF), pp. 166–167, ISBN 0-86210-354-1, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 2005 Amnesty International Report (PDF), pp. 151–152, ISBN 0-86210-369-X, ISSN 0309-068X, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-05
- 2006 Amnesty International Report (PDF), p. 160, ISBN 0-86210-396-7, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-22
- 2007 Amnesty International Report - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 159–160, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 2008 Amnesty International Report - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), p. 180, ISBN 978-0-86210-431-3, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- 2009 Amnesty International Report - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), p. 199, ISBN 978-0-86210-444-3, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-13
- 2010 Amnesty International Report - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 198–199, ISBN 978-0-86210-455-9, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-10
- 2011 Amnesty International Report - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), p. 197, ISBN 978-0-86210-462-7, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-12
- 2012 Amnesty International Report - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 204–205, ISBN 978-0-86210-472-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-12
- 2013 Amnesty International Report - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), p. 149, ISBN 978-0-86210-480-1, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-06
- Amnesty International Report 2014/15 - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 216–217, ISBN 978-0-86210-488-7, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-10
- Amnesty International Report 2015/16 - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 217–219, ISBN 978-0-86210-492-4, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-24
- Amnesty International Report 2016/17- The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 219–220, ISBN 978-0-86210-496-2, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-24
- Amnesty International Report 2017/18 - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 225–226, ISBN 978-0-86210-499-3, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-19
- Human Rights in Asia-Pacific - Review of 2019 (PDF), pp. 29–30, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-25
- Amnesty International Report 2020/21 - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), p. 227, ISBN 978-0-86210-501-3, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-25
- Amnesty International Report 2021/22 - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 280–281, ISBN 0-86210-505-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-05
- Amnesty International Report 2022/23 - The State of the World's Human Rights (PDF), pp. 280–281, ISBN 978-0-86210-502-0, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-11
Thematic reports
edit- North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International's Concerns (ASA 24/003/1993) (PDF), October 13, 1993, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- North Korea: the Death Penalty (ASA 24/001/1994) (PDF), March 31, 1994, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-26
- North Korea: New Information About Political Prisoners (ASA 24/005/1994) (PDF), May 31, 1994, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-26
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea): Human Rights Violations Behind Closed Doors (ASA 24/012/1995) (PDF), December 20, 1995, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-27
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea/Russian Federation: Pursuit, Intimidation and Abuse of North Korean Refugees and Workers (ASA 24/006/1996) (PDF), September 8, 1996, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-27
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea): Public Executions: Converging Testimonies (ASA 24/001/1997) (PDF), January 22, 1997, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-05
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea): Conditions of Detention (ASA 24/003/1999) (PDF), May 31, 1999, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-27
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Persecuting the Starving: the Plight of North Koreans Fleeing to China (ASA 24/003/2000) (PDF), December 15, 2000, archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-27
- North Korea: Starved of Rights: Human Rights and the Food Crisis in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) (ASA 24/003/2004) (PDF), January 17, 2004, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-23
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review: Sixth Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council, November - December 2009 (ASA 24/008/2009) (PDF), April 20, 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- North Korea: the Crumbling State of Health Care in North Korea (ASA 24/001/2010) (PDF), July 15, 2010, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- North Korea: New Satellite Images Show Blurring of Political Prison Camp and Villages in North Korea (ASA 24/004/2013) (PDF), March 7, 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-14
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea: New Leadership but Human Rights Crisis Continues: Amnesty International Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, April-may 2014 (ASA 24/009/2013) (PDF), October 1, 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-12
- North Korea: New Satellite Images Show Continued Investment in the Infrastructure of Repression (Index number: ASA 24/010/2013) (PDF), December 5, 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-12
- North Korea: Connection Denied: Restrictions on Mobile Phones and Outside Information in North Korea (ASA 24/3373/2016) (PDF), March 9, 2016, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-11
Submissions to the United Nations
edit- Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review: Sixth Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council, November - December 2009 (ASA 24/008/2009) (PDF), Amnesty International, 20 April 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea: New Leadership but Human Rights Crisis Continues: Amnesty International Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, April-may 2014 (ASA 24/009/2013) (PDF), Amnesty International, 1 October 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-12
- North Korea: Amnesty International's submission to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (Index number: ASA 24/6500/2017) (PDF), Amnesty International, 15 August 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-11
- North Korea: Amnesty International's submission to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (Index number: ASA 24/6500/2017) (PDF), 15 August 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-11
Human Rights Watch
editHuman Rights Watch (HRW; based in the United States, established in 1978) publishes annually a World Report. Below are listed the sections of those annual reports that focus on the situation in North Korea. HRW has produced world reports since 1989 covering a limited number of countries, and it began to devote a section to the DPRK in 2004.[81][82][1][42]
Annual general reports
edit- Human Rights in North Korea (DPRK: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea), 2004, archived from the original on 2018-01-11
- World Report 2006: North Korea events of 2005, 2006, archived from the original on 2016-11-12
- World Report 2007: North Korea events of 2006, 2007, archived from the original on 2016-10-18
- World Report 2008: North Korea events of 2007, 2008, archived from the original on 2018-08-25
- World Report 2009: North Korea events of 2008, 2009, archived from the original on 2018-04-24
- World Report 2010: North Korea events of 2009, 2010, archived from the original on 2018-01-21
- World Report 2011: North Korea events of 2010, 2011, archived from the original on 2018-06-09
- World Report 2012: North Korea events of 2011, 2012, archived from the original on 2018-01-20
- World Report 2013: North Korea events of 2012, 2013, archived from the original on 2018-03-23
- World Report 2014: North Korea events of 2013, 2014, archived from the original on 2014-07-07
- World Report 2015: North Korea events of 2014, 2015, archived from the original on 2018-05-16
- World Report 2016: North Korea events of 2015, 2016, archived from the original on 2017-02-02
- World Report 2017: North Korea events of 2016, 2017, archived from the original on 2018-04-07
- World Report 2018: North Korea events of 2017, 2018, archived from the original on 2018-02-23
- World Report 2019: North Korea events of 2018, 2019, archived from the original on 2019-04-15
- World Report 2020: North Korea events of 2019, 2020, archived from the original on 2023-04-28
- World Report 2021: North Korea events of 2020, 2021, archived from the original on 2023-04-28
- World Report 2022: North Korea events of 2021, 2022, archived from the original on 2023-04-25
- World Report 2023: North Korea events of 2022, 2023, archived from the original on 2023-03-10
Thematic reports
edit- The invisible exodus: North Koreans in the People's Republic of China (PDF), November 2002, archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-23
- North Korea: Harsher Policies against Border-Crossers, March 5, 2007, archived from the original on 2018-06-27
- North Korea: Workers' Rights at the Kaesong Industrial Complex (PDF), 2006, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- A Matter of Survival - The North Korean Government's Control of Food and the Risk of Hunger (PDF), 2006, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-16
Other organizations
edit- North Korea - Case to Answer - A Call to Act (PDF), Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2007, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-26[83]
- Kang Muico, Norma (2007), Forced Labor in North Korean Prison Camps (PDF), Anti-Slavery International, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-27
- The death penalty in North Korea - In the machinery of a totalitarian State (PDF), International Federation for Human Rights, May 20, 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-09-21
- Total Denial: Violations of Freedom of Religion or Belief in North Korea (PDF), Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2016, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25
- Breuker, Remco E.; van Gardingen, Imke (2017), Pervasive, punitive and predetermined: understanding modern slavery in North Korea (PDF), Walk Free Foundation and Leiden University, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- Movies, markets and mass surveillance: human rights North Korea after a decade of change (PDF), Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2017, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25[83]
Reports by other kinds of organizations
editBar associations
edit- White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea, Korean Bar Association, 2010
- Report on Human Rights in North Korea, Korean Bar Association, International Bar Association , 2014, archived from the original on 2018-05-15, retrieved March 9, 2018
- Inquiry on Crimes Against Humanity in North Korean Political Prisons, International Bar Association , 2017, archived from the original on 2018-06-12[84][85]
- The NGO Report of the Korean Bar Association for the 68th session of CEDAW Pre-Sessional Working Group (PDF), Korean Bar Association, 2017, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-25
- Report: Inquiry on Crimes Against Humanity in North Korean Detention Centers, June 27, 2022, archived from the original on 2023-02-12
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Books
edit- Demick, Barbara (December 29, 2009). Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea. Random House. ISBN 978-0385523905.
- Kim, Mike (July 29, 2008). Escaping North Korea: Defiance and Hope in the World's Most Repressive Country. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742556201.
- Kang, Chol-hwan; Rigoulot, Pierre (August 23, 2005). The Aquariums of Pyongyang: Ten Years in the North Korean Gulag. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465004713.
- Harden, Blaine (March 29, 2012). Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West. Viking. ISBN 978-0670023325.
- Tudor, Daniel; Pearson, James (April 14, 2015). North Korea Confidential: Private Markets, Fashion Trends, Prison Camps, Dissenters and Defectors. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0804844581.
- Jang, Jin-sung (January 27, 2015). Dear Leader: My Escape from North Korea. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781476766560.
- Ishikawa, Masaji (2017). A River in Darkness: One Man's Escape from North Korea. Amazon Crossing. ISBN 9781503936904.
See also
editNotes
editHistorical context sources
edit- ^ Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, p. 59., p. 59, at Google Books
- ^ The Abacus and the Sword; Duus, Peter; Univ of California Press, 1995; pp. 18–24
- ^ Yutaka, Kawasaki (1996-08-07). "Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally?". Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. Archived from the original on 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
- ^ "Treaty of Annexation". USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
- ^ Hook, Glenn D. (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics, and Security. p. 491.
- ^ Walker, J Samuel (1997). Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8078-2361-3.
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References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Goedde, Patricia (August 2010). "Legal Mobilization for Human Rights Protection in North Korea: Furthering Discourse or Discord?". Human Rights Quarterly. 32 (3): 530–574. doi:10.1353/hrq.2010.0008. JSTOR 40784055. S2CID 143332430.
International human rights networks have publicized the exigencies of human rights violations in North Korea and have mobilized international and domestic laws as part of their respective movements to pressure North Korea on human rights
- ^ a b c d e f Yeo, Andrew; Chubb, Danielle, eds. (August 9, 2018). North Korean Human Rights: Activists and Networks - Activists and Networks. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/978118589543 (inactive 28 February 2022). ISBN 978-1108425490.
{{cite book}}
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Over the past decade, as tens of thousands of North Koreans have fled the oppressive and famine-stricken country, information about North Korea and its prison camps has begun to reach the outside world. A growing number of reports have been published on conditions inside North Korea, many of them issued by the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK)=
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The human rights situation in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has been subject to close international scrutiny for several years. Although restrictions on access for independent human rights monitors have made it challenging to collect up-to-date information, patterns of serious violations continue to be documented by various external sources.
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Amnesty International's work on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), North Korea, was seriously hampered by the fact that the authorities rarely divulge any information about arrests, trials or death sentences.
{{citation}}
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Amnesty International has carefully monitored all available information from North Korea and can only report that it contains no detailed evidence whatsoever regarding arrests, trials and imprisonment in that country. Furthermore, there appears to be a complete censorship of news relating to human rights violations. Despite its efforts Amnesty International has not been able to trace any information, even positive, on the subject of such rights in North Korea.
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This certainly contrasts with the past when the world was largely in the dark about human rights conditions in North Korea. It was not until 40 years after Kim Il-sung assumed power — in the late 1970s and 80s — that international NGOs first began to report on the human rights situation. More recently with the escape of some 25,000 North Koreans to the South, information has become more plentiful about all aspects of human rights in North Korea. Hundreds of former prisoners and former prison guards are among the defectors and have been providing testimony about their prison experiences. And since 2003, satellite photos of the camps have helped verify the information provided by the former prisoners and guards. North Koreans hiding in China have also been providing information.
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There was little new information in 1980 on human rights practices in North Korea. Few, if any, significant changes are known to have taken place. Much of this report necessarily is based therefore on information obtained over a period of time. While limited in scope and detail, the information is generally indicative of the human rights situation in North Korea.
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The united States has no diplomatic relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). North Korea forbids representatives of governments that do have relations with it, as well as journalists and other invited visitors, the freedom of movement that would enable them to assess effectively human rights conditions there. Most of this report, therefore, is a repeat of previous human rights reports based on information obtained over a period of time extending from well before 1988. While limited in scope and detail, the information is indicative of the human rights situation in North Korea today.
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[in 1971] News from North Korea continued to be confined to reports of delegations from abroad and meetings of citizens registering praise of Kim Il-song. (...) Comments on the whole Korean situation and on world affairs supported supported reports from visitors to North Korea that the personality of cult had reached a pitch of hysteria
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The difficulty in interpreting the situation on the Korean peninsula stememed, as in previous years, from the almost total absence of reliable information from North Korea.
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The world's most closed society and the most orthodox present-day practitioner of Stalinism, North Korea had also become an economic failure. Only 30 years earlier it had been richer than then south. (...) Politically the country appeared as ossified as ever. Kim Il Sung, the world's longest-ruling dictator and hailed as the Great Leader, continued to preside over the country, as he had since 1946.
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The Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (NKHR), the first South Korean NGO to form solely on the issue of North Korean human rights, rejected any ideological labels, striving to influence policy debate in a positive and neutral manner. (...) Reverend Benjamin Yoon, along with a number of other human rights activists, intellectuals, and North Korean defectors, founded the Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights in May 1996. (...) NKHR positions itself as a "nonprofit, nongovernmental, nonreligious human rights organization." 57 Yoon, himself the former director of the national Korean Section of Amnesty International (1972–1985), envisioned that this North Korean human rights NGO would adopt a similar style of advocacy to that of Amnesty International (AI).
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The Committee welcomes the submission of the second periodic report, which contains detailed information on domestic legislation in the area of civil and political rights, and the opportunity to resume the dialogue with the State party after an interval of more than 17 years. The Committee welcomes the State party's decision to send a strong delegation from its capital, composed of representatives of various government authorities, for the examination of the second periodic report, and the readiness expressed by the delegation to continue the dialogue with the Committee after the examination of the report. The Committee is also pleased to note that the delegation of the State party recognized the importance of the Committee's task and intimated that the Committee could expect more prompt reporting in the future. The Committee regrets, however, the considerable delay in the submission of the report, which was due in 1987. It regrets the lack of information on the human rights situation in practice, as well as the absence of facts and data on the implementation of the Covenant. As a result, a number of credible and substantiated allegations of violations of Covenant provisions which have been brought to the attention of the Committee could not be addressed effectively and the Committee found it difficult to determine whether individuals in the State party's territory and subject to its jurisdiction fully and effectively enjoy their fundamental rights under the Covenant.
{{citation}}
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External links
edit- United Nations links
- UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner - Human rights by country: DPRK
- UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner - Database of documents on the DPRK
- UN Human Rights Office (Seoul)
- UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) - DPRK
- Refworld - database of documents on the DPRK
- UN Universal Period Review - DPRK
- Governmental links
- Korean Institute for National Unification - publications (South Korea)
- Serial archive listings for Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 1977-present (U.S.) (University of Pennsylvania)
- Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 1999-present (U.S.)
- Traffic in Persons report list (U.S.)
- Religious freedom reports (U.S.)
- United States Commission on International Religious Freedom - North Korea
- Non-governmental organizations links
- The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea - publications
- Amnesty International - Report on North Korea (recent years)
- Serial archive listings for Amnesty International Annual Report 1962-present (by University of Pennsylvania)
- Human Rights Watch - reports on North Korea
- Database Center for North Korean Human Rights
- Korea Future Initiative - reports
- Anti-slavery International
- Christian Solidarity Worldwide - Media Centre
- People for Successful Corean Reunification - UN reports
Category:Lists of publications Category:Human rights in North Korea