List of wars involving Nigeria

This is a list of wars involving the Federal Republic of Nigeria and its predecessor states.

Other conflicts

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  • Mbaise Rebellion Battles against the British 1902–1917 – In 1900, the British created the Southern Nigeria Protectorate. The resistance to British colonisation from the people of modern mbaise and igbo's throughout Eastern Nigeria is well documented.
  • Bende Onitsha Hinterland Expedition 1905–1906 – The Bende Onitsha Hinterland Expedition is also referred to as the Ahiara Expedition due to the impact it had on the area. There was a lot of hostility between the British and the people of Mbaise following the Aro Expedition.

Kingdom of Benin (1180-1897)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Idah war (1515-1516) Kingdom of Benin Igala Kingdom Victory
  • Edo conquest of Idah

Oyo Empire (1682–1833)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Battle of Dahomey
(1728)
Oyo Empire Dahomey Victory
Battle of Atakpamé Ashanti Empire Victory
  • the Juabenhene was killed
Battle of Tabkin Kwatto
(1804)
Sultanate of Gobir Sokoto Caliphate Decisive Fulani victory
Fulani War
(1804–1808)
  Sokoto Caliphate Hausa Kingdoms Fulani victory
Battle of Oyo Ile Oyo Empire Nupe Decisive Oyo victory
  • The Oyo defeated the Nupe and reclaimed Oyo Ile

Battles (1901–1902)

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  • Battles in the Oguta/Owerri area (November 1901)
  • Battles of Esu Itu (December 1901)
  • Anglo-Aro war (December 1901)
  • Battle of Edimma (January 1902)
  • Battle of Ikotobo (January 1902)
  • Battle of Ikorodaka (February 1902)
  • Battle of Bende (March 1902)

Colonial Nigeria/British Republic (1800–1960)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Igbo-Igala Wars
(18th-19th Century)
East, North and Western Igboland Idah Stalemate
Battle of Nsukka
(1792)
Nsukka Idah Stalemate
  • Nsukka wins but is eventually conquered
Ekumeku Movement
(1883–1914)
Ekumeku Organization   British Empire Stalemate
  • Establishment of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate
Anglo-Aro War
(1901–1902)
  Aro Confederacy   United Kingdom Defeat
  • Defeat of the Aro People
Battle of Kano

(1903)

  Sokoto Caliphate   United Kingdom Defeat
  • Defeat of the Sokoto Caliphate and it getting conquered by Britain.
African theatre of World War I
(1914–1918)
Entente Powers:
  British Empire

  France

  Belgium

  Portugal

  Italy (1915–1918)

  Liberia (1917–1918)

Central Powers:
  German Empire

  Ottoman Empire
Co-belligerents:
  Transvaal (1914–1915)
  Senussi
  Sultanate of Darfur (1914–1916)
  Dervish State
Supported by:
  Ethiopian Empire (1915–1916)

Allied victory
Kamerun campaign
(1914–1916)
Entente Powers:
  British Empire

  France

  Belgium

Central Powers:
  Germany
Allied victory
First Battle of Garua

(1914)

  British Empire   Germany Defeat
Battle of Gurin

(1915)

  British Empire   Germany Victory
Second Battle of Garua

(1915)

  British Empire

  France

  German Empire Allied Victory
Bussa Rebellion

(1915)

  Nigeria   British Empire Stalemate
Adubi War

(1918)

  British Empire Egba rebels Victory
East African Campaign (World War II)[1][circular reference]
(1940–1943)
Allied Powers:
  British Empire

  Belgium

  Free Ethiopia
  Free France

Axis Powers:
  Italy

Supported by:
  Germany

Victory
  • Fall of Italian East Africa

First Nigerian Republic (1960–1979)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Congo Crisis
(1960–1964)
  Congo-Léopoldville
  ONUC
  Katanga
  South Kasai
  Belgium
Victory
  • Katanga and South Kasai dissolved
South African Border War

(1966–1990)

Material Support:

  Nigeria[note 1]
Military stalemate
  • Angolan Tripartite Accord, leading to:
    • Withdrawal of South African forces from Namibia; withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola
1966 Nigerian coup d'état
(1966)
  Government of Nigeria   Rebel Army Officers Government Victory
1975 Nigerian coup d'état

(1975)

  Armed Forces faction Coup succeeds
1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt

(1976)

  Military government   Armed Forces faction Coup fails

Civil War (1967–1970)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Nigerian Civil War
(1967–1970)
  Nigeria
  Egypt
  Biafra Victory
  • Reincorporation of Biafra into Nigeria
Operation UNICORD
(1967)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
Midwest Invasion of 1967
(1967)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
First Invasion of Onitsha

(1967)

  Nigeria   Biafra Biafran victory
Operation Tiger Claw

(1967)

  Nigeria   Biafra Nigerian victory
Fall of Enugu
(1967)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
Second Invasion of Onitsha
(1968)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
Abagana Ambush
(1968)
  Nigeria   Biafra Indecisive
Invasion of Port Harcourt
(1968)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
Operation OAU
(1968)
  Nigeria   Biafra Defeat
Operation Hiroshima
(1968)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
Siege of Owerri
(1968–1969)
  Nigeria   Biafra Defeat
Operation Leopard (1969)
(1969)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
Invasion of Umuahia
(1969)
  Nigeria   Biafra Victory
Operation Tail-Wind

(1970)

  Nigeria   Biafra Decisive Nigerian victory
  • Capitulation of Biafra

Second Nigerian Republic (1977–1991)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Shaba I
(1977)
  Zaire
  Morocco
  Egypt
  France
  Belgium

Supported by:
  United States
  China
  Sudan
  Nigeria

  Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)

Supported by:
  Angola
  East Germany
  Soviet Union

Victory
  • FNLC expelled from Shaba
Chadian–Libyan conflict

(1978)

  Anti-Libyan Chadian factions

  France

Inter-African Force

  Libya

  Pro-Libyan Chadian factions

  PLO (1987)[13][14]

Supported by:

  Soviet Union

  East Germany

Victory
1983 Nigerian coup d'état

(1983)

  Nigeria   Nigeria Rebel Officers Coup succeeds
Chadian–Nigerian War

(1983)

  Nigeria   Chad Victory
1985 Nigerian coup d'état

(1985)

  Military government   Armed Forces faction Coup succeeds
First Liberian Civil War
(1990–1997)
  Liberia
  ULIMO
  ECOMOG
  NPFL
  INPFL
Indecisive (ECOMOG mission successful)[15]

Third Nigerian Republic (1992–1999)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Operation Restore Hope[citation needed]

(1992–1993)

  UNITAF
    •   Australia
    •   Bangladesh
    •   Belgium
    •   Botswana
    •   Canada
    •   Egypt
    •   Ethiopia
    •   France
    •   Germany
    •   Greece
    •   India
    •   Italy
    •   Kuwait
    •   Malaysia
    •   Morocco
    •   New Zealand
    •   Nigeria
    •   Norway
    •   Pakistan
    •   Saudi Arabia
    •   Spain
    •   Tunisia
    •   Turkey
    •   UAE
    •   United Kingdom
    •   United States
    •   Zimbabwe
United Somali Congress UN operational success
Sierra Leone Civil War
(1993–2002)
  Sierra Leone
  ECOMOG
  United Kingdom
  UNAMSIL
  RUF
  NPFL
  AFRC
Victory
1998 Monrovia clashes

(1998)

  Johnson's forces (ex-ULIMO-J)

Limited involvement:

  Nigeria

  United States

  Liberian government (Taylor loyalists) Stalemate

Fourth Nigerian Republic (1999–present)

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Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Insurgency in the Maghreb
(2002–present)
  Algeria

  Mauritania

  Tunisia

  Libya

  Mali

  MINUSMA[16] (from 2013)

AFISMA[17] (from 2013)

  Niger[18]

  Chad[16]

  France[16][19][20]

  Turkey

  GSPC (until 2007)

  AQIM (from 2007)

  Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (from 2017)

  MOJWA (2011–13)

  Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17)

  Ansar Dine (2012–17)

  Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) (from 2011)[21]

  Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (from 2012)[22]

  Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (2012–17)

  Salafia Jihadia[23]

  Boko Haram (from 2006, part of ISIL since 2015)[24][25]


  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (from 2014)
Ongoing
Conflict in the Niger Delta
(2004–present)
  Nigeria   MEND
  NDPVF
  NDLF
Ongoing
  • Amnesty agreement in 2009
Operation Juniper Shield

(2007–present)

  Algeria

  Morocco

  Mauritania

  Tunisia

  Burkina Faso

  Chad

  Mali

  Niger

  Nigeria

  Senegal

  al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb

(2007–present)

  Ansar Dine

(2012–17)

  Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

(2017–present)

Supported By:

  Boko Haram

(2009–15)

  MOJWA

(2011–13)


  ISIL
Ongoing
Bakassi conflict

(2009)

  Democratic Republic of Bakassi
Pro-Nigerian militia
  Cameroon Ongoing
Somali Civil War
(2009–present)
  Somalia

  United States

  United Kingdom

  AMISOM

  Kenya

Al-Shabaab

Hizbul Islam


Islamic State in Somalia

Supported by:

  Eritrea[dubiousdiscuss]

Ongoing
Boko Haram insurgency
(2009–present)
  Nigeria
  Cameroon
  Chad
  Niger
  Turkey
  Boko Haram
  Ansaru
Ongoing
2009 Boko Haram uprising

(2009)

  Nigerian Government   Boko Haram Violence quelled
War on terror

(2009)

Main countries:

Other participant countries:

  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021)

  Armenia

  Australia

  Austria

  Azerbaijan

  Bahrain

  Benin

  Brunei

  Burkina Faso

  Cameroon

  Cape Verde

  Chad

  China

  Democratic Republic of the Congo

  Cyprus

  Egypt

  El Salvador

  Finland

  Gabon

  The Gambia

  Georgia

  Guinea

  Guinea-Bissau

  India

  Indonesia

  Iran

  Iraq

  Israel

  Ivory Coast

  Japan

  Jordan

  Kazakhstan

  Kyrgyzstan

  Lebanon

  Liberia

  Malawi

  Malaysia

  Mali

  Malta

  Mauritania

  Mongolia

  Morocco

  Mozambique

  New Zealand

  Niger

  Nigeria

  Pakistan

  Palestine

  Philippines

  Rwanda

  Saudi Arabia

  Senegal

  Sierra Leone

  Singapore

  South Africa

  South Korea

  Sweden

  Tajikistan

  Taiwan

  Tanzania

  Thailand

  Togo

  Tonga

  Turkmenistan

  Uganda

  Ukraine

  United Arab Emirates

  Uzbekistan

  Vietnam

  Yemen

  Zimbabwe

Terrorist groups: Ongoing
Nigerian bandit conflict(2011–Present)   Nigeria

Vigilante groups

Various gangs
  • Hausa militias
  • Fulani militias

Alleged involvement

Ongoing
Northern Mali conflict
(2012–present)
  Mali

  France

  Turkey

  China[29]

  Benin

  Ghana

  Cape Verde

  The Gambia

  Ghana[30]

  Guinea[31]

  Guinea-Bissau[32]

  Ivory Coast[31]

  Liberia[33]

  Niger[34]

  Nigeria[35]

  Sierra Leone[36]

  Senegal[35]

  Togo[37]

  Chad[38]

  Burundi[39]

  Gabon[40]

  South Africa[41]

  Rwanda[41]

  Tanzania[41]

  Uganda[42]

  Germany[43]

  ISIL

  Ansar al-Sharia

  Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin

Ongoing
Operation Serval
part of 2012 Northern Mali conflict and the War on Terror
(2013–2014)
  Mali

  France

  Nigeria

  Sierra Leone

  Poland


MNLA
Islamic militants Victory
Military intervention against ISIL
(2014–present)
  United States

  United Kingdom

  Iraq

  Syria

  Australia

  Belgium

  Canada

  Denmark

  France

  Germany

  Italy

  Netherlands

  New Zealand

  Norway

  Portugal

  Spain

  Turkey

  Bahrain

  Jordan

  Morocco

  Greece

  Qatar

  Saudi Arabia

  United Arab Emirates

  Egypt

  Libya

  Nigeria

  Cameroon

  Chad

  Niger

  Russia

  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant  Boko Haram
  al-Nusra Front

  Khorasan


 
Ongoing
Chibok ambush

(2014)

  Nigeria   Boko Haram Defeat
2015 West African offensive

(2015)

Multinational Joint Task Force

Local militias[47]

STTEP (foreign mercenaries)[48][49]
Supported by:
  ISIL Multinational Joint Task Force victory
Invasion of the Gambia
(2017)
  Senegal
  Nigeria
  Ghana
  Mali
  Togo
  Coalition 2016
  Gambia
  MFDC
Victory
  • Yahya Jammeh steps down peacefully, minimal combat between the two sides.
Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) Multinational Joint Task Force (MJTF)

Self-defense militias[62]

  Islamic State
  Boko Haram
Partial Multinational Joint Task Force victory
  • Much territory is retaken from rebel forces
  • Insurgents retain significant presence in the Chad Basin
  • ISWAP experiences extensive leadership struggles, resulting in the successive purges of two leaders and several sub-commanders[63]: 6 
Orlu Crisis
(16-28 January 2021)
  Nigeria   IPOB Ceasefire Nigerian troops intervention repulsed
Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
2021–present
  Nigeria   Biafra Seperaists Ongoing
Anambra Ambush
(2023)
  Nigeria
  USA
 
  IPOB Defeat

Suspected Biafra seperaists victory

Ambush Successful

2023 Nigerien Crisis  Government of Niger
Supported by:

Supported by:

Defeat

*French withdrawal in December.

Peace agreements

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Peace agreements signed

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  • Banjul III Agreement (1990-10-24)
  • Bamako Ceasefire Agreement (1990-11-28)
  • Banjul IV Agreement (1990-12-21)
  • Lomé Agreement (1991-02-13)
  • Yamoussoukro IV Peace Agreement (1991-10-30)
  • Geneva Agreement 1992 (1992-04-07)
  • Cotonou Peace Agreement (1993-07-25)
  • Akosombo Peace Agreement (1994-09-12)
  • Accra Agreements/Akosombo clarification agreement (1994-12-21)
  • Abuja Peace Agreement (1995-08-19)

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Nigeria established bilateral military relations with PLAN in 1976, and thereafter plied that movement with millions of dollars in direct financial contributions and logistical support.[6] During the 1980s, PLAN arms were airlifted directly to the insurgents by the Nigerian Air Force.[6]

References

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  1. ^ East African Campaign
  2. ^ a b Lulat, Y. G. M. (1992). United States Relations with South Africa: A Critical Overview from the Colonial Period to the Present. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated. pp. 143–146, 210. ISBN 978-0-8204-7907-1.
  3. ^ Dale, Richard (2014). The Namibian War of Independence, 1966–1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp. 74–77, 93–95. ISBN 978-0-7864-9659-4.
  4. ^ Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–210. ISBN 978-1-85043-993-6.
  5. ^ Larmer, Miles (2011). Rethinking African Politics: A History of Opposition in Zambia. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 209–217. ISBN 978-1-4094-8249-9.
  6. ^ a b Abegunrin, Olayiwola (1997). Nigerian Foreign Policy Under Military Rule, 1966-1999. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. pp. 81, 93. ISBN 978-0-275-97881-5.
  7. ^ Beckett, Ian; Pimlott, John (2011). Counter-insurgency: Lessons from History. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books. pp. 204–219. ISBN 978-1-84884-396-7.
  8. ^ Cann, John (2015). Flight Plan Africa: Portuguese Airpower in Counterinsurgency, 1961–1974. Solihull: Helion & Company. pp. 362–363. ISBN 978-1-909982-06-2.
  9. ^ Fryxell, Cole. To Be Born a Nation. p. 13.
  10. ^ Pike, John. "Libyan Intervention in Chad, 1980-Mid-1987". www.globalsecurity.org.
  11. ^ a b S. Nolutshungu, p. 164
  12. ^ Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57
  13. ^ "قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد – رصيف22". 4 December 2018.
  14. ^ Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59033-649-6 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ "The Ecomog Experience with Peacekeeping in West Africa – Whither Peacekeeping in Africa? – Monograph No 36, 1999." Archived 2015-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 29, 2016.
    • Despite the often discouraging prospects, the ECOMOG operation was ultimately successful for several reasons. The first was the sheer political will and tenacity of ECOWAS. The organisation did not have the option of cutting and running, for reasons that were as much self-interested as humanitarian. The second was the ability to combine three phases of conflict resolution: peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace enforcement, thereby changing mandates of forces in the field as developments on the ground required (a flexibility due, ironically, to the autonomy enjoyed by the military command and as a result of the weak control exercised by the ECOWAS directorate).
  16. ^ a b c "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  17. ^ Salomé Legrand (2013-01-14). "Qui sont les islamistes à qui la France a déclaré la guerre ?". Francetvinfo.fr. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  18. ^ "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011.
  19. ^ "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  20. ^ "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist.
  21. ^ "Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
  22. ^ Aaron Y. Zelin; Andrew Lebovich; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center.
  23. ^ "Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
  24. ^ "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
  25. ^ "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  26. ^ "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  27. ^ Mike Levine; James Gordon Meek; Pierre Thomas; Lee Ferran (23 September 2014). "What Is the Khorasan Group, Targeted By US in Syria?". ABC News. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  28. ^ a b Kate Chesnutt; Katherine Zimmerman (8 September 2022). "The State of al Qaeda and ISIS Around the World". Critical Threats. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  29. ^ "Chinese army soldiers conduct first mission as peacekeepers in Mali 1612131 – Army Recognition". Armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
  30. ^ "Ghana agrees to send troops to Mali". Ghana Business News. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  31. ^ a b "Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'". Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  32. ^ "APA – Int'l Support Mission for Mali to begin operations on Friday". APA. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  33. ^ "Ellen: Liberia Will Send Troops to Mali for Peace Mission – Heritage Newspaper Liberia". News.heritageliberia.net. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  34. ^ Irish, John (12 January 2013). "Niger says sending 500 soldiers to Mali operation". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  35. ^ a b Felix, Bate (11 January 2013). "Mali says Nigeria, Senegal, France providing help". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  36. ^ "Aid Pledged to Mali as More Troops Deploy". Wall Street Journal. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  37. ^ "Les djihadistes s'emparent d'une ville à 400 km de Bamako" (in French). Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  38. ^ "Chad to send 2000 soldiers to Mali". Courier Mail. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  39. ^ "AU to hold donor conference on Mali intervention". Africa Review. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  40. ^ "WPR Article | Global Insider: Despite Early Successes, France's Mali Challenge is Long-Term". Worldpoliticsreview.com. 8 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  41. ^ a b c "Five more African countries pledge to send troops into Mali: Nigerian minister". NZweek. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  42. ^ "Forces capture Gao rebel stronghold – World News". TVNZ. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  43. ^ "Bundeswehr in Mali: Dangerous, but necessary? | DW | 29.01.2017". Deutsche Welle.
  44. ^ Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed Dec 3, 2014 9:56am EST.
  45. ^ Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. AFP for Yahoo! News, January 16, 2015 4:54 PM.
  46. ^ a b West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM.
  47. ^ "Vigilantes Settle Local Scores With Boko Haram". Voice of America. 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  48. ^ Colin Freeman (10 May 2015). "South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  49. ^ Adama Nossiter (12 March 2015). "Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  50. ^ Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria [dead link]. Mashable.com, Jan 31, 2015.
  51. ^ The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram, Medium.com.
  52. ^ a b c "Feeling the heat: West combats extremists' advance in Africa's deserts". CNN. 27 February 2015.
  53. ^ Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. May 14, 2014 3:23 pm Updated: May 15, 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press
  54. ^ a b c Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'. theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST.
  55. ^ Boko Haram: Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari - Premium Times Nigeria
  56. ^ "In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia". The NEWS. 25 January 2016.
  57. ^ Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. The Jerusalem Post; 05/20/2014 18:03.
  58. ^ "British troops to help fight against Boko Haram as SAS target Isil". the Telegraph. 20 December 2014.
  59. ^ "Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news". The Guardian. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  60. ^ "US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight". Al Jazeera English. 2015-10-14. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  61. ^ "Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS". Fox News. Associated Press. March 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  62. ^ Fergus Kelly (15 April 2019). "Nigeria-Chad operation 'kills 27 terrorists' near Wulgo as ISIS claims multiple attacks". Defense Post. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  63. ^ Zenn, Jacob (20 March 2020). "Islamic State in West Africa Province and the Battle With Boko Haram" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor. 18 (6). Jamestown Foundation: 6–8.
  64. ^ Sunday, Ochogwu (7 August 2023). "Coup: Biafra will back you if Nigerian military intervenes – Simon Ekpa assures Niger, Mali". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 7 August 2023.

Notes

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  1. ^ The 2023 Nigerien coup d'état is opposed by active members of the ECOWAS bloc. Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Guinea are members of ECOWAS that were suspended following coup d'états which established military juntas in their respective countries.