Razzakov (Kyrgyz: Раззаков, romanized: Razzakov; Uzbek: Razzoqov / Раззоқов), formerly known as Isfana, is a small town in the extreme western end of Batken Region in southern Kyrgyzstan. The town is located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley, in a region surrounded on three sides by Tajikistan. It was renamed by President Sadyr Japarov in honour of Iskhak Razzakov on March 18, 2022.
Isfana / Razzakov
Kyrgyz: Исфана / Раззаков | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 One of the streets of Razzakov | |
  Isfana / Razzakov Location in Kyrgyzstan | |
| Coordinates: 39°50′14″N 69°32′0″E / 39.83722°N 69.53333°E | |
| Country |  Kyrgyzstan |
| Region | Batken |
| District | Leylek |
| City status | 2001 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Chyngyz Rysov |
| Area | |
| • Town | 41.35 km2 (107 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,320 m (4,330 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
| • Town | 34,219 |
| • Density | 830/km2 (320/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 23,038 |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (KGT) |
| Postal code | 720400[2] |
| Area code | +996 3656 |
| Website | isfana.kg |
Razzakov has been inhabited since at least the 9th century. It underwent significant changes during the Soviet period. The selsoviet (rural council) of Isfana was established in 1937. The selsoviet was transformed into a village administration in 1996. In 2001, Askar Akayev issued a presidential decree to make Isfana into a town.
Razzakov is the administrative center of Leylek District. The villages Ak-Bosogo (formerly Myrza-Patcha), Samat, Chimgen, Taylan, Ak-Bulak, and Golbo are also governed by the Razzakov Mayor's Office.[3] As of 2021, the population of Razzakov and the subordinated villages is 34,219. The population of Razzakov itself is 23,038.[1]
Names and etymology edit
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The word "isfana" is believed to have come from the Sogdian word asbanikat, asbanikent or aspanakent which means "the land of horses".[4][5] According to historian Numon Negmatov, from the first to the ninth centuries Isfana was known as Asbanikat. From the 10th to the 12th centuries it was called Aspanikent.[6] Starting from the 12th or 13th century the town's name gradually changed to Asbani, Aspana, Asvona, Isvona and, finally, to Isfana.[4]
Since Isfana is not a Kyrgyz word, Kyrgyz nationalists called for renaming the town in honor of Iskhak Razzakov who served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Kyrgyz SSR.[7][8][9] In December 2021, President Sadyr Japarov announced that he had made the decision to rename the town after Razzakov[10][11] in the context of border tensions with neighboring Tajikistan.[9] Later Japarov signed the Law "On renaming the city of Isfana, Leilek District, Batken Region, into the city of Razzakov", which was adopted by the Supreme Council on March 16, 2022.[12]
History edit
Early history edit
The history of Razzakov dates back to the 9-16th centuries.[13][14] In 1957, archeologist Y. A. Zadneprovskiy found items dating back to the 14-16th centuries in the territory of the town.[13] According to Numon Negmatov, Isfana corresponds to the medieval town of Asbanikat.[13] The town was first part of Osrushana and was later conquered by the Samanids. In 1221, Isfana was sieged and conquered by the Mongol Empire. The northwestern part of Razzakov through which the Mongols invaded is still known as "conquered by the Mongols" (Kyrgyz: Моңол Баскан; Uzbek: Moʻgʻul Bosgan / Мўғул Босган).[15]
The medieval town of Isfana was in the central part of modern Razzqov. It was home to a large fortress which was built in the 12th century.[4] The last remaining walls of the Isfana Fortress were demolished in the 1970s.[16]
18-19th centuries edit
Throughout history, Razzakov was part of states that reigned the area that more or less corresponds to present-day Uzbekistan. From 1709 until 1876, Isfana was part of the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand. In mid-19th century, the Russian Empire began occupying the area of present-day Central Asia. By the late 19th century, imperial Russia had conquered all of the three states that dominated the territory roughly corresponding to present-day Uzbekistan.[17] The Khanate of Khiva was conquered in 1873 and the Emirate of Bukhara fell in 1868. The Kokand Khanate formally became part of the Russian Empire in 1876.
Russian linguist Mirsalikh Bekchurin wrote that in 1866 there were about 500 households in Isfana.[18] However, Uzbek historian Temirboy Yoqubov disputed this claim, saying that the residents of Isfana had historically paid taxes for 1,000 households.[19] Bekchurin wrote that Isfana was protected by a 200-men garrison whose members were armed "only with lances and sabers".[18]
Soviet and contemporary history edit
Even though Razzakov was historically an Uzbek settlement, it became part of present-day Kyrgyzstan. When Russians split the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into autonomous oblasts, Isfana became part of the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast, which was later reorganized into the Kirghiz ASSR and later into the Kirghiz SSR. After the dissolution of the USSR, the Kirghiz SSR became Kyrgyzstan. Thus, despite being a majority-Uzbek settlement, Isfana became part of Kyrgyzstan.
Some sources hold that the Soviets drew borders inconsistent with the traditional locations of ethnic populations so that people with historical claims to land would be dependent on the central power, that is Moscow, making them easier to control.[20] According to these sources, the creation of individual republics was meant to reduce the threat of pan-Turkic or pan-Islamic movements in Central Asia.[21] This strategy has been referred to as Joseph Stalin's "divide and rule" policy.[21][20] Currently, there are many traditionally Uzbek settlements in Kyrgyzstan. Many people in Central Asia believe that they should more appropriately be part of another country.[20] However, some scholars claim that since during the Soviet demarcation of Central Asia many places in Central Asia were ethnically mixed, it was impossible to clearly define ethnic and territorial boundaries.[22]
Razzakov underwent significant changes during the Soviet period. Under the Soviet rule, Isfana was transformed from an underdeveloped Muslim settlement into a typical Soviet village. The selsoviet (rural council) of Isfana was established in 1937. During World War II, 571 residents of the village were sent to the front line, 385 of whom died fighting.[23]
The Isfana selsoviet was transformed into a village administration in 1996. In 2001, Askar Akayev issued a presidential decree to make Isfana into a town. The town was renamed Razzakov on 16 March 2022.
Geography edit
Razzakov is in the western part of Batken Region at an altitude of 1,320 meters above sea level. The Isfana River, one of the tributaries of the Syr-Darya, flows through Razzakov.[24]
The town is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The mountains are within a few kilometers from the city. The highest of these are the mountains of the Turkestan Range, which is a northern extension of the Pamir-Alay system of mountain ranges.
Area edit
The area of Razzakov is 41.35 square kilometers (107 square miles).
| Settlement | Area (km2) |
|---|---|
| Razzakov | 2.52 |
| Ak-Bosogo | 0.26 |
| Samat | 1.16 |
| Chimgen | 0.87 |
| Taylan | 0.49 |
| Ak-Bulak | 0.3 |
| Golbo | 0.28 |
Climate edit
Razzakov has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with sharp continental influences. The city has hot summers and cold winters. The spring and fall see significant rainfall, while the summers are hot and dry. There are many dryland wheat and barley fields in the Isfana area that depend on winter snow and spring rain to produce good crops.
Summers are long in Razzakov, usually lasting from May to September. Razzakov can be extremely hot during the summer months. The town also sees very little precipitation during the summer, particularly from June through September.
| Climate data for Razzakov | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C | 4 | 5 | 9 | 17 | 22 | 27 | 29 | 27 | 25 | 17 | 11 | 7 | 17 |
| Mean daily minimum °C | −4 | −3 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 11 | 6 | 2 | −2 | 7 |
| Average precipitation mm | 24 | 27 | 51 | 45 | 30 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 18 | 21 | 27 | 261 |
| Mean daily maximum °F | 39 | 41 | 48 | 63 | 72 | 81 | 84 | 81 | 77 | 63 | 52 | 45 | 62 |
| Mean daily minimum °F | 25 | 27 | 36 | 46 | 52 | 59 | 63 | 61 | 52 | 43 | 36 | 28 | 44 |
| Average precipitation inches | 0.9 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 10.3 |
| Source: [25] | |||||||||||||
Demographics edit
As of 2021, the total population of Razzakov and the subordinated villages is estimated to be 34,219 people. The population of the town of Razzakov itself is 23,038.[1]
According to the 2009 Population and Housing Census of Kyrgyzstan, at that time the population of Razzakov itself was 18,244 and the population of Razzakov and the subordinated villages was 27,965.[26] The 1999 census had put the number of people living in the then village of Isfana at 15,910.[27] As of 2021, the populations of Razzakov and the subordinated villages are as follows:
| Settlement | Population |
|---|---|
| Razzakov | 23,038 |
| Ak-Bosogo | 901 |
| Samat | 2,359 |
| Chimgen | 3,490 |
| Taylan | 1,616 |
| Ak-Bulak | 952 |
| Golbo | 1,810 |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 9,629 | — |
| 1989 | 13,193 | +37.0% |
| 1999 | 15,910 | +20.6% |
| 2009 | 18,244 | +14.7% |
| 2021 | 23,038 | +26.3% |
| Source: [27][26][1] | ||
A large number of the residents of Razzakov are migrant workers in Russia. There are no official data on the number of Razzakovites who work abroad.
Representatives of many ethnic groups can be found in the town. Uzbeks are the largest ethnic group in Razzakov. However, if the populations of the six subordinated villages are included, the Kyrgyz become the largest ethnic group. According to data from 2005, the ethnic make-up of Razzakov and the six subordinated villages is as follows: 50.2 percent are Kyrgyz, 48.6 percent are Uzbek, 0.3 percent are Tatar, 0.3 percent are Tajik, and the rest are representatives of various other ethnic groups.[14]
Razzakov has traditionally been Muslim. The residents of Razzakov are Sunni Muslims. There are five mosques in the town. There are no sizeable communities of other religious groups.
Economy edit
During the Soviet era, there were some factories in Razzakov. Also, there was a large kolkhoz. Since Kyrgyzstan became independent in 1991, almost all of the factories have closed.
Many Razzakovites now go abroad to make a living, with the most popular destination being Russia. People also go to the neighboring countries of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. There are no reliable data on the number of labor migrants from Razzakov.
People who stay in the town engage in trade and agriculture. Animal husbandry is also widespread. Those who engage in agriculture mostly grow grains, fruits, vegetables, and plants that produce oil.
Razzakov has two large bazaars. Most sellers who work in these bazaars bring their goods from markets in Osh, Kara-Suu, and Khujand. Razzakov also has a livestock market which is open on Thursdays and Fridays.
The economy of Razzakov, like the economy of many Kyrgyzstani towns, is primarily kiosk in nature. A large amount of local commerce occurs at the bazaars and small kiosks all over the town. A significant amount of trade is unregulated.
Government edit
Razzakov has a mayor–council form of government. Members of the Town Kenesh (Council) elect the mayor. The Town Kenesh has 30 members. The villages of Ak-Bosogo (formerly Myrza-Patcha), Samat, Chimgen, Ak-Bulak, Taylan, and Golbo are also governed by the administration of Razzakov. The current mayor of Razzakov is Chyngyz Rysov.[28]
| No. | Mayor | Took office | Left office |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Saliha Muratova | February 2, 2001 | April 10, 2001 |
| 2 | Umarali Isabekov | April 12, 2001 | December 18, 2005 |
| 3 | Maʻrifjon Moʻminov | December 20, 2005 | February 9, 2009 |
| 4 | Ysak Pazylov | March 10, 2009 | July 16, 2010 |
| 5 | Berdimurat Jalilov | July 16, 2010 | August 27, 2011 |
| 6 | Hamza Salyamov | August 27, 2011 | January 31, 2013 |
| 7 | Tashpolot Kozubayev | January 31, 2013 | December 16, 2014 |
| 8 | Mukhtar Anarbotoyev | January 15, 2015 | August 24, 2018 |
| 9 | Abdivali Khamraev | September 18, 2018 | June 7, 2021 |
| 10 | Chingiz Rysov | June 7, 2021 | Incumbent |
Razzakov is the administrative center of Leylek District to which it is subordinated. All of the administrative agencies of the District of Leylek are in Razzakov.
Like in other Kyrgyzstani settlements where there are large groups of ethnic minorities, virtually all administrative positions in Leylek District are held by ethnic Kyrgyz.[29][30] Since Kyrgyzstan became independent, all heads of Leylek District have been ethnic Kyrgyz. Currently there are a few ethnic Uzbeks working in the Razzakov Mayor's Office and Razzakov Town Council.
Education edit
High schools edit
Razzakov has many educational institutions. There are two gymnasium schools in Razzakov: Gymnasium School No. 1 and the Uzbek Gymnasium. Both of these schools accept more academically-inclined students. There is also a boarding school for children from disadvantaged families, namely Ak Chyiyr Children's Education Center.
There are six secondary schools in Razzakov. While in the majority of these schools students are taught only in Uzbek, some schools have both Uzbek and Kyrgyz classes. The largest secondary schools are Alisher Navoiy, Gagarin, and Isfana secondary schools. At Alisher Navoiy Secondary School, classes are taught in Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Russian. While at Gagarin Secondary School the primary medium of instruction is Russian, the school has Kyrgyz classes as well. At Isfana Secondary School, students are taught only in Uzbek. Amir Temur and Toktogul secondary schools have only Uzbek classes as well. Issyk Kul Secondary School is the smallest school in Isfana and has both Kyrgyz and Uzbek classes.
English is taught as a foreign language at all of the schools in Razzakov. However, the quality of English teaching tends to be poor. The students also learn Kyrgyz and Russian, the two official languages of Kyrgyzstan. Thus, in Razzakov Uzbek schoolchildren learn four languages and Kyrgyz schoolchildren learn three languages.
Colleges and vocational schools edit
There is a branch of the International Academy of Management, Law, Finance, and Business (Russian: Международная Академия управления, права, финансов и бизнеса) in Razzakov. The academy has its main campus in Bishkek. Razzakov is also home to Vocational School No. 48 which trains seamstresses, carpenters, electricians, and drivers.
Culture edit
There are two libraries in Razzakov: a general library and a children's library. Both are public libraries. The general library is in the building of the town recreation center. The general library has 42,515 items, while the children's library has 27,206 items.[14]
Razzakov is home to three museums: the Museum of History (established in 1986), the Iskhak Razzakov Museum (established in 1990), and the Museum of Fame (established in 1990). The town has a children's music school where schoolchildren can learn to sing, dance, and play various musical instruments, such as the accordion, komuz, and piano. Until 2014, there were dayereh, dutar, and rubab classes as well. There is also an educational center for children which offers courses in painting, dancing, sculpture, knitting, computing, and foreign languages.
Razzakov has only one park, namely Samat Sadykov Park. There is a soccer stadium in the middle of the park where most public events take place. The stadium can hold up to 5,000 people. The main cinema of Razzakov has been closed since Kyrgyzstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
There is an Uzbek culture center[14] which has remained largely inactive following the 2010 ethnic clashes between the Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan. During the ethnic violence, which lasted from June 10 until June 14, the situation was very volatile in Razzakov, but no large clashes took place between members of the two ethnic groups.[31]
Transportation edit
Razzakov is landlocked. The closest railway station is 45 km away in Proletarsk, Tajikistan. The distance between Razzakov and Batken, the capital of Batken Region, is 150 km. Razzakov is 16 km from the coal mining town of Sülüktü.
Land edit
Public transportation is very poor in Razzakov. Public vans (known in Russian as marshrutkas) run through the town. Private taxi cabs can be found along the main roads. Razzakov has only one bus station. Buses, minibuses, and taxi cabs run to many parts of Kyrgyzstan from the station.
A very small portion of the roads in Razzakov are covered with asphalt. The roads are not well maintained and require major rehabilitation. Razzakov is connected with other settlements in Kyrgyzstan through highways. The road that connects Razzakov with Batken and Osh was not maintained after Kyrgyzstan became independent in the early 1990s. The country has received funding from the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Asian Development Bank to rehabilitate the road that connects Razzakov with Batken and Osh.[32] The distance from Razzakov to the capital Bishkek is 960 km and driving non-stop from Razzakov to the capital takes about 20 hours.
Air edit
Razzakov is served by Isfana Airport built during the Soviet period. Currently it only offers flights to Bishkek. Isfana Airport started its operations in the 1940s as a landing strip near the town. After Kalacha Airport serving Sülüktü was closed, Isfana Airport started serving the residents of Sülüktü as well. The current runway and terminal of Isfana Airport were built in 1974. In the late 1980s, Isfana Airport stopped its operation because of technical problems. It remained closed for twenty years. In 2007, after the terminal and the track were repaired, the airport was reopened.[33] It was temporarily closed in early 2014, but was re-opened later that year.
Isfana Airport is a regional class 3C airport. The runway has a weight limit of 22 tons and has no instrument landing facilities and operates only during daylight hours. Although Isfana Airport is near the border with Tajikistan, it has no customs and border control checks and serves flights only within Kyrgyzstan.
References edit
- ^ a b c d "Population of regions, districts, towns, urban-type settlements, rural communities and villages of Kyrgyz Republic" (XLS) (in Russian). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021.
- ^ "Isfana". SPR (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
- ^ "Classification system of territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic" (in Kyrgyz). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. May 2021. pp. 40–42.
- ^ a b c Yoqubov 2001, p. 9.
- ^ "Интересные факты о городе Исфана" [Interesting facts about Isfana]. Limon (in Russian). 23 January 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ Yoqubov 2001, p. 20.
- ^ "2015 is going to be the year of Iskhak Razzakov". Ata Jurt (in Kyrgyz). Vol. 22, no. 8418. 13 December 2014. p. 2.
- ^ "Isfana should be renamed after Iskhak Razzakov". SuLey Info (in Kyrgyz). No. 107–108. 13 December 2014. p. 2.
- ^ a b Leonard, Peter; Imanaliyeva, Ayzirek (30 December 2021). "Kyrgyzstan: Town near Tajik border renamed in nationalist gesture". Eurasianet. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Город Исфана будет переименован в город Раззаков, - президент". AKIpress (in Russian). 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ Kudayarov, Borubek (25 December 2021). "Садыр Жапаров решил переименовать Исфану в Раззаков". Kaktusmedia (in Russian). Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ Maslova, Dina (18 March 2022). "Город Исфана в Баткенской области переименован в Раззаков" (in Russian). Kaktus. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ a b c B. Oruzbayeva, ed. (1987). "Isfana". Osh Oblast Encyclopedia (in Russian). Frunze: Kyrgyz Soviet Encyclopedia. p. 247.
- ^ a b c d "Isfana: City Profile". The Association of Municipalities of the Kyrgyz Republic. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
- ^ Yoqubov 2001, p. 14.
- ^ Yoqubov 2001, p. 10.
- ^ Fierman, William (2009). "Uzbekistan". Microsoft Student. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.
- ^ a b Mir-Salikh Bekchurin (1871). Notes of the Orenburg Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (in Russian). Kazan. p. 228. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Yoqubov 2001, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Mayhew, Bradley; Richard Plunkett; Simon Richmond (2000). Lonely Planet Central Asia (2 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 34, 159. ISBN 0-86442-673-9.
- ^ a b William Fierman, ed. (1991). Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 17. ISBN 0-8133-7907-5.
- ^ Tishkov, Valeriy (1997). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and After the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame. London: Sage Publications. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0761951858.
- ^ Yoqubov 2001, p. 51-57.
- ^ Oruzbaeva, B., ed. (1987). "Исфана" [Isfana]. Oshskaya oblast'. Entsiklopediya (in Russian). Frunze: Glavnaya redaktsiya Kirgizskoy sovetskoy entsiklopedii. p. 247.
- ^ "Average high/low temperature for Isfana, Kyrgyzstan". World Weather Online. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- ^ a b "2009 population and housing census of the Kyrgyz Republic: Batken Region" (PDF) (in Russian). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2010. p. 210.
- ^ a b "Kyrgyzstan". City Population. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "Chyngezbek Rysov elected mayor of Razzakov. Resume". Turmush (in Russian). 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan: Widening Ethnic Divisions in the South" (PDF). International Crisis Group. Brussels. 29 April 2012. Archived from the original (Report) on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ^ "Uzbeks of Kyrgyzstan complain of discrimination and corruption". Eurasianet (in Russian). 30 January 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
- ^ Kowalchuk, Darren (29 November 2012). Froese, Ursula (ed.). "Isfana, Kyrgyzstan: Arriving Here from There". OSCE Magazine (4/2012). Vienna: OSCE: 27. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ Sytenkova, Darya (16 September 2013). "Since becoming independent Kyrgyzstan has received over $1 billion worth of credit to rehabilitate its roads". 24 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
- ^ "Isfana Airport reopened after a twenty-year break in Kyrgyzstan". Centrasia (in Russian). 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
External links edit
.svg){kind=small}
- Official website Archived 2020-10-27 at the Wayback Machine (in Kyrgyz)
- A map of Isfana, MSN
- Profile of Isfana, The Association of Municipalities of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian)
- Isfana: Encouragement towards a better future, Spirit of Salam
- Isfana and Leylek District, SPR (in Russian)
Gallery
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Grain fields in the eastern part of Isfana -
Eastern part of Isfana at dawn -
Mountains of the Turkestan Range on the south of Isfana -
Winter in Isfana -
House of Culture -
