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The Anscarids (Latin: Anscarii) or the House of Ivrea were a medieval dynasty of Burgundian and Frankish origin which rose to prominence in Northern Italy in the tenth century, even briefly holding the Italian throne. The main branch ruled the County of Burgundy from the eleventh to fourteenth centuries and it was one of their members who first declared himself a count palatine. The cadet Castilian branch of Ivrea ruled the Kingdom of Galicia from 1111 and the Kingdoms of Castile and León from 1126 until 1369. The Spanish House of Trastámara, which ruled in Castile, Aragon, Naples, and Navarre at various points between the late 14th and early 16th centuries, was an illegitimate cadet branch of that family.
| House of Ivrea Casa di Ivrea Maison d'Ivrée Anscarids | |
|---|---|
| Royal family | |
 | |
| Country | Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Italy Frankish Empire Papal States County of Burgundy Kingdom of Castile, Galicia, León and Kingdom of Aragon |
| Founded | 9th century |
| Founder | Anscar I |
| Final ruler | Italy: Arduin Burgundy: Joan II Castile, Galicia and León: Peter (Spain) Union of Castile and Aragon: Joanna the Mad (illegitimate line) Orange: Philibert |
| Titles | |
| Dissolution | 1369 |
| Cadet branches |
|
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Ivrea
editThe founder of the family's fortunes was a petty Burgundian count named Anscar, who, with the support of the powerful archbishop of Rheims, Fulk the Venerable, brought Guy III of Spoleto to Langres to be crowned King of France in 887. Their plot failing, Anscar and his brother accompanied Guy back to Italy with 500 Burgundian troops to seek the throne of Berengar I.[1] In gratefulness to Anscar, Guy created the March of Ivrea to bestow on his Burgundian faithful. Anscar's descendants held the march until 1030. Perhaps the most illustrious scion of the house was his grandson Berengar, the first of three Anscarids to be crowned king of Italy.[citation needed]
Berengar seized the throne in 950 after the death of Lothair II. He was opposed, immediately, by Lothair's widow Adelaide, whom he imprisoned after his attempt to force her marriage to his son, Adalbert II, failed. Emperor Otto I came down the peninsula and forced him to do homage in 952. For the next eleven years, Berengar and his co-crowned son governed Italy until Otto finally formally deposed them in 963.[citation needed]
From 1002 to 1014 Arduin of Italy held the Italian throne in opposition to the German Henry II.[citation needed]
Counts of Burgundy
editAdalbert was eventually forced to flee to Burgundy, where he died at Autun. His widow remarried to Otto-Henry, Duke of Burgundy and her son by Adalbert, Otto William, was adopted by the duke. In 982, the County of Burgundy (which will later be known as Free County) is created. Otto-Henri supported Otto-William to be the first count of Burgundy. At the death of the duke, the count inherited the duchy of Burgundy. After the council of Héry (1015), Robert II of France and his son, Henry I of France, confiscated the duchy, leaving only a small portion around Dijon to Otto-William.[citation needed]
The greatest of the free counts was Renaud III, who, from 1127, used the title franc-comte as a sign of independence of German or Imperial authority, but was forced to submit to Conrad III. His daughter and heiress, Beatrice, married Frederick Barbarossa and united the Anscarid inheritance with that of the Hohenstaufen. Burgundy was inherited by her son Otto I, who had an Anscarid name. Thus the county was lost for the House of Ivrea, but it came back when Hugh of Chalon married to Adelaide countess of Burgundy, daughter of Beatrice II of Hohenstaufen (Otto I's daughter). However, in 1303 died Otto IV, Count of Burgundy, last male of the main line and the county inherited to the Dampierre family and finally to the Capetian-Valois dukes of Burgundy.[citation needed]
John I of Chalon-Arlay, a younger brother of Hugh of Chalon, became the founder of the line of Chalon-Arlay. His descendant, John III of Chalon-Arlay married Mary de Beaux princess of Orange, thus the principality was acquired by the family. The last male offspring was Philibert of Chalon who died in 1530. The possessions inherited to son of his sister Claudia of Chalon, i.e. René of Nassau.[citation needed]
Raymond, fourth son of Count William I of Burgundy, travelled to Castile-León in the late eleventh century and there married Urraca, the future monarch. She was succeeded by their son, Alfonso VII. Subsequent monarchs of Castile and León were their agnatic descendants until the 16th century, although the crown had passed to an illegitimate cadet branch, the House of Trastámara, in the late 14th century.[citation needed]
Family tree of House of Ivrea
edit| Anscar I margrave of Ivrea House of Ivrea | Fulk Archbishop of Reims | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adalbert I margrave of Ivrea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Berengar II margrave of Ivrea, king of Lombards in Italy | Anscar II duke of Spoleto | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gerberga of Chalon | Adalbert II co-king of Lombards in Italy | Guy margrave of Ivrea | Conrad margrave of Ivrea | Dado count of Pombia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otto William count of Burgundy | Arduin margrave of Ivrea, king of Lombards in Italy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reginald I count of Burgundy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| William I count of Burgundy | Guy count of Brionne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reginald II count of Burgundy | Stephen I count of Burgundy | (Guy) Pope Callixtus II | Raymond count of Galicia | Urraca queen of Castile & León House of Jiménez | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| William II count of Burgundy | Reginald III count of Burgundy | William III count of Mâcon | Castilian House of Ivrea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| William III count of Burgundy | Beatrice I countess of Burgundy | Stephen II count of Auxonne | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otto I of Hohenstaufen count of Burgundy | Stephen III count of Auxonne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beatrice II of Hohenstaufen countess of Burgundy | John count of Chalon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adelaide of Andechs countess of Burgundy | Hugh | John I count of Auxerre | John I lord of Arlay House of Arlay | Hugh archbishop of Besançon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Otto IV count of Burgundy | Reginald | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joan II countess of Burgundy | Othenin count of Montbéliard | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
edit- House of Chalon-Arlay, the second ruling house of the Principality of Orange, also a cadet branch of the Anscarids.
- Portuguese House of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the House of Capet, which ruled Portugal contemporaneously with the Castilian House of Ivrea.
Sources
edit- ^ De Manteyer, 495
- De Manteyer, Georges. Les origines de la maison de Savoie en Bourgogne (910-1060). Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire: 1899.
- Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000. MacMillan Press: 1981.
