The year 1731 in science and technology involved some significant events.
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Agriculture and horticulture edit
- Philip Miller publishes The Gardeners Dictionary, containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden in London.
- Jethro Tull publishes The New Horse-Houghing Husbandry; or, an essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation in London.
Astronomy edit
- John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time in the modern era.
- The octant is developed by John Hadley (it will eventually be replaced as an essential tool of navigation by the sextant).
- The orrery (or planetarium model) is developed as an apparatus showing the relative positions of heavenly bodies in the Solar System by using balls moved by wheelwork.
Geology edit
- The modern seismograph is developed by Italian scientist Nicholas Cerillo using a pendulum.
Mathematics edit
- The Euclidean distance formula is first published by Alexis Clairaut.[1]
Medicine edit
- September – The first successful appendectomy is performed by English surgeon William Cookesley.[2][3]
- Laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna at the age of 21.[4]
- The Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge in Edinburgh begins publication of the peer reviewed Medical Essays and Observations.[5]
Technology edit
- The harpoon gun is developed and used for the purpose of throwing the harpoon into the body of whales.
Publications edit
- Publication begins in Augsburg and Ulm of Johann Jakob Scheuchzer's Physica Sacra which attempts to provide a scientific explanation of Biblical history.
Awards edit
- Copley Medal: The first Copley Medal is awarded to Stephen Gray.[6]
Births edit
- October 10 – Henry Cavendish, English scientist (died 1810)
- November 9 – Benjamin Banneker, African-American astronomer and surveyor (died 1806)
- December 12 – Erasmus Darwin, English physician and botanist (died 1802)
Deaths edit
- January 6 – Étienne François Geoffroy, French chemist (born 1672)
- December 29 – Brook Taylor, English mathematician (born 1685)
References edit
- ^ Maor, Eli (2019), The Pythagorean Theorem: A 4,000-Year History, Princeton University Press, pp. 133–134, ISBN 978-0-691-19688-6
- ^ "A considerable share of the intestines cut off after a mortification in a hernia and cured". Medical Essays and Observations. 5 (1). Edinburgh: Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge: 427–31. 1742.
- ^ Selley, Peter (2016). "William Cookesley, William Hunter and the first patient to survive removal of the appendix in 1731 – a case history with 31 years' follow up". Journal of Medical Biography. 24: 180–3.
- ^ "The 18th Century Women Scientists of Bologna". ScienceWeek. 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ Benos, Dale J.; et al. (2007). "The ups and downs of per review". Advances in Physiology Education. 31 (2): 145–152. doi:10.1152/advan.00104.2006. PMID 17562902. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.