User:The Morrison Man/sandbox

Paleobiota of the Morrison Formation edit

The distinctive banding of the Morrison Formation, a group of rock layers that occur throughout Dinosaur National Monument and the source of fossils like those found at the Dinosaur Quarry.

The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Late Jurassic sedimentary rock that is found in the western United States. It has a vast fossil record, with a wide assortment of taxa represented, including famous dinosaurs like Brachiosaurus, Allosaurus, Diplodocus and Stegosaurus. It is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and limestone and is light grey, greenish gray, or red in colour. Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones, relics of the rivers and floodplains of the Jurassic period.

The formation is split into three main members, these are the Salt Wash, Tidwell and Brushy Basin members. Other subdivisions exist in specific areas of the formation, like the Bluff Sandstone Member in the Four Corners region. The most well-studied of these are the Brushy Basin and contemporaneous members, from which most of the iconic Morrison Formation fauna hails.

The rocks of the Morrison Formation were deposited on top of those of the Sundance, Swift, Ralston Creek and Summerville formations, as the Sundance Sea receded to the north and the region became a vast floodplain, fed by rivers coming in from the south and west. Multiple formations also overlie the Morrison, including the ...

Algae edit

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Charophyta edit

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Echinocara	E. pecki	Colorado	Hundreds of specimens at the least	A genus of freshwater algae in the family Clavatoraceae.
Echinocara	E. spinosa	Colorado	Hundreds of specimens at the least	A genus of freshwater algae in the family Clavatoraceae.
Aclistochara ^[1]	A. bransonii	Colorado and Wyoming	Hundreds of specimens at the least	A genus of freshwater algae within the family Characeae.
	A. complanata
	A. jonesii
	A. latisulcata
	A. obovata
	A. rotunda
Chara	C. verticillata
Chara	C. voluta
Latochara	L. bellatula
	L. collina
	L. concinna
	L. latitruncata
	L. aff. mensinki
	L. spherica
Mesochara	M. voluta
Obtusochara	O. oblata
Peckinspaera	P. verticillata
Peckinspaera	P. glypta
Praechara	P. voluta
Praechara	P. symmetrica
Porochara	P. arguta
	P. fusca
	P. kimmeridgensis
	P. minima collina
Sphaerochara	S. verticillata
Stellatochara	S. obovata

Plants edit

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Palynology edit

Hepaticae edit

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Marchantites	M. sp.		To be added	A genus of Marchantiopsid liverwort.
Thallites	T. sp.			A genus of liverwort belonging to the order Metzgeriales .

Equisetales edit

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Equisetum	E. laterale^[2] E. bakkeri^[3] E. comoensis^[3] E. lyelli^[2] E. cf. laterale^[4]	Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin, Lake Como and Temple Canyon Members	Silicified casts with epidermal features, stem fragments and macrofossil fragments.	A genus of Equisetacean horsetail.
Neocalamites	N. sp.

Filicopsida edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Hausmannia	H. fisheri	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	A genus of Dipteridacean fern.
Coniopteris	C. hymenophylloides				Dicksoniaceae
Osmundacaulis	O. lemonii				Osmundaceae
Ashicaulis	A. wadei				Osmundaceae
Cladophlebis	C. alberta C. heterophylla C. virginiensis				Osmundaceae
Gleichenia?	G.? sp. A. G.? sp. B.				Gleicheniaceae
Adiantites	A. montanensis				incertae sedis
Solenostelopteris	S. leithii S. medlynii				incertae sedis
Polypodiidae	Indeterminate				incertae sedis

Pteridospermophyta edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Sagenopteris	S. elliptica	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	A genus of Caytoniale.

Cycadales edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Cycadinorachis	C. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	A genus of Cycad with uncertain affinities.
Jensensispermum	J. redmondi				A genus of Cycad with uncertain affinities.
Nilssonia	N. nigricollensis N. schaumburgensis N. cf. compta				A genus of Cycad with uncertain affinities.

Bennettitales edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Zamites	Z. arcticus	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Otozamites	O. sp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Cycadolepsis	C. spp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Weltrichia	W. sp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Anomozamites	A. sp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Ptilophyllum	P. lindstromi P. arcticum P. spp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Cycadeoidea	C. wyomingensis C. spp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Cycadinorachis	C. sp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Jensensispermum	J. redmondi		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?
Cycadospermum	C. montanese		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?

Ginkgoales edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Ginkgoites	G. cascandensis	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Ginkgo	G. pluripartita G. sp.		Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?

Czekanowskiales edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Czekanowskia	C. turneri C. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added

Gnetales edit

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Bassitheca^[5]	B. hoodiorum	Colorado and Utah (Brushy Basin Member)	More than 300 specimens, three dimensional calcitic casts of a two-seeded compound cone	Tentatively assigned as a gnetale, with some attributes of the cones pointing towards a close relation with the extant genus Ephedra.
Dayvaultia^[6]	D. tetragona	Henry Mountains of Utah (Brushy Basin Member)	"Three-dimensional casts and partially permineralized small cones".	A gnetale with close affinities to Cretaceous and modern genera.

Coniferales edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Hillostrobus	H. axelrodi	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Sequoia	S. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Taxodiaceae	T. indet.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Brachyphyllum	B. rechtenii B. chaneyi B. morrisonense B. spp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Cupressinocladus	C. spp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Protocupressinoxylon	P. medlynii	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Araucarites	A. obscurum	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Araucarioxylon	A. hoodi	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Podozamites	P. lanceolatus	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Xenoxylon	X. morrisonense X. mooreii	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Protopiceoxylon	P. resiniferous	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Mesembioxylon	M. obscurum M. carterii	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Pityocladus	P. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Pityophyllum	P. lindstromii	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Schizolepis	S. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Elatides	E. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Pagiophyllum	P. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Behuninia	B. provoensis B. joannei B. bassii B. scottii	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Carpolithus	C. sp.	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added
Steinerocaulis	S. radiatus	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added

Hermanophytales edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Hermanophyton	H. kirkbyorum H. taylorii H. glismannii H. owensii	To be added	Brushy Basin Member? Tidwell Member? Salt Wash Member?	To be added	To be added

Invertebrates edit

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Porifera edit

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Eospongilla^[7]	E. morrisonensis	Colorado	Two micritic body fossils with calcite-replaced megascleres	A sponge belonging to the class Demospongiae.

Molluscs edit

Bivalves edit

Name	Species	Material
Unio	U. baileyi	A genus of medium-sized freshwater mussels in the family Unionidae (river mussels).
	U. felchi
	U. iroides
	U. knighti
	U. lapilloides
	U. macropisthus
	U. mammillaris
	U. nucalis
	U. stewardi
	U. s. utahensis
	U. toxonotus
	U. willistoni
Vetulonaia	V. faberi
	V. mayoworthensis
	V. whitei
Hadrodon	H. jurassicus
	H. lateralis
	H. trigonus

Gastropods edit

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Mesoneritina	M. morrisonensis
Amplovalvata	A. cyclostoma A. scabrida A. s. leesi A. ? reesidei
Viviparus	V. morrisonensis V. reesidei
Lioplacodes	L. jurassicus
Reesidella	R. gilloides R. jurassica
Liratina	L. jurassica
Tropidina	T. jurassica
"Pentagoniostoma"	"P." altispiratum
Amnicola	A. gilloides A. jurassica
Limnopsis	L. jurassica
Lymnaea	L. ativuncula L. consortis L. morrisonensis
Gyraulus	G. veternus

Arthropods edit

Crustaceans edit

Name	Species	Notes
Cyzicus	C. cf. tendaguruensis
Euestheris	E. sp.
Lioestheria	L. tendagurensis
	L. sp. A.
	L. sp. B.
Nestoria	N. krasinetzi
Darwinula	D. acuminata
Darwinula	D. cf. dakotensis
Cytheridea	C. atlantosaurica
Cushmanidea	C. marshi
Paracypris	Simplus
Cypris	C. purbeckensis
Candona	C. coloradensis
Candona	C. morrisonensis
Bisulcocypris	B. pahasapiens
Bisulcocypris	B. pustulosa
Metacypris	M. bradyi
	M. minnekahtensis
	M. whitei
Gomphocythere	G. sp.
Helmdachia	H. petersoni
	H. prima
	H. turneri
Trimiriasevia	T. guimarotensis
Dryelba	D. pustulosa
Theriosinoecum	T. wyomingense
Cypridea	C. acuticyatha
Rhinocypris	R. jurassica
Cetacella	C. armata	This genus is of uncertain placement.
	C. striata
	C. sp.
Trapezoidella	T. aff. rothi	Genus is of uncertain placement.
Cambaridae	cf. Cambaridae indet.

Insects edit

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Eopolis	E. ekdalei	Utah, Brushy Basin member	Nests produced by social insects.^[8]
Morrisonnepa^[9]	M. jurassica	Utah		A hemipteran belonging to the group Nepomorpha.
Parapleurites^[10]	P. morrisonensis	Colorado	a forewing.	A Locustopsid orthopteran
Tektonargus	T. kollaspilus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	Five specimens were reported in the original description of the ichnogenus.

Vertebrates edit

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Fish edit

Although the paleoclimate of the Morrison formation was semiarid with only seasonal rainfall, there were enough bodies of water to support a diverse ichthyofauna.^[11] Although abundant, fish remains are constrained to only certain locations within the formation, with microvertebrate sites in Wyoming especially being dominated by fish remains.^[11] Indeterminate remains of ray-finned fish have been recovered from Ninemile Hill and a microvertebrate site in the Black Hills.^[11] Morrison actinopterygians have been found in stratigraphic zones 2, 4, and 5, and generally have no close modern relatives.^[11] The Wyoming microvertebrate remains are extracted from the sediment by screenwashing.^[11] Paleoniscoid remains are geographically present in the western part of Colorado, where remains have been recovered from "a level above the Mygatt-Moore Quarry."^[11] Largely complete remains of small individuals have been consistently recovered for over 15 years.^[11] So far, Morrison pycnodontoids are represented by a single specimen from Dinosaur National Monument in Utah.^[12] Found in stratigraphic zone 4.^[13] Only a single specimen from Dinosaur National Monument in Utah has been recovered.^[12] Pycnodontoids were "deep-bodied and laterally compressed fish" whose tooth morphology suggest that they preyed on small contemporary invertebrates. They may have resembled modern butterfly fish.^[12] A single tooth is the only known remains.^[12] Dipnoan remains found at a fossil site not far from Cañon City, Colorado.^[11] Remains usually in a state of rather complete preservation.^[11] Halecostome remains are geographically present in the western part of Colorado, where remains have been recovered from "a level above the Mygatt-Moore Quarry."^[11] Largely complete remains of small individuals have been consistently recovered for over 15 years.^[11] Amiid remains found in stratigraphic zones 2, 3, and 4.^[13] Found at a fossil site not far from Cañon City, Colorado.^[11] Remains usually in a state of rather complete preservation.^[11]

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus^[14]	C. fossanovum^[11]			A lungfish genus whose members ranged from 1 to 2 m in length and weights of up to 79 pounds, with most Morrison lungfish being on the smaller end of that range.^[11] These species are believed to have had similar diets to extant lungfish like the physically similar modern genus Neoceratodus.^[11]	Ceratodus. Leptolepis.
	C. ?frazieri^[11]
	C. guentheri^[11]
	C. robustus^[11]
	Indeterminate.	Brushy Basin and Saltwash members		Represented by tooth plates.
Hulettia^[14]	H. hawesi^[15]	Colorado		A small fish of the division Halecostomi about 7.6 cm in length and 5g of live mass which probably preferred quiet water. Its fossils prominently preserve its thick interlocking scales.
cf. Leptolepis^[14]	N/A	Colorado^[15]	Known only from a single nearly complete skeleton found at Rabbit Valley.^[16] Found in stratigraphic zone 5.^[13]	A 13 cm (5 inch) fish that was deeper bodied than its co-occurring contemporaries Morrolepis and Hulettia.^[16] The Morrison cf. Leptolepis probably had a live mass of about 37g.^[16] It is the only teleost fish known from the formation and was morphologically more highly derived than other Morrison fish.^[16] It is believed to have fed on contemporary fish and small invertebrates.^[16]
Morrolepis^[14]	M. schaefferi^[17]	Colorado		A coccolepid "palaeoniscoid" with forward-set eyes positioned past the front end of the lower jaw. It had a tall dorsal fin set far back on the body and an asymmetrical caudal fin.^[17] Adult specimens would reach about 20 cm in length and 113 g (4 oz) in mass.^[17]
Potamoceratodus	P. guentheri	Colorado		Once thought to be a species of Ceratodus.

Amphibians edit

A modern frog from the same family as Rhadinosteus parvus, the rhinophrynidae.

Frogs are known from several sites in the Morrison Formation, but are not particularly well represented.^[18] The history of Morrison anuran discoveries began with the recovery of remains from Quarry 9 near Como Bluff, Wyoming. The new genus Eobatrachus was erected for some of these remains by O. C. Marsh, but the material was later considered non-diagnostic. Decades later another dubious anuran genus, Comobatrachus, was erected based on additional fragmentary remains. Despite the erection of multiple new names, only two frog species are currently recognised from the Morrison: Enneabatrachus hechti^[19] and Rhadinosteus parvus.^[20]

In addition to formally named taxa, indeterminate anuran remains have been recovered from Morrison strata in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, with the best specimens found in Dinosaur National Monument and Quarry 9.^[18] Stratigraphically speaking, indeterminate anurans have been found in stratigraphic zones 2 and 4.^[13] Indeterminate anurans with remains diagnostic down to the family level have also been reported from the Morrison, with pelobatids being represented by the illium of an unnamed and indeterminate species, which was recovered from Quarry 9.^[21] Pelobatids are present in stratigraphic zones 5 and 6.^[13]

Indeterminate salamander remains are present in stratigraphic zones 2, 4, and 5.^[13] A distinctive type of salamander known only as Caudata B is present in stratigraphic zone 6.^[13]

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Comobatrachus^[18]	C. aenigmaticus	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[18]	A partial right humerus.^[22]	A dubious genus of prehistoric frog erected by O. C. Marsh to house fragmentary remains recovered from Reed's Quarry 9 near Como Bluff Wyoming.^[18] Along with Eobatrachus it was among the earliest frog remains from the formation, although the two dubious genera were erected decades apart.^[18]
Comonecturoides^[23]	C. marshi^[23]	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[23]	Represented by a single femur.^[23]	Considered a nomen dubium because the name is based on non-distinctive remains which cannot be classified in detail.^[23]
Enneabatrachus^[14]	E. hechti^[19]	Utah and Wyoming^[24]^[19]		A small discoglossid frog whose live weight would have only been a few grams.^[19]
Eobatrachus^[18]	E. agilis	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[18]	A partial right humerus.^[22]	A dubious genus of prehistoric frog erected by O. C. Marsh to house fragmentary remains recovered from Reed's Quarry 9 near Como Bluff Wyoming.^[18] Along with Comobatrachus it was among the earliest frog remains from the formation, although the two dubious genera were erected decades apart.^[18]
Iridotriton^[14]	I. hechti	Utah, Brushy Basin^[25]^[25]	A partial skull and incomplete postcranial skeleton.^[25]	A basal salamandroid closely related to today's advanced salamanders.
Rhadinosteus^[14]	R. parvus^[20]	Utah	Known from several slabs of rock which contain multiple partial specimens in association.^[20]	A pipoid and possible rhinophrynid, Rhadinosteus parvus was only about 42 mm (1.6 inches) long in life.^[20]
Anura?	Indeterminate	Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado/Utah and Quarry 9, Wyoming.	multiple specimens?	(see text)
Pelobatidae?	Indeterminate	Stratigraphic zones 5 and 6		(see text)
Pelobatidae?	Indeterminate	Quarry 9, Wyoming	an illium	(see text)
Caudata?	Indeterminate	Stratigraphic zones 2, 4 and 5		(see text)
Caudata?	"B."	Stratigraphic zone 6		(see text)

Sphenodontians edit

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Eilenodon^[14]	E. robustus	Colorado	Several fragmentary skull, mandible, and tooth elements.	A herbivorous eilenodontine of relatively large size.
Opisthias^[14]	O. rarus	Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	Several skulls and partial skeletons.	A sphenodontian similar in appearance to the modern Tuatara
Opisthiamimus^[26]	O. gregori	Northern Wyoming, possibly west-central Colorado. Brushy Basin Member	Most of the skull and postcranium	A small-bodied eusphenodontian, and one of the most complete rhynchocephalian taxa yet known from North America.
Theretairus^[14]	T. antiquus	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A mandible.	A small sphenodontian.
Sphenodontia^[26]	Indeterminate	Dinosaur National Monument	A crushed partial skull (DINO 16454)	The specimen is undescribed. Although previously considered to have belonged to Opisthias or Theretairus, recent studies have doubted this referral, thus placing it as an indeterminate sphenodont.^[26]

Squamates edit

Numerous squamate remains have been found in the sediments of the Morrison Formation, most commonly at sites in Utah, Colorado and Wyoming. A number of taxa have been described, coming from three different groups: anguimorph and scincomorph lizards and early snakes.^[27]^[28]^[29] The first squamates to be reported from the Morrison Formation were Paramacellodus and Dorsetisaurus, which were described from Wyoming's Quarry 9 by Don Prothero and Richard Estes.^[27] Later remains would include Diablophis, originally described as a species of Parviraptor by Susan Evans in 1996^[30] but subsequently moved to the new genus Diablophis by Michael Caldwell et al. in 2015, with extra material also being reported from Utah's Cisco Mammal Quarry, and Schillerosaurus, originally described as "Schilleria" and reported from Dinosaur National Monument by Evans and Dan Chure in 1999.^[31] Two later additions to the Morrison's squamate assemblages are Eoscincus and Microteras, two scincomorph lizards found at Dinosaur National Monument and Como Bluff's Quarry 9, respectively. They were described by Chase Brownstein et al. in 2022.^[28] Indeterminate squamate remains have currently been described from Dinosaur National Monument.^[31]

The majority of modern-day scincomorph lizards are small insectivores that feed on a range of invertebrates.^[32] It is thought that their counterparts from the Morrison Formation would have occupied a similar niche due to their morphological similarities. Anguimorph lizards most likely hunted small vertebrates, and Diablophis is thought to have done so too. Prey items would have included the other squamates from the formation as well as its large diversity of small mammals. All squamates might have been prey for the larger predators of the Morrison Formation, including the abundant theropod dinosaurs and crocodilians.

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Diablophis^[29]	D. gilmorei	Fruita Palaeontological Area, Colorado and Cisco Mammal Quarry, Utah (Brushy Basin Member)	A broken right maxilla, broken right mandible and broken right dentary. Broken axis vertebrae, precloacal vertebrae, one caudal vertebra and a possible sacral vertebra have also been found. ^[29]	A basal snake.^[29] Originally described as a species of Parviraptor,^[14] subsequently moved to its own genus.^[29]
Dorsetisaurus^[14]	D. sp.	Quarry 9 at Como Bluff, Wyoming, Utah and Colorado (Brushy Basin Member)	Multiple dentaries. ^[27] ^[31]	An anguimorph lizard.
Eoscincus ^[28]	E. ornatus	Site 412 at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah (Brushy Basin Member)	The holotype specimen, DINO 14864, includes a complete rostrum and palate, a partial skull roof, and both mandibles.	A scincomorph lizard.
Helioscopos^[33]	H. dickersonae	Site 317 at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah (Brushy Basin Member)	The holotype specimen, DINO 15914, consists of a partial skull and mandibles, lacking the anterior snout.	A stem-gecko.
Microteras^[28]	M. borealis	Quarry 9 at Como Bluff, Wyoming (Brushy Basin Member)	The holotype specimen, YPM VP 4718, consists of an associated maxilla and braincase.	A scincomorph lizard.
Paramacellodus^[14]	P. sp.	Fruita Palaeontological Area & Rainbow Park, Colorado and Quarry 9 at Como Bluff, Wyoming (Brushy Basin Member)	Several jaws, two skulls, isolated jaw elements, osteoscutes and a small block bearing the posterior trunk vertebrae and hind limbs with a few ventral osteoscutes. Possibly a left prefrontal and postcranial material consisting of a scapulocoracoid, a trunk vertebra and multiple articulated bones consisting of a partial pelvis, seven caudal vertebrae and a nearly complete left hind limb.^[27] ^[31]	A small scincomorph lizard with blunt teeth.
Saurillodon^[14]	S. sp	Fruita Palaeontological Area, Colorado (Brushy Basin Member)		A scincomorph lizard whose remains have been found in Middle Jurassic strata in England and Scotland as well as Late Jurassic strata in Portugal in addition to the Morrison formation remains.^[34]
Schillerosaurus^[14] ^[35]	S. utahensis ^[36] ^[31]	Dinosaur National Monument, Utah (Brushy Basin Member)	Part and counterpart of a partial dissociated skeleton and a few limb bone fragments.^[31]	A small scincomorph lizard of otherwise uncertain evolutionary affinities.^[36] It is the only lizard genus endemic to the Morrison Formation.^[36]
Squamata^[31]	Indeterminate	Dinosaur National Monument, Utah (Brushy Basin Member)	Specimen DNM 14720, a disarticulated skeleton and DNM 14734, a fragmentary skeleton.^[37]	Squamates of uncertain affinities. Noted as distinct from Paramacellodus and Dorsetisaurus, of which remains have been found in the same quarry.^[31]

Testudines edit

Turtles (Testudines) are very common fossils in the Morrison, due to their bony shells. The most common were Glyptops plicatus (very common) and Dinochelys whitei (also common, but not as common as Glyptops). Also present were Dorsetochelys buzzops and Uluops uluops.

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Chelonipus		Colorado and Utah, Salt Wash member
Compsemys	C. plicatulus	Colorado
Dinochelys^[14]	D. whitei^[38]	Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[38]	Several shells and some postcranial material.^[38]
Dorsetochelys^[14]	D. buzzops
Glyptops^[14]	G. plicatulus^[38]	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[38]	Several shells, skulls, and partial skeletons.^[38]
	G. ornatus^[39]	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[39]^[38]	A skull.^[38]^[39]	Synonym of Glyptops plicatulus.^[38]
	G. utahensis^[40]	Utah, Brushy Basin member^[40]^[38]	A complete shell.^[40]	Synonym of Glyptops plicatulus.^[38]
Uluops^[14]	U. uluops	Como Bluff, Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[41]	A cranium.^[41]	Most basal Pleurosternid from the Morrison Formation.^[41]

Choristoderes edit

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Cteniogenys^[14]	C. antiquus	Colorado, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming		A champsosaur about 25 to 50 cm in length.

Crurotarsans edit

Crocodiles of a variety of sizes and habitats were common Morrison animals. Cursorial mesosuchians, or small terrestrial running crocs, included Hallopus victor and Fruitachampsa callisoni. More derived crocodilians included Diplosaurus ferox, Amphicotylus, Hoplosuchus kayi, and Macelognathus vagans.

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Images
Amphicotylus^[42]	A. gilmorei	Wyoming		Hallopus Hoplosuchus
	A. lucasii	Colorado
	A. milesi	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[43]	A nearly complete skeleton.^[43]
	A. stovalli	Oklahoma
Diplosaurus^[44]	D. felix	Colorado
Eutretauranosuchus^[14]	E. delfsi	Colorado and Wyoming
Fruitachampsa^[14]	F. callisoni	Colorado, Brushy Basin and Saltwash members
Hallopus^[14]	H. victor	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[45]	A partial skeleton including a fragmentary skull roof.^[45]
Hatcherichnus	H. sanjuanensis	Colorado and Utah
Hatcherichnus	H. sp.	Utah and Wyoming, Salt Wash member
Hoplosuchus^[14]	H. kayi	Arizona and Utah
Macelognathus^[14]	M. vagans	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[46]	A partial left mandible (type) and several fragmentary referred fossils.^[46]
Theriosuchus^[47]	T. morrisonensis	Wyoming	A nearly complete left mandible missing teeth.

Pterosaurs edit

Pterosaurs are very uncommon fossils in the Morrison, because the fragility of their thin walled bones often prevented their remains from being preserved.^[48] Despite being uncommon they are geographically widespread;^[49] indeterminate pterosaur remains have been found in stratigraphic zones 2 and 4-6.^[13] In addition to indeterminate remains, several species have been identified from both the rhamphorhynchoids (long-tailed pterosaurs) and pterodactyloids (short-tailed pterosaurs).^[48] Since the 1970s and 80s, pterosaur finds have become more common, but are still rare.^[48] Most Morrison pterosaurs have been found in marine and shoreline deposits.^[48] Pterosaur tracks have been found in both the Tidwell and Saltwash members.^[48] Morrison pterosaurs probably lived on fish, insects and scavenged dinosaur carcasses, or even foraged for prey, and actively hunted;^[48] they are fairly ecologically diverse, ranging from small hawking insectivore Mesadactylus to the raptorial Harpactognathus. While relatively few pterosaur genera are named from the Morrison Formation, fragmentary material that is not referrable to the genus level suggests the presence of dsungaripteroids, ctenochasmatids, dimorphodontids, and more tentatively wukongopterids and pteranodontians.^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Comodactylus^[14]	C. ostromi	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A metacarpal.	Nomen dubium
Dermodactylus^[14]	D. montanus	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A wing phalanx.	Nomen dubium
Harpactognathus^[14]	H. gentryii	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A partial snout.	A large rhamphorhynchid with a wingspan of about 2.5 m and live mass of about 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs).^[54] Harpactognathus was related to the Solnhofen genus Scaphognathus.^[54]
Kepodactylus^[14]	K. insperatus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	A partial postcranial skeleton.	A large pterodactyloid with a 2.5 m (8 foot) wingspan and a live weight of about 1.5 kg (3 lbs).^[55] Kepodactylus may be related to the Asian dsungaripteroid pterosaurs.^[55]
Laopteryx^[49]	L. priscus	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A braincase.	Nomen dubium initially misidentified as a bird.
Mesadactylus^[14]	M. ornithosphyos	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	A synsacrum.	Several specimens have been incorrectly referred to Mesadactylus.^[51]^[52]
Pteraichnus^[56]	P. saltwashensis'*	Arizona and Oklahoma, Saltwash member
Utahdactylus^[14]	U. kateae	Utah, Tidwell member	A fragmentary skeleton.	Previously thought to be an indeterminite diapsid, newer material suggests an affinity with ctenochasmatids.^[53]

Dinosaurs edit

Ornithischians edit

The herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs were diverse but not as common as sauropods in the Morrison. Fruitadens, previously known as the "Fruita Echinodon", was found to be a heterodontosaurid. Plate-backed stegosaurids included Hesperosaurus mjosi, Stegosaurus armatus, S. ungulatus, S. stenops, and Alcovasaurus longispinus. Armored dinosaurs that weren't stegosaurs were unknown in the formation until the 1990s. Two have been named: Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum and Mymoorapelta maysi. Ornithopods, bipedal herbivores, came in several types. Small "hypsilophodonts" included Drinker nisti, Laosaurus celer, "L." gracilis, Nanosaurus agilis, Othnielia rex, and Othnielosaurus consors (all of which are now synonymous with Nanosaurus). Larger but similar-looking dryosaurids were represented by Dryosaurus altus and the camptosaurid Uteodon aphanoecetes, which is currently known only from Dinosaur National Monument. Still larger was the more common Camptosaurus dispar. Dryosaurids and camptosaurids were early iguanodonts, a group that would later spawn the duck-billed dinosaurs.

Morrison ornithopod trace fossils are represented by three toed tracks which are generally small.^[57] The toes of Morrison ornithopod tracks are usually more widely splayed than the theropod tracks preserved in the formation.^[57] Stegosaur tracks were first recognized in 1996 from a hindprint-only trackway discovered at the Clevland-Lloyd quarry, which is located near Price, Utah.^[58] Two years later, a new ichnogenus called Stegopodus was erected for another set of stegosaur tracks which were found near Arches National Park, also in Utah.^[58] Unlike the first, this trackway preserved traces of the forefeet. Fossil remains indicate that stegosaurs have five digits on the forefeet and three weight-bearing digits on the hind feet.^[58] From this, scientists were able to successfully predict the appearance of stegosaur tracks in 1990, six years in advance of the first actual discovery of Morrison stegosaur tracks.^[58] Since the erection of Stegopodus, more trackways have been found, however none have preserved traces of the front feet, and stegosaur traces remain rare.^[58]

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Camptosaurus^[14]	C. amplus^[59]	WY^[59]^[60]			Now known to be based on a theropod foot.^[61]	Camptosaurus dispar Dryosaurus Nanosaurus
	C. aphanoecetes^[62]	UT^[62]	Brushy Basin^[62]		Reclassified as Uteodon.
	C. browni^[63]				Junior synonym of C. dispar.^[64]
	C. dispar^[65]^[66]	CO^[67] OK^[68] UT^[65] WY^[60]		"[Twenty-five to thirty] disarticulated skull elements, some with associated postcrania, approximately [ten] partial, articulated skeletons, juvenile to adult."^[69]	A member of Camptosauridae. Junior synonyms include Camptosaurus browni, C. medius, and C. nanus.
	C. medius^[63]				Junior synonym of C. dispar.^[64]
	C. nanus^[63]				Junior synonym of C. dispar.^[64]
Drinker^[14]^[70]	D. nisti^[70]	WY^[60]^[71]		"Partial skull and postcranial skeleton."^[72]	A basal neornithischian about 2 m long, slightly smaller than Othnielosaurus.^[70] Junior synonym of Nanosaurus agilis^[73]
Dryosaurus^[14]	D. altus^[65]	CO^[67]^[74] WY^[60]^[75]	Brushy Basin^[76]	The remains of many individuals have been uncovered, with some sites containing hundreds of bones from Dryosaurus of multiple age groups.^[74]	A large dryosaurid iguanodont up to 2.4 m (7.9 feet) long and 114 kg (251 lbs) in weight. It was physically similar to Othnielosaurus, although larger and with more derived teeth.^[75]
Dryosaurus^[14]	D. elderae^[73]	UT^[65]	Brushy Basin^[76]	A 2 partial skeletons, one a juvenile, and 2 additional fragmentary specimens.	A large dryosaurid iguanodont up to 2.4 m (7.9 feet) long and 114 kg (251 lbs) in weight. It was physically similar to Othnielosaurus, although larger and with more derived teeth.^[75]
"Laosaurus"	L. altus				Now known as Dryosaurus altus
	L. celer	WY^[60]			Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.
	L. consors				Now known as Othnielosaurus consors
	"L. gracilis"				Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.
Nanosaurus	N. agilis	CO^[67]	Brushy Basin^[52]		A small basal Neornithischian known from dozens of individuals.^[73] The holotype, YPM VP 1913, is a fragmentary skeleton from a juvenile.^[73]
Othnielia	O. rex^[41]	CO^[67]	Brushy Basin^[52]	Based on an isolated femur.^[41]	A small neornithischian 2 m in length. Dubious; many remains historically assigned to this taxon are now place within Nanosaurus.
Othnielosaurus^[14]	O. consors	UT^[65] WY^[60]			A basal neornithischian about 2 m long. Junior synonym of Nanosaurus agilis^[73]
Tichosteus	T. aequifacies	CO^[67]		"Vertebrae."^[77]
Tichosteus	T. lucasanus	CO^[67]		"Vertebra."^[77]
Uteodon	U. aphanoecetes^[62]	UT^[62]	Brushy Basin^[62]
Gargoyleosaurus^[14]	G. parkpinorum^[78]	WY^[60]		"Skull [and] partial postcranium."^[79]	A polacanthine nodosaur known from reasonably complete fossil remains. Its skull measures 29 centimeters (11 in) in length, and its total body length is an estimated 3 to 4 meters (9.8 to 13.1 ft.). It may have weighed as much as 1 tonne (2,200 lb.).^[78]	Hesperosaurus Stegosaurus armatus Stegosaurus stenops Stegosaurus ungulatus
Hesperosaurus^[14]	H. mjosi^[80]	WY^[60]		"Complete skeleton with skull, subadult."^[81] Known only from a single specimen.^[80]	A stegosaurine stegosaurid that was slightly smaller and more primitive than Stegosaurus itself. H. mjosi had a broader skull and longer, lower plates. Considered by some to be a species of Stegosaurus^[39]
Miragaia	M. longispinus	WY^[60]	Brushy Basin^[53]	"Fragmentary postcranial skeleton, adult."^[82]	A dacentrurinae stegosaurid physically similar to Stegosaurus stenops but with much larger tail spines.^[83] It is also similar to Kentrosaurus in having long dermal spikes on the caudal region.^[53] The thighbone length was determined at 1082 millimeters. The longest spike was 86 centimeters long. Its point was broken and it is estimated the original length of the bone core at 985 millimeters. In 2019, the genus Alcovasaurus was considered a junior synonym of Miragaia^[84]
Mymoorapelta^[14]	M. maysi^[67]	CO^[67]	Brushy Basin	"Skull fragments, portions of [three] skeletons, [and] other postcrania."^[85]	Both the first ankylosaur discovered in the formation and the first known North American Jurassic ankylosaur.^[86] It probably weighed 500 kg (1,102 lbs) in life.^[86]
Stegosaurus^[14]	S. armatus^[65]	CO^[67]	Brushy Basin^[40]	Several caudal vertebrae and assorted fragmentary postcranial elements.^[40]	S. armatus is both the first Stegosaurus to be discovered and the type species.^[87] Its type specimen is poorly preserved, incomplete, and lacks diagnostic features.^[40] It has been considered dubious, with S. stenops as the neotype species for the genus.^[40]
	S. stenops^[65]	CO^[67] UT^[65] WY^[60]	Brushy Basin^[88]	"[Two] complete skeletons with skulls, [four] braincases, at least [fifty] partial postcrania, juvenile to adult."^[82]	The best known Stegosaurus species, it has shorter limbs and larger plates than S. ungulatus.^[89]
	S. sulcatus^[65]	WY^[90]		Several postcranial elements, including a possible shoulder spike.^[40]	Often considered synonymous with S. stenops,^[91] it may be distinct. Potentially has a shoulder spike, otherwise unknown in Stegosaurus, despite presence in relatives.^[40]
	S. ungulatus^[65]	WY^[60]		Several partial skeletons, including a partial braincase.^[40]	S. ungulatus had longer limbs and comparatively smaller plates than the better known S. stenops.^[92] Although formerly portrayed with eight tail spikes, it is now known to have had the typical four.^[93] Possibly synonymous with S. stenops.^[39]
	Indeterminate.^[94]	NM^[94] OK^[68]
Fruitadens^[95]	F. haagarorum^[95]	CO^[96]	Brushy Basin^[96]	A partial skull and mandible with several postcranial elements.^[97]		Fruitadens

Sauropods edit

Sauropods, the giant long-necked long-tailed four-legged herbivorous dinosaurs, are among the most common and famous Morrison fossils. A few have uncertain relationships, like "Apatosaurus" minimus (possibly a basal titanosauriform) and Haplocanthosaurus. Sauropods including Haplocanthosaurus priscus, H. delfsi, and the diplodocid Eobrontosaurus appeared in the early stages of the Morrison. The middle stages were dominated by familiar forms such as the Giraffe-like Brachiosaurus altithorax, which were uncommon, but related camarasaurids, like Camarasaurus supremus, C. grandis, C. lentus, and Cathetosaurus, were very common. Also common were long, low diplodocids, like Apatosaurus ajax, A. louisae, Brontosaurus excelsus, B. parvus, Barosaurus lentus, Diplodocus longus, D. carnegii, Galeamopus and Dyslocosaurus polyonychius.

By the late Morrison, gigantic diplodocids (or likely diplodocids) had appeared, including Diplodocus hallorum (formerly Seismosaurus), Supersaurus vivianae, Amphicoelias altus, and M. fragilimus. Smaller sauropods, such as Suuwassea emiliae from Montana, tend to be found in the northern reaches of the Morrison, near the shores of the ancient Sundance Sea, suggesting ecological niches favoring smaller body size there compared with the giants found further south.^[98]

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Haplocanthosaurus^[14]	H. delfsi^[67]	Colorado^[67]	Partial skeleton lacking a skull.^[99]	Small haplocanthosaurs of indeterminate classification, ranging about 14 m (46 ft) long.	Lost type vertebra of Maraapunisaurus fragillimus next to Edward D. Cope. Haplocanthosaurus Amphicoelias altus Apatosaurus louisae Brontosaurus excelsus Barosaurus Diplodocus carnegii Diplodocus hallorum Galeamopus Kaatedocus Supersaurus
Haplocanthosaurus^[14]	H. priscus^[67]	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[67]^[60]	Two skulless partial skeletons.^[99]
Maraapunisaurus^[100]	M. fragillimus^[67]	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[67]	A single, now lost, dorsal neural arch.^[100]	Large rebbachisaurid. Based on a single lost neural arch 1.5 m (5 ft) tall.^[100]
Dyslocosaurus	D. polyonychius	Wyoming^[10]	A fragmentary forelimb and partial hindlimbs.	Phylogenetic placement is uncertain.^[10]
Smitanosaurus^[101]	S. agilis^[67]^[101]	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[67]	"Partial skull and cervicals."^[102]	A dicraeosaurid sauropod. Originally described as "Morosaurus" agilis.^[101]
Suuwassea^[14]	S. emilieae	Montana, Brushy Basin member^[103]	A partial skull and some postcrania.^[98]	A dicraeosaurid about 15m in length.
Amphicoelias	A. altus^[67]	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[67]	2 dorsal vertebrae, femur, and a pubis.^[104]	Large diplodocids about 25 m (82 ft) in length.^[105]
Apatosaurus^[14]	A. ajax^[67]	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[67]	A partial postcranial skeleton and posterior skull.^[10]	Robust and abundantly wide-spread apatosaurine diplodocids reaching lengths of up to 25 m (82 ft).^[106] "A." minimus likely belongs to a separate genus.
	A. louisae^[65]	Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin member^[65]	Four partial specimens, one of them including a skull.^[10] Three of the specimens are from DNM, one is a mid cervical from Como Bluff.^[10]
	"A." minimus	Wyoming^[60]	"Sacrum and pelvis."^[102]
Atlantosaurus	A. montanus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[41]	A partial sacrum that cannot be distinguished from Camarasaurus or Apatosaurus.^[43]	Dubious neosauropod.^[43]
Brontosaurus	B. excelsus	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[10]^[107]	Two postcranial skeletons.^[10]	Previously considered a species of Apatosaurus as per Riggs (1903).
	B. parvus	Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members	Three headless skeletons.^[10]	Originally called Elosaurus.
	B. yahnahpin^[10]	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A partial postcranial skeleton.^[10]	An apatosaurine diplodocid slightly more primitive than Apatosaurus. Formerly placed in separate genus Eobrontosaurus.
Barosaurus^[14]	B. lentus^[65]	South Dakota and Utah^[108]^[65]	2 partial postcranial skeletons, with possibly more specimens assignable.^[10]	A diplodocid about 24 m (79 ft) in length, similar in appearance to Diplodocus.It was the rarest sauropod in the Morrison Formation.^[109]
Barosaurus^[14]	B. sp	Wyoming, Utah and Oklahoma
Diplodocus^[14]	D. carnegii^[65]	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[60]^[110]	Known from two skulls, five partial skeletons that lack skulls and manus, and hundreds of isolated postcranial remains.^[111]	Large diplodocids reaching lengths of up to 28 m (92 ft). It was one of the most abundant sauropods in the area.^[112]
	D. hallorum	New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members^[94]	At least 4 partial postcranial skeletons^[10]	Once classified as Seismosaurus.^[113]^[114]^[115]^[116]
	D. lacustris^[67]	Colorado^[67]	Known from teeth and skull remains, the latter now referred to Camarasaurus.^[10] Teeth cannot be referred beyond Flagellicaudata.^[10]
	D. longus^[65]	Colorado^[67]	Several caudal vertebrae.^[117]
Galeamopus	G. hayi	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[60]^[10]	Known from a partial skeleton and braincase.^[111]
Galeamopus	G. pabsti	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A skull and partial postcranial skeleton, another individual known from partial skull.^[10]
Kaatedocus^[118]	K. siberi	Wyoming, Salt Wash member^[118]	Skull and cervical vertebrae.^[118]
Supersaurus^[14]^[67]	S. vivianae^[67]	Colorado and Wyoming	Known from several partial postcranial skeletons.^[104]	A large diplodocid about 33–34 m 108–111 ft) in length
Brachiosaurus^[14]	B. altithorax^[14]	Colorado, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members^[67]	Several partial skeletons and a partial skull.	A large brachiosaurid about 26 m (85 ft) long.	Brachiosaurus Camarasaurus supremus
Camarasaurus^[14]	C. annae^[65]	Utah, Brushy Basin member^[65]	A dorsal vertebra.	Camarasaurs reached an adult size of about 18 m (60 ft) in length.^[119] C. annae junior synonym of C. lentus. C. lewisi was originally described as Cathetosarus lewisi and was later sunk into Camarasaurus, until being considered valid once again in 2013. C. lewisi has been considered a seperate species (Cathetosaurus), and might still be a genus distinct from Camarasaurus.^[120]
	C. grandis^[67]	Colorado, Montana and Wyoming^[67]^[121]^[60]	"At least 6 partial skeletons including 2 skulls, hundreds of postcranial elements."^[99]
	C. lentus^[65]	Utah and Wyoming^[65]^[60]	"5 skeletons with skulls, hundreds of postcranial elements"^[99]
	C. lewisi^[67]	Colorado^[67]	"Nearly complete postcranial skeleton."^[99]
	C. supremus^[67]	Colorado and Oklahoma(?), Brushy Basin member^[67]^[22]	At least 4 partial skeletons including partial skulls. Many possible postcranial remains from Oklahoma.^[22]
	Indeterminate.	Oklahoma, South Dakota and Texas^[68]^[108]^[122]
Dystrophaeus	D. viaemalae^[9]	Utah, Tidwell member^[9]	Multiple vertebrae, teeth and incomplete forelimb material.^[9]	Previously recovered as a diplodocid, now recovered as a macronarian^[9] Type material fragmentary, but recent rediscovery of type locality has discovered more material.^[123]

Theropods edit

Theropod dinosaurs, the carnivorous dinosaurs, came in several different types. The less derived types, the ceratosaurs and megalosaurids, included Ceratosaurus nasicornis, C. dentisulcatus, C. magnicornis, Elaphrosaurus sp., and the megalosaur Torvosaurus tanneri (including Edmarka rex). Allosaurids included the common Allosaurus fragilis (including Epanterias amplexus), Allosaurus new species, A. lucasi, and giant Saurophaganax maximus (potentially included in Allosaurus?). Also a recently discovered dinosaur has turned out to be a new species, not Allosaurus. It's a proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid.

Indeterminate theropod remains have been recovered in Utah. Indeterminate theropod tracks have been recovered from both Utah and Arizona.^[124]

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Allosaurus^[14]	A. fragilis^[65]	Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[67]^[94]^[68]^[108]^[60]^[125]	"At least [three] complete skulls, many partial skulls and skull elements, many partial and complete skeletons representing at least 60 individuals."^[126] It was the most common large carnivore in the area.^[127]^[128]^[38]		Allosaurus fragilis Saurophaganax maximus Hesperornithoides Ornitholestes Stokesosaurus Tanycolagreus Marshosaurus Torvosaurus tanneri
Allosaurus^[14]	A. jimmadseni^[129]	Wyoming and Utah, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members^[125]^[38]	At least 15 specimens, including several skulls.
Antrodemus	A. valens	Colorado^[45]	Half of a proximal caudal centrum	Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.^[46]
Creosaurus	C. atrox	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[130]	A fragmentary skull and assorted postcrania.^[130]	Considered a junior synonym of Allosaurus.
Epanterias	E. amplexus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[25]	Several fragmentary postcranial elements of 2 individuals,^[131] possible additional remains known from Wyoming.^[132]	Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.^[25]
Labrosaurus	L. lucaris	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[45]	A fragmentary skull and several postcranial elements.^[46]^[45]	Junior synonym of A. fragilis.^[45]
Labrosaurus	L. ferox	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[45]	A partial skull, dentaries, and fragmentary postcrania.^[133]^[45]	Known from one specimen with several pathologies. Today considered a junior synonym of A. fragilis.^[45]
Saurophaganax^[14]^[68]	S. maximus^[68]	Oklahoma, Brushy Basin member^[68]^[51]^[45]	Several partial postcranial skeletons and fragmentary skull material.^[45]^[51]^[125]	Generally considered to be its own genus. Sometimes considered to be a species of Allosaurus.^[134]^[135]
Coelurus^[14]	C. fragilis^[65]	Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[65]^[60]	"Postcranial skeleton."^[136]	A basal coelurosaurian about 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long.
Coelurus^[14]	Indeterminate.^[67]	Colorado^[67]		A basal coelurosaurian about 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long.
Hesperornithoides^[137]	H. miessleri	Wyoming		An early troodontid.
Koparion^[14]	K. douglassi^[65]	Utah^[65]		A small theropod thought to be one of the oldest known troodontids.
Palaeopteryx^[67]	P. thomsoni^[67]	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[67]	A distal radius
Ornitholestes^[14]	O. hermanni^[65]	Utah and Wyoming^[65]^[60]	"Skull and associated postcranial skeleton."^[136]	A small basal coelurosaurian about 2 m (6.5 ft) long.
Stokesosaurus^[14]	S. clevelandi^[65]	Utah^[65]	"Illium, associated elements and pelvic cranial material. [sic]"^[138]	A possible early tyrannosauroid about 4 m (13 ft) in length.
Tanycolagreus^[14]	T. topwilsoni	Utah		A basal coelurosaurian about 3.4 m (11.3 ft) long, similar in appearance to Coelurus.
Edmarka^[14]	E. rex^[60]	Wyoming^[60]		Junior synonym of Torvosaurus tanneri.
Marshosaurus^[14]	M. bicentesimus^[65]	Colorado and Utah^[67]^[65]	Partial skeleton, including part of a skull.^[139]	A medium-sized piatnitzkysaurid megalosauroid about 6 m (20 ft) in length.
Torvosaurus^[14]	T. tanneri^[65]	Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[67]^[65]^[60]	"Partial skeletons of at least [three] individuals."^[140]	A large, robust megalosaurid reaching lengths of up to 11 m (35 ft). One of the largest carnivores of the formation.

Ceratosaurs edit

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratosaurus^[14]	C. dentisulcatus^[65]	Utah^[65]	"Partial skull, vertebrae, [and] limb elements."^[141]	Large ceratosaurs grew to lengths of about 6–7 meters (20–23 ft.) in length with large nasal horns on their snouts as well as two smaller horns above the eyes.	Ceratosaurus nasicornis Fosterovenator
	C. magnicornis^[67]	Colorado^[67]	"Skull [and] assorted postcrania."^[141]
	C. nasicornis^[67]	Colorado and Utah^[67]^[65]	Remains of "5 individuals, including [a] nearly complete adult skeleton and subadult skeleton."^[141]
	Indeterminate.^[60]	Wyoming^[60]
Ceratosauria^[14]	Indeterminate.^[67]	Colorado^[67]		Previously referred to Elaphrosaurus,^[142]^[143]^[144] these remains are probably not referable to that genus and are best considered indeterminate beyond Ceratosauria.^[145]
Elaphrosaurus	Intermediate^[67]	Colorado^[67]		Now thought to be intermediate beyond Ceratosauria.
Fosterovenator^[146]	F. churei^[146]	Wyoming^[146]	Tibia, astragalus, fibula.^[146]	A fragmentary theropod which may be a ceratosaurid.

Mammaliaforms edit

Many types of mammaliaform cynodonts, mostly early mammals, are known from the Morrison; almost all of them were small sized animals, though occupying a very large variety of ecological niches, from the more rodent-like multituberculates to the carnivorous eutriconodonts (including the possibly volant Triconolestes) to the anteater-like Fruitafossor. Unclassified types include the digger Fruitafossor windscheffelia. Docodonts included the common genus Docodon, represented by D. victor, D. striatus, and D. superbus, and Peraiocynodon sp. Multituberculates, a common type of early mammal, were represented by Ctenacodon serratus, C. laticeps, C. scindens, Glirodon grandis, Morrisonodon brentbaatar, Psalodon fortis, ?P. marshi, P. potens, and Zofiabaatar pulcher. Triconodonts present included Amphidon superstes, Aploconodon comoensis, Conodon gidleyi, Priacodon ferox, P. fruitaensis, P. gradaevus, P. lulli, P. robustus, Triconolestes curvicuspis, and Trioracodon bisulcus.

Tinodontids were represented by Eurylambia aequicrurius (probably Tinodon), and Tinodon bellus (including T. lepidus). Finally, two families of Dryolestoidea were present: Paurodontidae, including Comotherium richi, Euthlastus cordiformis, Paurodon valens, and Tathiodon agilis; and Dryolestidae, including Amblotherium gracilis, Dryolestes obtusus (common genus), D. priscus, D. vorax, Laolestes eminens, L. grandis, and Miccylotyrans minimus.

In 2009, a study by J. R. Foster was published which estimated the body masses of mammals from the Morrison Formation by using the ratio of dentary length to body mass of modern marsupials as a reference. Foster concludes that Docodon was the most massive mammaliaform genus of the formation at 141g and Fruitafossor was the least massive at 6g. The average Morrison mammal had a mass of 48.5g. A graph of the body mass distribution of Morrison mammal genera produced a right-skewed curve, meaning that there were more low-mass genera.^[147]

Tinodontids edit

Name	Species	Locality	Notes
Eurylambia	E. aequicrurius	Wyoming	A tinodontid similar in appearance to Tinodon.
Tinodon^[14]	T. bellus	Wyoming	Tinodontids.
Tinodon^[14]	T. lepidus	Wyoming	Tinodontids.

Eutriconodonts edit

Name	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Amphidon^[14]	A. superstes	Wyoming		A small amphidontid.
Aploconodon^[14]	A. comoensis	Wyoming		An amphilestid eutriconodont.
Comodon^[14]	C. gidleyi	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A mandible.	An amphilestid eutriconodont slightly larger in size than Aploconodon.
Phascalodon	P. gidleyi	Wyoming
Triconolestes^[14]	T. curvicuspis	Utah		A volaticotherian eutriconodont.
Trioracodon^[14]	T. bisulcus	Wyoming		A triconodontid eutriconodont similar to Priacodon.

Multituberculates edit

Name	Species	Locality
Ctenacodon^[14]	C. laticeps	Wyoming
	C. scindens
	C. serratus	Wyoming
Glirodon^[14]	G. grandis	Colorado and Utah
Morrisonodon	M. brentbaatar	Wyoming
Priacodon^[14]	P. ferox	Wyoming
	P. fruitaensis	Colorado
	P. grandaevus	Wyoming
	P. lulli	Wyoming
	P. robustus	Wyoming
Psalodon^[14]	P. fortis
	P. marshi
	P. potens
Zofiabaatar^[14]	Z. pulcher	Wyoming

Others edit

Name	Species	Locality	Images
Cifellilestes^[148]	C. ciscoensis^[148]	Utah, Brushy Basin Member	Fruitafossor
Docodon^[14]	D. victor^[149]
Fruitafossor^[14]	F. windscheffeli	Colorado

Dryolestoids edit

Name	Species	Locality	Notes
Amblotherium^[14]	A. gracilis	Colorado	A small Dryolestid dryolestoid.
Amblotherium^[14]	A. megistodon^[150]	Wyoming	A small Dryolestid dryolestoid.
Araeodon^[14]	A. intermissus	Utah and Wyoming	A paurodontid dryolestoid, somewhat smaller than Archaeotrigon and Paurodon. Considered to be a junior synonym of Paurodon valens by Averianov and Martin (2015).^[151]
Archaeotrigon^[14]	A. brevimaxillus	Wyoming	Paurodontid dryolestoids similar in appearance to Paurodon. Both species were considered to be junior synonyms of Paurodon valens by Averianov and Martin (2015).^[151]
Archaeotrigon^[14]	A. distagmus
Comotherium^[14]	C. richi	Wyoming	A paurodontid dryolestoid.
Dryolestes^[14]	D. obtusus		Dryolestid dryolestoids.
	D. priscus	Wyoming
	D. tenax
Euthlastus^[14]	E. cordiformis	Wyoming	A paurodontid dryolestoid.
Foxraptor^[14]	F. atrox	Wyoming	A paurodontid dryolestoid similar in size to Paurodon. Considered to be a junior synonym of Paurodon valens by Averianov and Martin (2015).^[151]
Herpetairus	H.
Kepolestes	K.	Colorado
Laolestes^[14]	L. eminens		Common Dryolestid dryolestoids.
Laolestes^[14]	L. grandis		Common Dryolestid dryolestoids.
Malthacolestes	M.
Melanodon	M.
Miccylotyrans	M. minimus		A Dryolestid dryolestoid.
Paurodon^[14]	P. valens	Wyoming	A paurodontid dryolestoid.
Pelicopsis	P. dubius	Wyoming	A paurodontid dryolestoid. Considered to be a junior synonym of Paurodon valens by Averianov and Martin (2015).^[151]
Tathiodon^[14]	T. agilis	Wyoming	A paurodontid dryolestoid.

Removed rows edit

Genus	Species	State	Member	Material	Notes
Anomoepus		CO^[57]			Morrison Anomoepus lack the handprint impressions found associated with earlier instances of the ichnogenus in New England.^[57]
Dinehichnus^[57]		UT^[57]	Saltwash^[57]	Multiple Dinehichnus trackways have been discovered. The tracks run parallel to one another, indicating that the trackmaker was at least somewhat of a social animal.^[57]	Dinehichnus are attributed to dryosaurids. The tracks preserve feet characterized by widely splayed toes and that are rotated somewhat toward the midline of the trackmaker's body. Each track is accompanied by "distinct ... heel impressions".^[57]
Preprismatoolithus^[152]	P. coloradensis^[152]	CO^[152]	Salt Wash^[152]	Eggshell present in great abundance at the so-called "Young Egg Locality" which seems to have been a dinosaur nesting ground.^[152] Congeneric eggshell fossils are found at additional Colorado sites including the Fruita Paleontological Area, the Uravan Locality and Garden Park.^[152]	P. coloradensis is described by John Foster as being "of the prismatic basic type,"^[152] with subspherical eggs about 10 cm (4 inches) in diameter.^[153] This oospecies has been attributed to "hypsilophodontid" dinosaurs, although a lack of associated embryo material currently makes confirming the egg-layer's identity impossible.^[152]
Anomoepus
Stegopodus^[58]		UT^[58]		Stegopodus represent only a portion of the Morrison's stegosaur tracks, which are already rare and generally only preserve the animal's hind feet.^[58]	Stegosaur tracks which record front feet with five digits and hind feet with three weight-bearing digits.^[58] The general morphology of the tracks fit scientific predictions made eight years in advance of the erection of Stegopodus.^[58]
Anomoepus
Parabrontopodus
Brontopodus

Footnotes edit

^ Raymond E. Peck (1937). "Morrison Charophyta from Wyoming". Journal of Paleontology. 11: 83–90.
^ ^a ^b Gorman, M.; Miller, I.; Pardo, J.; Small, B. (2008). "Plants, fish, turtles, and insects from the Morrison Formation: A Late Jurassic ecosystem near Cañon City, Colorado". Geology of the Intermountain West. doi:10.1130/2008.fld010(15).
^ ^a ^b Tidwell, W.D.; Connely, M.; Britt, B.B. (2006). "A flora from the base of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation near Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bullletin. 36: 171–181.
^ Foster, J.R.; et al. (2018). "Paleontology, taphonomy, and sedimentology of the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, a large dinosaur bonebed in the Morrison Formation, western Colorado—Implications for Upper Jurassic dinosaur preservation modes". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 24–93. doi:10.31711/giw.v5.pp23-93.
^ Steven R. Manchester; Xiaoqing Zhang; Carol L. Hotton; Scott Wing; Peter R. Crane (2022). "Two-seeded cones of probable gnetalean affinity from the Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic) of Utah and Colorado, USA". Acta Palaeobotanica. 62 (2): 77–92. doi:10.35535/acpa-2022-0006.
^ Steven R. Manchester; Xiaoqing Zhang; Carol L. Hotton; Scott Wing; Peter R. Crane (2021). "Distinctive quadrangular seed-bearing structures of gnetalean affinity from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah, USA". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (4): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1968522. S2CID 239021014.
^ Stan P. Dunagan (1999). "A North American freshwater sponge (Eospongilla morrisonensis new genus and species) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Colorado". Journal of Paleontology, Cambridge University Press. 73 (3): 389–393. doi:10.1017/S0022336000027906.
^ Elliott Armour Smith; Mark A. Loewen; James I. Kirkland (2020). "New social insect nests from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah". Geology of the Intermountain West. 7: 281–299. doi:10.31711/giw.v7.pp281-299.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e María B. Lara; John R. Foster; James I. Kirkland; Thomas F. Howells (2020). "First fossil true water bugs (Heteroptera, Nepomorpha) from Upper Jurassic strata of North America (Morrison Formation, southeastern Utah)". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (10): 1996–2004. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1755283. S2CID 219470267. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q D. M. Smith, M. A. Gorman, J. D. Pardo and B. J. Small. 2011. First fossil Orthoptera from the Jurassic of North America. Journal of Paleontology 85(1):102-105 Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Foster, J. (2007). "The Forgotten Aquatic Denizens: The Fish." pp. 129-131.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Foster, J. (2007). "Pycnodontoidea." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 135.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce Foster, J. (2007). "Table 2.1: Fossil Vertebrates of the Morrison Formation." pp. 58-59. Cite error: The named reference "vert-table" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Foster, J. (2007). "Hulettia hawesi." p. 132-134.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Foster, J. (2007). "cf. Leptolepis." p. 135.
^ ^a ^b ^c Foster, J. (2007). "Morrolepis schaefferi." pp. 131-132.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Foster, J. (2007). "Anura (Frogs)." pp. 135-136.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Foster, J. (2007). "Enneabatrachus hechti" p. 137.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Foster, J. (2007). "Rhadinosteus parvus." p. 137.
^ Foster, J. (2007). "Pelobatidae indet." p. 137.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Evans, S. E. and Milner, A. R. (1993). Frogs and salamanders from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (Quarry Nine, Como Bluff) of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13(1):24-30 Cite error: The named reference ":2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Foster, J. (2007). "Caudata (Salamanders)" p. 138.
^ Foster, J. (2007). "Enneabatrachus hechti" p. 137. Note that Dinosaur National Monument is in Utah, see ibid. pg. 6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Evans, S. E., Lally, C., Chure, D. C., Elder, A., & Maisano, J. A. (2005). A late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison formation of north America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143(4), 599-616. Cite error: The named reference ":10" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c DeMar Jr, D. G.; Jones, M. E. H.; Carrano, M. T. (2022). "A nearly complete skeleton of a new eusphenodontian from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA, provides insight into the evolution and diversity of Rhynchocephalia (Reptilia: Lepidosauria)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 1–65. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2093139. PMID 2093139.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Prothero, D. R.; Estes, R. (1980). "Late Jurassic lizards from Como Bluff, Wyoming and their palaeobiogeographic significance". Nature. 286: 484–486. doi:10.1038/286484a0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brownstein, C. D.; Meyer, D. L.; Fabbri, M.; Bhullar, B. S.; Gauthier, J. A. (2022). "Evolutionary origins of the prolonged extant squamate radiation". Nature Communications. 13 (7087): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34217-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Caldwell, M. W.; Nydam, R. L.; Palci, A.; Apesteguía, S. N. (2015). "The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution". Nature Communications. 6: 1–11. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.5996C. doi:10.1038/ncomms6996. PMID 25625704.
^ Evans, S.E. (1996). "Parviraptor (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and Other Lizards from the Morrison Formation at Fruita, Colorado". The Continental Jurassic. 60: 243–248.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Evans, S. E.; Chure, D. J. (1999). "Upper Jurassic lizards from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah". Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Miscellaneous Publications of the Utah Geological Survey. 99 (1): 151–159.
^ Benton, M. J. (2015). Vertebrate palaeontology (4th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. ISBN 978-1-118-40764-6. OCLC 867852756.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Meyer, Dalton; Brownstein, Chase D.; Jenkins, Kelsey M.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2023-11-29). "A Morrison stem gekkotan reveals gecko evolution and Jurassic biogeography". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (2011). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2284. ISSN 0962-8452.
^ Foster, J. (2007). "Saurillodon sp." p. 145.
^ Randall L. Lydam, Daniel J. Chure and Susan E. Evans (2013). "Schillerosaurus gen. nov., a replacement name for the lizard genus Schilleria Evans and Chure, 1999 a junior homonym of Schilleria Dahl, 1907" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3734 (1): 99–100. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3736.1.6. PMID 25112616.
^ ^a ^b ^c Foster, J. (2007). "Schilleria utahensis" p. 145.
^ Evans, Susan E.; Chure, Daniel J. (1998). "Morrison Lizards: structure, relationships and biogeography". Modern Geology. 23: 35–48.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Gaffney, E. S. (1979). The Jurassic turtles of North America. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 162, article 3. Cite error: The named reference ":3" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Marsh, Othniel Charles (1890-08-01). "Notice of some extinct Testudinata". American Journal of Science. s3-40 (236): 177–179. Bibcode:1890AmJS...40..177M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-40.236.177. ISSN 0002-9599. S2CID 130897765. Cite error: The named reference ":4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gilmore, C. (1912). Description of a new species of tortoise from the Jurassic of Utah. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 10:7–12. Cite error: The named reference ":5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rollot, Yann; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Joyce, Walter G. (2021-10-06). "A redescription of the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) turtle Uluops uluops and a new phylogenetic hypothesis of Paracryptodira". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 140 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s13358-021-00234-y. ISSN 1664-2384. PMC 8550081. PMID 34721284.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Cite error: The named reference ":6" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Pritchard, A. C.; Turner, A. H.; Allen, E. R.; Norell, M. A. (2013). "Osteology of a North American Goniopholidid (Eutretauranosuchus delfsi) and Palate Evolution in Neosuchia". American Museum Novitates 3783 (3783): 1. doi:10.1206/3783.2. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Yoshida, Junki; Hori, Atsushi; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Ryan, Michael J.; Takakuwa, Yuji; Hasegawa, Yoshikazu. "A new goniopholidid from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA: novel insight into aquatic adaptation toward modern crocodylians". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (12): 210320. doi:10.1098/rsos.210320. PMC 8652276. PMID 34909210. Cite error: The named reference ":7" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Allen, Eric Randall (Summer 2012). "Analysis of North American goniopholidid crocodyliforms in a phylogenetic context" (pdf). doi:10.17077/etd.317zy27t. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k A. D. Walker. A Revision of the Jurassic Reptile Hallopus victor (Marsh), with Remarks on the Classification of Crocodiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences Vol. 257, No. 816 (Feb. 26, 1970), pp. 323-372 Cite error: The named reference ":8" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Göhlich, U., L.M. Chiappe, J.M. Clark, and H.-D. Sues (2005) The systematic position of the Late Jurassic alleged dinosaur Macelognathus (Crocodylomorpha: Sphenosuchia). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 307–321. Cite error: The named reference ":9" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Foster, J. (2018). "A new atoposaurid crocodylomorph from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 287–295. doi:10.31711/giw.v5i0.32. ISSN 2380-7601.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Foster, J. (2007). "Soaring Overhead: The Pterosaurs." pp. 157-158.
^ ^a ^b Foster, J. (2007). "Laopteryx priscus." p. 160.
^ Jensen, J. A., and Padian, K. (1989) Small pterosaurs and dinosaurs from the Uncompahgre fauna (Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation: ?Tithonian), late Jurassic, western Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 63:363–374.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McLain, M. A., & Bakker, R. T. (2018). Pterosaur material from the uppermost Jurassic of the uppermost Morrison Formation, Breakfast Bench Facies, Como Bluff, Wyoming, including a pterosaur with pneumatized femora. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 455(1), 105-124. Cite error: The named reference ":11" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sprague, M. & McLain, M. A. (2018). Resolving the Mesadactylus Complex of Dry Mesa Quarry, Morrison Formation, Colorado. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2018, p. 220. Cite error: The named reference ":12" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stephen Czerkas; Tracy Ford (2018). "Pterosaur or diapsid? The search for the true Utahdactylus". Flugsaurier 2018: The 6th International Symposium on Pterosaurs. Los Angeles, USA. Abstracts: 35–36. Cite error: The named reference ":13" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Foster, J. (2007). "Harpactognathus gentryii." p. 160.
^ ^a ^b Foster, J. (2007). "Kepodactylus insperatus." p. 160.
^ Lockley et al. (2008).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Ornithopods" Foster (2007) pg. 238
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Stegosaurs" Foster (2007) pg. 238
^ ^a ^b "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pg. 220
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Wyoming)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 545.
^ "Camptosaurus" (PDF). 14 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Systematic Paleontology: Camptosaurus aphanoecetes" in "A New Species of Camptosaurus..." Carpenter and Wilson (2008), page 232.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gilmore, C.W. (1909). "Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and descriptions of two new species". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 36 (1666): 197–332. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.36-1666.197.
^ ^a ^b ^c Galton, P.M. & Powell, H.P. (1980). "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England". Palaeontology. 23: 411–443.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Utah)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pp. 543-544.
^ "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pp. 219-220
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Colorado)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Oklahoma)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Heading at end of Pg. 544, content starts at the beginning of pg. 545.
^ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Drinker nisti," Foster (2007) pg. 219
^ Jurassic West Foster (2007) pg. 219 attributes most Drinker nisti specimens to Como Bluff, which is in Wyoming. See figure 1.2 on Jurassic West page 6.
^ "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 394.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kenneth Carpenter; Peter M. Galton (2018). "A photo documentation of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 167–207.
^ ^a ^b "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pg. 218
^ ^a ^b ^c "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pp. 218-219
^ ^a ^b "Previous work on Dryosaurus" in "Dryosaurus, a hypsolophodontid dinosaur..." Galton (1981), page 272.
^ ^a ^b "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 417.
^ ^a ^b "Jurassic Knights: The Ankylosaur Dinosaurs; Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum," Foster (2007) pp. 216
^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 364.
^ ^a ^b "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Hesperosaurus mjosi," Foster (2007) page 213.
^ "Table 16.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 344.
^ ^a ^b "Table 16.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 345.
^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus longispinus," Foster (2007) page 213.
^ Costa, Francisco; Mateus, Octávio (13 November 2019). "Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0224263. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1424263C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224263. PMC 6853308. PMID 31721771.
^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 366.
^ ^a ^b "Jurassic Knights: The Ankylosaur Dinosaurs; Mymoorapelta maysi," Foster (2007) pp. 215-216
^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus armatus," Foster (2007) page 212.
^ Carpenter, Kenneth. (1998). Armor of Stegosaurus stenops, and the taphonomic history of a new specimen from Garden Park, Colorado. Modern Geology, 23, 127-144.
^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus stenops," Foster (2007) page 213.
^ "Paleobiology | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History".
^ Galton PM, Upchurch P (2004). "Stegosauria". In Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H. The Dinosauria (2nd Edition). University of California Press. p. 361.
^ "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus ungulatus," Foster (2007) pp. 212-213.
^ See Carpenter and Galton (2001).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; New Mexico)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.
^ ^a ^b See Butler et al. (2009)
^ ^a ^b "Systematic Paleontology; Horizon and locality" in Butler et al. (2009) p. 2
^ Butler, R. J., Porro, L. B., Galton, P. M., & Chiappe, L. M. (2012). Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PloS one, 7(4), e31556.
^ ^a ^b Harris, J.D. and Dodson, P. (2004). "A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49(2): 197–210.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.
^ ^a ^b ^c Carpenter, Kenneth (2018). Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, N.G. (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal Rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado. Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 227–244.
^ ^a ^b ^c Whitlock, J. A.; Wilson Mantilla, J. A. (2020). "The Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur 'Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (6): e1780600. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1780600.
^ ^a ^b "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 262.
^ Harris, J.D. and Dodson, P. (2004). "A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 197–210.
^ ^a ^b "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 265.
^ Mannion, Philip D.; Tschopp, Emanuel; Whitlock, John A. (2021). "Anatomy and systematics of the diplodocoid Amphicoelias altus supports high sauropod dinosaur diversity in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the USA". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (6): 210377. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810377M. doi:10.1098/rsos.210377. PMC 8206699. PMID 34150318.
^ Foster, John R.; Peterson, Joseph E. (September 2016). "First report of Apatosaurus (Diplodocidae: Apatosaurinae) from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah: Abundance, distribution, paleoecology, and taphonomy of an endemic North American sauropod clade". Palaeoworld. 25 (3): 431–443. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.11.006. ISSN 1871-174X.
^ Marsh, O. C. (1879). Notice of new Jurassic reptiles. American Journal of Science, 3(108), 501-505.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 545.
^ "Barosaurus lentus". National Park Service. U. S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ Brezinski, D. K., & Kollar, A. D. (2008). Geology of the Carnegie Museum dinosaur quarry site of Diplodocus carnegii, Sheep Creek, Wyoming. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 77(2), 243-252.
^ ^a ^b "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 264.
^ "Diplodocus longus". National Park Service. U. S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny". Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 65 (4): 527–544.
^ Gillette, D.D. (1991). "Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11 (4): 417–433. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011413.
^ Lucas S, Herne M, Heckert A, Hunt A, and Sullivan R. Reappraisal of Seismosaurus, A Late Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaur from New Mexico. The Geological Society of America, 2004 Denver Annual Meeting (7–10 November 2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
^ Lucas, S.G.; Spielman, J.A.; Rinehart, L.A.; Heckert, A.B.; Herne, M.C.; Hunt, A.P.; Foster, J.R.; Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "Taxonomic status of Seismosaurus hallorum, a Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from New Mexico". In Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science (bulletin 36). pp. 149–161. ISSN 1524-4156. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Tschopp, E., & Mateus, O. (2016). Case 3700 Diplodocus Marsh, 1878 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): proposed designation of D. carnegii Hatcher, 1901 as the type species. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 73(1), 17-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. V. (2013). "The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: 1. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.746589. edit
^ "Camarasaurus." In: Dodson et al. Page 56.
^ Mateus, O., & Tschopp E. (2013). Cathetosaurus as a valid sauropod genus and comparisons with Camarasaurus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2013. 173.
^ "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 545.
^ "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Texas)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.
^ Engh, B., (January 25, 2020). "Jurassic Reimagined P.1 Giants in The Sands of Time.". Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JC3aCs5f4-I&t=845s.
^ "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; 'Utah' and 'Arizona')." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.
^ ^a ^b ^c Loewen, Mark A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Chure, Daniel J. (2003). "Morphology, taxonomy, and stratigraphy of Allosaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (3): 72A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538. S2CID 220410105.
^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 75.
^ Pickrell, John (27 May 2020). "This dinosaur may have been a cannibal, gnarly bite marks reveal". National Geographic. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
^ "New species of Allosaurus discovered in Utah". ScienceDaily. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
^ Chure DJ, Loewen MA. 2020. Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America. PeerJ 8:e7803 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7803
^ ^a ^b "Carnosauria". www.theropoddatabase.com. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ Carpenter, K. (1998). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado. Modern Geology, 23, 407-426.
^ Bakker, Robert & Galton, Peter & Siegwarth, James & Filla, James. (1990). A new latest Jurassic vertebrate fauna, from the highest levels of the Morrison Formation at Como Bluff, Wyoming. Part IV. The dinosaurs: A new Othnielia-like hypsilophodontid. Hunteria. 2. 8-19.
^ Marsh, 1896. The dinosaurs of North America. United States Geological Survey, 16th Annual Report, 1894-95. 55, 133-244.
^ Smith, David K. (1998). "A morphometric analysis of Allosaurus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (1): 126–142. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011039.
^ Holtz, Thomas R., Jr.; Molnar, Ralph E.; Currie, Philip J. (2004). Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 71–110. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.
^ Scott Hartman; Mickey Mortimer; William R. Wahl; Dean R. Lomax; Jessica Lippincott; David M. Lovelace (2019). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 112.
^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 77.
^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 72.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 49.
^ Galton, 1982. Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 56, 265-275.
^ Pickering, 1995a. Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in Philopatry. A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised printing. Capitola, California. 478 pp.
^ Chure, 2001. The second record of the African theropod Elaphrosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratosauria) from the Western Hemisphere. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte. 2001(9), 565-576.
^ Carrano and Sampson, 2008. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6, 183-236.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dalman, S.G. (2014). "New data on small theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA". Volumina Jurassica. 12 (2): 181–196. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16.
^ Foster, J.R. 2009. Preliminary body mass estimates for mammalian genera of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, North America). PaleoBios 28(3):114-122.
^ ^a ^b Brian M. Davis; Kai R.K. Jäger; Guillermo W. Rougier; Kelli Trujillo; Kevin Chamberlain (2022). "A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00955.2021.
^ Julia A. Schultz; Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar; Zhe-Xi Luo (2018). "Re-examination of the Jurassic mammaliaform Docodon victor by computed tomography and occlusal functional analysis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. in press. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9418-5.
^ John R. Foster; Darrin C. Pagnac; ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster (2020). "An unusually diverse northern biota from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Black Hills, Wyoming". Geology of the Intermountain West. 7: 29–67. doi:10.31711/giw.v7.pp29-67.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d A.O. Averianov and T. Martin (2015). "Ontogeny and taxonomy of Paurodon valens (Mammalia, Cladotheria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of USA" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 319 (3): 326–340.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Another Generation: The Eggs," Foster (2007) page 239.
^ "Eggs," Foster (2007) page 125.

Bibliography edit

Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. 389pp. ISBN 978-0-253-34870-8
Lockley, M.; Harris, J.D.; and Mitchell, L. 2008. "A global overview of pterosaur ichnology: tracksite distribution in space and time." Zitteliana. B28. p. 187-198. ISSN 1612-4138

[1] Raymond E. Peck (1937). "Morrison Charophyta from Wyoming". Journal of Paleontology. 11: 83–90.

[MG08-2] Gorman, M.; Miller, I.; Pardo, J.; Small, B. (2008). "Plants, fish, turtles, and insects from the Morrison Formation: A Late Jurassic ecosystem near Cañon City, Colorado". Geology of the Intermountain West. doi:10.1130/2008.fld010(15).

[WDT06-3] Tidwell, W.D.; Connely, M.; Britt, B.B. (2006). "A flora from the base of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation near Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bullletin. 36: 171–181.

[JRF18-4] Foster, J.R.; et al. (2018). "Paleontology, taphonomy, and sedimentology of the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, a large dinosaur bonebed in the Morrison Formation, western Colorado—Implications for Upper Jurassic dinosaur preservation modes". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 24–93. doi:10.31711/giw.v5.pp23-93.

[bassitheca-5] Steven R. Manchester; Xiaoqing Zhang; Carol L. Hotton; Scott Wing; Peter R. Crane (2022). "Two-seeded cones of probable gnetalean affinity from the Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic) of Utah and Colorado, USA". Acta Palaeobotanica. 62 (2): 77–92. doi:10.35535/acpa-2022-0006.

[dayvaultia-6] Steven R. Manchester; Xiaoqing Zhang; Carol L. Hotton; Scott Wing; Peter R. Crane (2021). "Distinctive quadrangular seed-bearing structures of gnetalean affinity from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah, USA". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (4): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1968522. S2CID 239021014.

[7] Stan P. Dunagan (1999). "A North American freshwater sponge (Eospongilla morrisonensis new genus and species) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Colorado". Journal of Paleontology, Cambridge University Press. 73 (3): 389–393. doi:10.1017/S0022336000027906.

[8] Elliott Armour Smith; Mark A. Loewen; James I. Kirkland (2020). "New social insect nests from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah". Geology of the Intermountain West. 7: 281–299. doi:10.31711/giw.v7.pp281-299.

[:0-9] María B. Lara; John R. Foster; James I. Kirkland; Thomas F. Howells (2020). "First fossil true water bugs (Heteroptera, Nepomorpha) from Upper Jurassic strata of North America (Morrison Formation, southeastern Utah)". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (10): 1996–2004. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1755283. S2CID 219470267. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:1-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q D. M. Smith, M. A. Gorman, J. D. Pardo and B. J. Small. 2011. First fossil Orthoptera from the Jurassic of North America. Journal of Paleontology 85(1):102-105 Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[foster-fish-denizens-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Foster, J. (2007). "The Forgotten Aquatic Denizens: The Fish." pp. 129-131.

[foster-Pycnodontoidea-12] Foster, J. (2007). "Pycnodontoidea." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 135.

[foster-appendix-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.

[vert-table-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce Foster, J. (2007). "Table 2.1: Fossil Vertebrates of the Morrison Formation." pp. 58-59. Cite error: The named reference "vert-table" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[foster-Leptolepis-15] Foster, J. (2007). "Hulettia hawesi." p. 132-134.

[foster-Leptolepis_2-16] Foster, J. (2007). "cf. Leptolepis." p. 135.

[foster-morrolepis-17] Foster, J. (2007). "Morrolepis schaefferi." pp. 131-132.

[foster-anura-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Foster, J. (2007). "Anura (Frogs)." pp. 135-136.

[foster-enneabatrachus-19] Foster, J. (2007). "Enneabatrachus hechti" p. 137.

[foster-rhadinosteus-20] Foster, J. (2007). "Rhadinosteus parvus." p. 137.

[foster-pelobatid-21] Foster, J. (2007). "Pelobatidae indet." p. 137.

[:2-22] Evans, S. E. and Milner, A. R. (1993). Frogs and salamanders from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (Quarry Nine, Como Bluff) of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13(1):24-30 Cite error: The named reference ":2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[foster-caudata-23] Foster, J. (2007). "Caudata (Salamanders)" p. 138.

[foster-enneabatrachus-DNM-24] Foster, J. (2007). "Enneabatrachus hechti" p. 137. Note that Dinosaur National Monument is in Utah, see ibid. pg. 6.

[:10-25] Evans, S. E., Lally, C., Chure, D. C., Elder, A., & Maisano, J. A. (2005). A late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison formation of north America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143(4), 599-616. Cite error: The named reference ":10" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[Opisthiamimus-26] DeMar Jr, D. G.; Jones, M. E. H.; Carrano, M. T. (2022). "A nearly complete skeleton of a new eusphenodontian from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA, provides insight into the evolution and diversity of Rhynchocephalia (Reptilia: Lepidosauria)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 1–65. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2093139. PMID 2093139.

[prothero1980-27] Prothero, D. R.; Estes, R. (1980). "Late Jurassic lizards from Como Bluff, Wyoming and their palaeobiogeographic significance". Nature. 286: 484–486. doi:10.1038/286484a0.

[brownsteinetal2022-28] Brownstein, C. D.; Meyer, D. L.; Fabbri, M.; Bhullar, B. S.; Gauthier, J. A. (2022). "Evolutionary origins of the prolonged extant squamate radiation". Nature Communications. 13 (7087): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34217-5.

[oldest_snakes-29] Caldwell, M. W.; Nydam, R. L.; Palci, A.; Apesteguía, S. N. (2015). "The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution". Nature Communications. 6: 1–11. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.5996C. doi:10.1038/ncomms6996. PMID 25625704.

[evans1996-30] Evans, S.E. (1996). "Parviraptor (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and Other Lizards from the Morrison Formation at Fruita, Colorado". The Continental Jurassic. 60: 243–248.

[evans&chure1999-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Evans, S. E.; Chure, D. J. (1999). "Upper Jurassic lizards from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah". Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Miscellaneous Publications of the Utah Geological Survey. 99 (1): 151–159.

[32] Benton, M. J. (2015). Vertebrate palaeontology (4th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. ISBN 978-1-118-40764-6. OCLC 867852756.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[33] Meyer, Dalton; Brownstein, Chase D.; Jenkins, Kelsey M.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2023-11-29). "A Morrison stem gekkotan reveals gecko evolution and Jurassic biogeography". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (2011). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2284. ISSN 0962-8452.

[foster-saurillodon-34] Foster, J. (2007). "Saurillodon sp." p. 145.

[35] Randall L. Lydam, Daniel J. Chure and Susan E. Evans (2013). "Schillerosaurus gen. nov., a replacement name for the lizard genus Schilleria Evans and Chure, 1999 a junior homonym of Schilleria Dahl, 1907" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3734 (1): 99–100. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3736.1.6. PMID 25112616.

[foster-schilleria-36] Foster, J. (2007). "Schilleria utahensis" p. 145.

[37] Evans, Susan E.; Chure, Daniel J. (1998). "Morrison Lizards: structure, relationships and biogeography". Modern Geology. 23: 35–48.

[:3-38] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Gaffney, E. S. (1979). The Jurassic turtles of North America. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 162, article 3. Cite error: The named reference ":3" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:4-39] Marsh, Othniel Charles (1890-08-01). "Notice of some extinct Testudinata". American Journal of Science. s3-40 (236): 177–179. Bibcode:1890AmJS...40..177M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-40.236.177. ISSN 0002-9599. S2CID 130897765. Cite error: The named reference ":4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:5-40] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gilmore, C. (1912). Description of a new species of tortoise from the Jurassic of Utah. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 10:7–12. Cite error: The named reference ":5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:6-41] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rollot, Yann; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Joyce, Walter G. (2021-10-06). "A redescription of the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) turtle Uluops uluops and a new phylogenetic hypothesis of Paracryptodira". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 140 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s13358-021-00234-y. ISSN 1664-2384. PMC 8550081. PMID 34721284.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Cite error: The named reference ":6" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[42] Pritchard, A. C.; Turner, A. H.; Allen, E. R.; Norell, M. A. (2013). "Osteology of a North American Goniopholidid (Eutretauranosuchus delfsi) and Palate Evolution in Neosuchia". American Museum Novitates 3783 (3783): 1. doi:10.1206/3783.2. edit

[:7-43] Yoshida, Junki; Hori, Atsushi; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Ryan, Michael J.; Takakuwa, Yuji; Hasegawa, Yoshikazu. "A new goniopholidid from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA: novel insight into aquatic adaptation toward modern crocodylians". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (12): 210320. doi:10.1098/rsos.210320. PMC 8652276. PMID 34909210. Cite error: The named reference ":7" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[44] Allen, Eric Randall (Summer 2012). "Analysis of North American goniopholidid crocodyliforms in a phylogenetic context" (pdf). doi:10.17077/etd.317zy27t. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[:8-45] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k A. D. Walker. A Revision of the Jurassic Reptile Hallopus victor (Marsh), with Remarks on the Classification of Crocodiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences Vol. 257, No. 816 (Feb. 26, 1970), pp. 323-372 Cite error: The named reference ":8" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:9-46] Göhlich, U., L.M. Chiappe, J.M. Clark, and H.-D. Sues (2005) The systematic position of the Late Jurassic alleged dinosaur Macelognathus (Crocodylomorpha: Sphenosuchia). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 307–321. Cite error: The named reference ":9" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[Foster-47] Foster, J. (2018). "A new atoposaurid crocodylomorph from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 287–295. doi:10.31711/giw.v5i0.32. ISSN 2380-7601.

[foster-pterosaurs-48] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Foster, J. (2007). "Soaring Overhead: The Pterosaurs." pp. 157-158.

[foster-laopteryx-49] Foster, J. (2007). "Laopteryx priscus." p. 160.

[50] Jensen, J. A., and Padian, K. (1989) Small pterosaurs and dinosaurs from the Uncompahgre fauna (Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation: ?Tithonian), late Jurassic, western Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 63:363–374.

[:11-51] McLain, M. A., & Bakker, R. T. (2018). Pterosaur material from the uppermost Jurassic of the uppermost Morrison Formation, Breakfast Bench Facies, Como Bluff, Wyoming, including a pterosaur with pneumatized femora. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 455(1), 105-124. Cite error: The named reference ":11" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:12-52] Sprague, M. & McLain, M. A. (2018). Resolving the Mesadactylus Complex of Dry Mesa Quarry, Morrison Formation, Colorado. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2018, p. 220. Cite error: The named reference ":12" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:13-53] Stephen Czerkas; Tracy Ford (2018). "Pterosaur or diapsid? The search for the true Utahdactylus". Flugsaurier 2018: The 6th International Symposium on Pterosaurs. Los Angeles, USA. Abstracts: 35–36. Cite error: The named reference ":13" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[foster-harpactognathus-54] Foster, J. (2007). "Harpactognathus gentryii." p. 160.

[foster-kepodactylus-55] Foster, J. (2007). "Kepodactylus insperatus." p. 160.

[Lockleyetal2008-56] Lockley et al. (2008).

[foster-ornithopod-tracks-57] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Ornithopods" Foster (2007) pg. 238

[foster-stegosaur-tracks-58] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Stegosaurs" Foster (2007) pg. 238

[foster-camptosaurus-220-59] "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pg. 220

[jurassic-distribution-wyoming-60] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Wyoming)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 545.

[61] "Camptosaurus" (PDF). 14 January 2011.

[carpenter-wilson-232-62] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Systematic Paleontology: Camptosaurus aphanoecetes" in "A New Species of Camptosaurus..." Carpenter and Wilson (2008), page 232.

[Gilmore09-63] Gilmore, C.W. (1909). "Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and descriptions of two new species". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 36 (1666): 197–332. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.36-1666.197.

[GaltonPowell-64] Galton, P.M. & Powell, H.P. (1980). "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England". Palaeontology. 23: 411–443.

[jurassic-distribution-utah-65] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Utah)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pp. 543-544.

[foster-camptosaurus-219-220-66] "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pp. 219-220

[jurassic-distribution-colorado-67] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Colorado)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.

[jurassic-distribution-oklahoma-68] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Oklahoma)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Heading at end of Pg. 544, content starts at the beginning of pg. 545.

[table-19-1-415-69] "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415.

[foster-drinker-219-70] "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Drinker nisti," Foster (2007) pg. 219

[foster-drinker-como-71] Jurassic West Foster (2007) pg. 219 attributes most Drinker nisti specimens to Como Bluff, which is in Wyoming. See figure 1.2 on Jurassic West page 6.

[table-18-1-394-72] "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 394.

[Kenneth_Carpenter_2018-73] Kenneth Carpenter; Peter M. Galton (2018). "A photo documentation of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 167–207.

[foster-dryosaurus-218-74] "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pg. 218

[foster-dryosaurus-218-19-75] "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pp. 218-219

[galton-1981-272-76] "Previous work on Dryosaurus" in "Dryosaurus, a hypsolophodontid dinosaur..." Galton (1981), page 272.

[table-19-1-417-77] "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 417.

[foster-gargoyleosaurus-216-78] "Jurassic Knights: The Ankylosaur Dinosaurs; Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum," Foster (2007) pp. 216

[table-17-1-364-79] "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 364.

[foster-hesperosaurus-213-80] "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Hesperosaurus mjosi," Foster (2007) page 213.

[table-16-1-344-81] "Table 16.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 344.

[table-16-1-345-82] "Table 16.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 345.

[foster-slongispinus-83] "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus longispinus," Foster (2007) page 213.

[84] Costa, Francisco; Mateus, Octávio (13 November 2019). "Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0224263. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1424263C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224263. PMC 6853308. PMID 31721771.

[table-17-1-366-85] "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 366.

[foster-mymoorapelta-86] "Jurassic Knights: The Ankylosaur Dinosaurs; Mymoorapelta maysi," Foster (2007) pp. 215-216

[foster-sarmatus-87] "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus armatus," Foster (2007) page 212.

[88] Carpenter, Kenneth. (1998). Armor of Stegosaurus stenops, and the taphonomic history of a new specimen from Garden Park, Colorado. Modern Geology, 23, 127-144.

[foster-sstenops-89] "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus stenops," Foster (2007) page 213.

[90] "Paleobiology | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History".

[S._duplex-91] Galton PM, Upchurch P (2004). "Stegosauria". In Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H. The Dinosauria (2nd Edition). University of California Press. p. 361.

[foster-sungulatus-92] "Roof Lizards: The Stegosaur Dinosaurs; Stegosaurus ungulatus," Foster (2007) pp. 212-213.

[8spike-93] See Carpenter and Galton (2001).

[jurassic-distribution-newmexico-94] "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; New Mexico)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.

[butler-fruitadens-95] See Butler et al. (2009)

[butler-horizon-96] "Systematic Paleontology; Horizon and locality" in Butler et al. (2009) p. 2

[97] Butler, R. J., Porro, L. B., Galton, P. M., & Chiappe, L. M. (2012). Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PloS one, 7(4), e31556.

[harris&dodson2004-98] Harris, J.D. and Dodson, P. (2004). "A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49(2): 197–210.

[table-13-1-266-99] "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.

[:14-100] Carpenter, Kenneth (2018). Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, N.G. (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal Rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado. Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 227–244.

[Smitanosaurus-101] Whitlock, J. A.; Wilson Mantilla, J. A. (2020). "The Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur 'Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (6): e1780600. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1780600.

[table-13-1-262-102] "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 262.

[103] Harris, J.D. and Dodson, P. (2004). "A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 197–210.

[table-13-1-265-104] "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 265.

[105] Mannion, Philip D.; Tschopp, Emanuel; Whitlock, John A. (2021). "Anatomy and systematics of the diplodocoid Amphicoelias altus supports high sauropod dinosaur diversity in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the USA". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (6): 210377. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810377M. doi:10.1098/rsos.210377. PMC 8206699. PMID 34150318.

[106] Foster, John R.; Peterson, Joseph E. (September 2016). "First report of Apatosaurus (Diplodocidae: Apatosaurinae) from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah: Abundance, distribution, paleoecology, and taphonomy of an endemic North American sauropod clade". Palaeoworld. 25 (3): 431–443. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.11.006. ISSN 1871-174X.

[107] Marsh, O. C. (1879). Notice of new Jurassic reptiles. American Journal of Science, 3(108), 501-505.

[jurassic-distribution-southdakota-108] "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 545.

[109] "Barosaurus lentus". National Park Service. U. S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

[110] Brezinski, D. K., & Kollar, A. D. (2008). Geology of the Carnegie Museum dinosaur quarry site of Diplodocus carnegii, Sheep Creek, Wyoming. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 77(2), 243-252.

[table-13-1-264-111] "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 264.

[112] "Diplodocus longus". National Park Service. U. S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

[LHW07-113] Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny". Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 65 (4): 527–544.

[114] Gillette, D.D. (1991). "Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11 (4): 417–433. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011413.

[115] Lucas S, Herne M, Heckert A, Hunt A, and Sullivan R. Reappraisal of Seismosaurus, A Late Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaur from New Mexico. The Geological Society of America, 2004 Denver Annual Meeting (7–10 November 2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-24.

[116] Lucas, S.G.; Spielman, J.A.; Rinehart, L.A.; Heckert, A.B.; Herne, M.C.; Hunt, A.P.; Foster, J.R.; Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "Taxonomic status of Seismosaurus hallorum, a Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from New Mexico". In Foster, J.R.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science (bulletin 36). pp. 149–161. ISSN 1524-4156. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[117] Tschopp, E., & Mateus, O. (2016). Case 3700 Diplodocus Marsh, 1878 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): proposed designation of D. carnegii Hatcher, 1901 as the type species. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 73(1), 17-24.

[Kaatedocus-118] Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. V. (2013). "The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: 1. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.746589. edit

[ageofdinosaurscamarasaurus-119] "Camarasaurus." In: Dodson et al. Page 56.

[120] Mateus, O., & Tschopp E. (2013). Cathetosaurus as a valid sauropod genus and comparisons with Camarasaurus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2013. 173.

[jurassic-distribution-montana-121] "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 545.

[jurassic-distribution-texas-122] "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Texas)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.

[123] Engh, B., (January 25, 2020). "Jurassic Reimagined P.1 Giants in The Sands of Time.". Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JC3aCs5f4-I&t=845s.

[jurassic-distribution-arizonautah-124] "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; 'Utah' and 'Arizona')." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 544.

[LSCC03-125] Loewen, Mark A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Chure, Daniel J. (2003). "Morphology, taxonomy, and stratigraphy of Allosaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (3): 72A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538. S2CID 220410105.

[table-4-1-75-126] "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 75.

[127] Pickrell, John (27 May 2020). "This dinosaur may have been a cannibal, gnarly bite marks reveal". National Geographic. Retrieved 20 March 2021.

[128] "New species of Allosaurus discovered in Utah". ScienceDaily. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2021.

[129] Chure DJ, Loewen MA. 2020. Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America. PeerJ 8:e7803 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7803

[:15-130] "Carnosauria". www.theropoddatabase.com. Retrieved 2022-04-19.

[131] Carpenter, K. (1998). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado. Modern Geology, 23, 407-426.

[132] Bakker, Robert & Galton, Peter & Siegwarth, James & Filla, James. (1990). A new latest Jurassic vertebrate fauna, from the highest levels of the Morrison Formation at Como Bluff, Wyoming. Part IV. The dinosaurs: A new Othnielia-like hypsilophodontid. Hunteria. 2. 8-19.

[133] Marsh, 1896. The dinosaurs of North America. United States Geological Survey, 16th Annual Report, 1894-95. 55, 133-244.

[DKS98-134] Smith, David K. (1998). "A morphometric analysis of Allosaurus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (1): 126–142. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011039.

[HMC04-135] Holtz, Thomas R., Jr.; Molnar, Ralph E.; Currie, Philip J. (2004). Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 71–110. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[table-4-1-76-136] "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.

[137] Scott Hartman; Mickey Mortimer; William R. Wahl; Dean R. Lomax; Jessica Lippincott; David M. Lovelace (2019). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[table-5-1-112-138] "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 112.

[table-4-1-77-139] "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 77.

[table-4-1-72-140] "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 72.

[table-3-1-49-141] "Table 3.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 49.

[142] Galton, 1982. Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 56, 265-275.

[143] Pickering, 1995a. Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in Philopatry. A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised printing. Capitola, California. 478 pp.

[144] Chure, 2001. The second record of the African theropod Elaphrosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratosauria) from the Western Hemisphere. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte. 2001(9), 565-576.

[carranosampson08-145] Carrano and Sampson, 2008. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6, 183-236.

[Dalman2014-146] Dalman, S.G. (2014). "New data on small theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA". Volumina Jurassica. 12 (2): 181–196. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16.

[foster2009-147] Foster, J.R. 2009. Preliminary body mass estimates for mammalian genera of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, North America). PaleoBios 28(3):114-122.

[Davis2022-148] Brian M. Davis; Kai R.K. Jäger; Guillermo W. Rougier; Kelli Trujillo; Kevin Chamberlain (2022). "A morganucodontan mammaliaform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00955.2021.

[149] Julia A. Schultz; Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar; Zhe-Xi Luo (2018). "Re-examination of the Jurassic mammaliaform Docodon victor by computed tomography and occlusal functional analysis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. in press. doi:10.1007/s10914-017-9418-5.

[150] John R. Foster; Darrin C. Pagnac; ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster (2020). "An unusually diverse northern biota from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Black Hills, Wyoming". Geology of the Intermountain West. 7: 29–67. doi:10.31711/giw.v7.pp29-67.

[Paurodon2015-151] A.O. Averianov and T. Martin (2015). "Ontogeny and taxonomy of Paurodon valens (Mammalia, Cladotheria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of USA" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 319 (3): 326–340.

[foster-eggs-239-152] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Another Generation: The Eggs," Foster (2007) page 239.

[foster-eggs-125-153] "Eggs," Foster (2007) page 125.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

User:The Morrison Man/sandbox

Paleobiota of the Morrison Formation edit

Algae edit

Charophyta edit

Plants edit

Palynology edit

Hepaticae edit

Equisetales edit

Filicopsida edit

Pteridospermophyta edit

Cycadales edit

Bennettitales edit

Ginkgoales edit

Czekanowskiales edit

Gnetales edit

Coniferales edit

Hermanophytales edit

Invertebrates edit

Porifera edit

Molluscs edit

Bivalves edit

Gastropods edit

Arthropods edit

Crustaceans edit

Insects edit

Vertebrates edit

Fish edit

Amphibians edit

Sphenodontians edit

Squamates edit

Testudines edit

Choristoderes edit

Crurotarsans edit

Pterosaurs edit

Dinosaurs edit

Ornithischians edit

Sauropods edit

Theropods edit

Ceratosaurs edit

Mammaliaforms edit

Tinodontids edit

Eutriconodonts edit

Multituberculates edit

Others edit

Dryolestoids edit

Removed rows edit

See also edit

Footnotes edit

Bibliography edit