User:Electionworld/sandbox/Netherlands

Multiple timeline of the Netherlands

This scheme is a multiple timelime of the history of the Netherlands, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories.

Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines

The Netherlands (Nederland) is the main country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) and is a monarchy with a hereditairy king, a a bicameral parliament, the States General, with the Second Chamber elected in free multi-party elections and the First Chamber elected by the members of the provincial legislatures, and a government responsible to the parliament. The Netherlands are member of the European Union. The Kingdom of the Netherlands contains as self-governing countries Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. The islands of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius are special municipalities of the Netherlands.

before 50s BC: The present-day Netherlands are populated by celtic tribes, like the Menapii, and germanic tribes, like the Eburones, Batavi, Chamavi, Saxons, Frisii and the Cananefates. Roman Republic 50s BC: Rome conquers the area south of the river Rhine. Chamavi after 50s BC: Part of the area north of the Roman border is populated by the Chamaves. Frisii 50s BC: Large parts of the area north of the Roman border are ruled by the Frisii. Roman Empire 27 BC: Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor. 9: The Romans try to conquer the area north of the Rhine, but are defeated by Germanic troops. 70: The Germanic tribe of the Batavi starts a rebellion of the Batavi in Germania Inferior, led by Gaius Julius Civilis, is defeated. Gallic Empire 260: The region becomes part of the seccessionist Gallic Empire. Roman Empire 274: The Gallic Empire is reincorporated into the Roman Empire. 297: The Roman Empire allows the Salian Franks to settle south of the border. Franks 200s: Germanic tribes north of the border, including the Chamaves, merge into the Frankish tribes. 300s: Franks enter the Roman Empire as allies. 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. Germania becomes part of the Western part of the Empire. 400s: The Franks develop into a dominant Germanic tribes at the border of the Roman Empire in present-day Netherlands and Germany. Merovech becomes king of the Salian Franks. 410s: Rome abandons the region, the Franks enlarge their rule into present-day Belgium and Luxembourg, followed by France. Kingdom of the Franks 481: Chlodovechus or Clovis, son of the Salian king Childericus I of the Merovingian dynasty unites most Frankish tribes as king of the Franks. His kingdom gradually annexes most of the other Frankish states in and outside Gaul and Germania. During the area of partitions, the region is part of Austrasia. Kingdom of Frisia c. 600: Audulf is attested as king of Frisia. c. 680: Redbad befomes ruler of Frisia. At the end of his rule, most of Frisia is conquered by the Franks. 734: The Franks led by Carolus Martellus defeat the Frisian ruler Bubo and annex Frisia west of the Lauwers. Kingdom of the Middle Franks 843: After the death emperor of Ludovicus and a civil war, Francia is partitioned in the Treaty of Verdun into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. Lotharius becomes emperor of the Middle Franks. Middle Francia includes present-day Eastern and Southern France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Saarland and parts of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westfalia, Italy and Switzerland. Kingdom of Lotharingia 855: With the partition of Middle-Francia, the region becomes part of Lotharingia. Kingdom of the East Franks 870: Lotharingia becomes part of East Francia. 885: Inside Lotharingia Gerolf becomes the first count of Frisia west of the Vlie Kingdom of Lotharingia 895: The kingdom of Lotharingia is restored. Duchy of Lotharingia 903: Lotharingia is continued as duchy. 911: After the election of Konrad as king of East Francia, duke Reginar attaches Lotharingia to king Carolus III of West Francia. 922: Carolus III is overthrown in West Francia by Robert I, but remains king in Lotharingia. 923: Carolus III is overthrown and Lotharingia becomes a fief of East Francia. Duchy of Lower Lotharingia 959: Lotharingia is partitioned into Upper-Lotharingia and Lower Lotharingia. Godfried becomes ruler of Lower Lotharingia. Lower Lotharingia as the rest of the Holy Roman Empire gets divided into several entities in the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and North Rhine-Westfalia. County of Frisia west of the Vlie 900s: One of the feudal rulers is Dirk II of Frisia west of the Vlie. County of Zeeland 1012: Count Boudewijn IV Flanders is enfeoffed with the county of Zeeland. County of Frisia 1006: Liduolf becomes count of Frisia Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht 1024: Bishop Adalbold I of Utrecht becomes prince-bishop of Utrecht. County of Wassenberg. 1021: Gerhard Flamens becomes the first count of Wassenberg. Lordship of Zutphen 1018: Otto of Hammerstein becomes the first lord of Zutphen. County of Holland 1095: Floris II becomes count of Holland. County of Guelders 1096: Count Gerard I becomes the first count of Guelders. 1101: Lord Otto II is raised in rank to count. Frisia 1101: Frisia is without feudal lord and is ruled by itself. 1138: Count Hendrik I becomes by heritage count of Zutphen and integrates it into Guelders. Duchy of Brabant 1183: Duke Hendrik I of Brabant acquieres part of what is now North Brabant. 1167: Zeeland is a de facto condominium between Flanders and Holland. 1213-1221: Holland takes part in a crusade that is defeated by the Arabs. 1247: Count Willem II becomes also count of Zeeland. That year becomes anti-king of the Germans. 1254: Willem II is recognized as the king of the Germans. 1256: Willem II commences a war war with Frisia. 1247: Count Willem II of Holland becomes count of Zeeland. 1283: Duke Jan buys the claim from count Adolf VIII of Berg on Limburg. 1283: After the death of duchess Ermengard of Limburg, married with count Reinoud of Guelders, without issue, both Reinoud and count Adolf VIII of Berg claim Limburg. Adolf VIII sells his claim to duke Jan of Brabant. 1288: After duke Jan defeated at Worringen count Reinoud of Guelders and allies, Limburg falls to duke Jan of Brabant. 1288: The claimants get into the War of the Limburg Succession. Reinoud is supported by archbishop Siegfried II von Westerburg of Cologne, count Heinrich VI of Luxembourg and count Adolf of Nassau. The troops of Guelders and allies are defeated at Worringen by duke Jan of Brabant and allies. 1299: After the death of count Jan I, count Jan II of Hainaut becomes also count of Holland and Zeeland. The war with Frisia ends with the annexation of West Frisia. 1345: After the death of count Willem IV Marguerite, married with emperor Ludwig IV becomes countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut. 1355: Wenzel of Luxembourg becomes by marriage duke of Brabant. 1354: Their son Wilhelm I, duke of Bavaria-Straubing becomes count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut. Duchy of Guelders 1339: Count Reinoud II is raised in rank to duke of Guelders. 1383: After his death Brabant and Luxembourg are separated. His wife Johanna becomes sole duchess. 1396-1422: Count Albert resumes the Friso-Hollandic War with a large scale military campaign. The war ends in 1422 with a truce. 1393: Duke Willem becomes duke of Jülich. 1417: Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut are separated from Bavaria-Straubing and fall to Alberts sister Jacoba. 1423: The personal union with Jülich ends. 1430: Duke Philippe II of Burgundy becomes also duke of Brabant. The Netherlands 1432: Duke Philippe III of Burgundy becomes also count of Holland and Zeeland. He unites Brabant, Limburg, Flanders, Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland, and Namur into the (Burgundian) Netherlands. Burgundy develops into a more or less de facto independent state nominally part of France and the Holy Roman Empire. 1443: Philippe III becomes by conquest duke of Luxembourg, uniting them with other Netherlands entities. 1473: Duke Arnold of Guelders sells Guelders to duke Charles of Burgundy. ← 1477: The duchy of Burgundy itself is annexed to France. Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg becomes by marriage with duchess Marie duke of Burgundy and ruler of the Netherlands. 1482: Maximilian is succeeded by his son Philipp IV under guardianship of Maximilian until 1494. 1506: Philipp IV becomes by marriage king Felipe of Castile. He dies the same year and is succeeded by Karl as duke of Burgundy. Duchy of Guelders 1492: Karel II conquers Guelders and Zutphen and restores its independence. 1488: Albert III of Saxony becomes ruler of Frisia. 1502: The Guelders War between duke Karel II of Guelders and duke Filips of Burgundy takes place. 1502: The Guelders War between duke Karel II of Guelders and duke Filips of Burgundy takes place. 1504: Philipp IV becomes by marriage king Felipe of Castile. 1506: He dies and is succeeded by his son Karl as duke of Burgundy. 1516: Karl becomes as Carlos I also king of Spain. 1519: Karl becomes as Karl V Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria. 1514: Duke Georg of Saxony tries to conquer Frisia. the Frisian leader Jancko Douwama resists and is supported by Duke Karel II of Guelders and count Edzard of East Frisia. 1515: Georg sells his rights to duke Karl of Burgundy. 1521: Karl V grants the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand I, whereby the personal union with Spain ends. He remains as duke of Burgundy ruler of the Netherlands. 1517: Duke Karel II of Guelders becomes lord of Frisia. 1517: Duke Karel II of Guelders becomes lord of Frisia. 1522-1523: Karel of Guelders is defeated in Frisia and Frisia is annexed to the Habsburgian Netherlands, divided into the Lordship of Friesland and Lordship of Groningen. ← 1527: Bishop Heinrich von der Pfalz sells his lands to Karl V, who forms the Lordship of Utrecht, Lordship of Overijssel and Lordship of Drenthe. 1528: Karel of Guelders is defeated in the Bishopric of Utrecht. 1536: Karel of Guelders loses Groningen and Drenthe to the Habsburgian Netherlands. 1536: Karel of Guelders loses Groningen and Drenthe to the Habsburgian Netherlands. 1538: Karel is succeeded by Wilhelm, future duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (since 1539). 1542-1543: After a short war, duke Wilhelm cedes Guelders to emperor Karl V. 1552: King Henri II of France declares war on emperor Karl V with the intent of recapturing Italy. Part of the war takes part in the Netherlands. 1555: Karl V abdicates in the Netherlands and is succeeded by his son Felipe II as ruler of the Netherlands. Spanish Netherlands → Spain 1556: Felipe II becomes king of Spain and brings the Netherlands under Spanish rule. 1566: With resistance by protestants against the catholic Spanish rule starts the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the northern Netherlands. 1579: The states general of the Spanish Netherlands split and part of it continues als states-general of the rebellion in the protestant north, founding the Union of Utrecht. 1580: With the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours duke François of Anjou becomes sovereign of the Netherlands. Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 1581: Holland together with Guelders, Zeeland, Utrecht, Groningen, Friesland en Drenthe secede from the Spanish Netherlands and establishes an unrecognized republic, led by Willem I, prince of Principality of Orange, de facto separated from the Holy Roman Empire. This is disputed by Spain during the Eighty Years' War from 1568 until 1648. 1583: Duke François withdraws after resistance in the Netherlands. 1585: England supports with a military expedition the rebels in the Netherlands. It leads to a war between England and Spain. 1593: The states general becomes the sovereign of the Netherlands. It consists of representatives of the provincial states. The function of stadtholder develops into a of de facto hereditary head of state. Each province has a stadtholder. Holland, Utrecht, Zeeland and Guelders share most of the time the stadtholder, making him the effective leader of the Republic. Prince Maurits of Orange, son of Willem I, became stadtholder of Holland in 1585. 1500s: The Netherlands start colonizing the coast of the Americas, Africa and Asia. 1602: The Netherlands get into war with Portugal, ruled by Spain, over the possessions of colonies. 1604: The Treaty of London ends the hostilities between England and Spain. 1609: The Netherlands and Spain agree to a truce. 1618: The Netherlands intervene in the Thirty Years' War to support the protestant states in Germany and the war with Spain resumes. 1630: The Netherlands conquer part of Brazil and establish Dutch Brazil. 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Eighty Years' War, the Netherlands independence outside the Holy Roman Empire is recognized. The Netherlands become de jure independent, both from Spain and from the Holy Roman Empire. The north of Brabant, Limburg and Flanders become part of the Netherlands. 1649: After the death of stadtholder prince Willem II the first First Stadtholderless Period begins. The republic is led by the grand pensionary. 1652: Johan de Witt becomes grand pensionary. 1654: Portugal conquers Dutch Brazil. The Treaty of Westminster ends the first First Anglo-Dutch War (since 1642) between the Netherlands and England. 1655: The Netherlands annex New Sweden from Sweden. 1658: The Netherlands conquer Portuguese Ceylon. 1661: The Treaty of The Hague ends the war with Portugal with a Portuguese victory in South America and Africa and a Dutch victory in the East. 1662: Dutch Formosa is conquered by China. 1664: England conquers New Netherland. 1665: The Netherlands and England commence the Second Anglo-Dutch War where England tries to end the Dutch domination of world trade. 1667: The Treaty of Breda ends the war after a Dutch victory. The Netherlands receive Suriname and cede New Netherland to England. 1672: England, France, Münster and Cologne declare war on the Netherlands. Brandenburg, Austria and Spain join the Netherlands as allies. Orangists take power by force and depose de Witt, who is lynched by an organized mob. Prince Willem III of Orange takes power as stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel. 1674: After an initial defeat, the Netherlands succeed in driving back the English, French and allied forces. The Treaty of Westminster ends after a Dutch victory the war between England and the Netherlands. 1675: Denmark, the Netherlands, Brandenburg-Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire gets into war with Sweden and France. It is mainly fought in Scania and Northern Germany. The war ends with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. 1678: The Treaties of Nijmegen end after a French victory the war between France and the Netherlands and its allies. France wins territories in the Southern Netherlands. 1688: King James II of England is ousted by the English parliament and the throne of England and Scotland is offered jointly to his protestant daughter Mary and her husband prince-stadtholder Willem III. After king Louis XIV of France crosses the Rhine an grand alliance of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Spain, England and Savoy gets into the War of the Grand Alliance with France. 1697: The Treaty of Rijswijk ends the War of the Grand Alliance. 1701: After the death of king Carlos II of Spain, his succession is disputed between Philippe of Anjou and Karl VI of Habsburg. In the following War of the Spanish Succession. Philippe is supported by France. Karl is supported by amongst others the Dutch Republic. 1702: After the death of Willem III the personal union ends. The provinces abolish the office. Count Johan Willem Friso of Nassau-Diez becomes prince of Nassau-Orange. He becomes also Stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession. 1715: France conquers Mauritius. 1718: King Felipe V of Spain claims as grandson of Louis XIV the French throne. This leads to the War of the Quadruple Alliance with an alliance of France, Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, England and Savoy. 1720: The war ends with victory of the alliance, confirmed with the Treaty of The Hague. Prussia sells the Brandenburger Gold Coast colony to the Netherlands. 1740: The Netherlands support the succession of Maria Theresia as archduchess of Austria and her husband Franz Stefan as Holy Roman Emperor. 1747: Prince Willem IV of Orange, stadtholder of Friesland and Guelders, prince of Nassau-Dillenburg, becomes hereditary stadtholder-general of all the provinces. 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. 1787: A revolt against the rule of stadhouder prince Willem V is defeated after an intervention of Prussia. 1793: France declares war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. Batavian Republic 1795: After an invasion of exiles led by Herman Willem Daendels, prince-stadtholder Willem V is overthrown. The office of stadholder is abolished and the Netherlands are continued as the revolutionary Batavian Republic, a French client state. The Netherlands cede Ceylon and the Cape Colony to Great Britain. 1796: The Batavian Republic gets a parliament elected by limited suffrage. The rotating president of the parliament is head of state. 1798: Unitarian Democrats led by Pieter Vreede stage a coup d'état. They are overthrown the same year by Herman Willem Daendels. A collective government is formed and a new parliament is formed elected by limited suffrage. The parliament elects the government. Batavian Commonwealth 1801: After another coup d'état under French pressure, the Batavian Republic is renamed. A new collective government is installed. The parliament gets limited powers and is formed in indirect elections. 1802: The United Kingdom cedes the Cape Colony to the Batavian Republic. 1805: The Batavian Commonwealth gets an executive grand-pensionary, Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, and a parliament elected by the provincial executives. 1806: The United Kingdom conquers the Cape Colony. Kingdom of Holland 1806: The same year the Batavian Commonwealth is abolished by France. The brother of emperor Napoleon, Louis Bonaparte becomes as Lodewijk king of Holland. Holland gets a parliament whose members are appointed by the king. French Empire 1810: Napoleon dissolves the Kingdom of Holland and Holland is annexed to France. Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 1813: The Netherlands regain independence as a monarchy. The Netherlands get a parliament elected by the provincial assemblies. Frederik Willem, son of the last stadtholder Willem V, becomes prince of the Netherlands. 1814: France is finally defeated in the War of the Sixth Coalition. Napoleon goes into exile on Elba. France loses the annexed territories. In the secret Eight Articles of London awards the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège to prince Willem. Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815: With the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna prince Willem I acquieres the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège and becomes king Willem of the Netherlands in a personal union with Luxembourg. He loses Nassau-Orange to the dukes of Nassau. The United Kingdom is confirmed in control of the Dutch colonies Cape Colony, Tobago and Ceylon. The Dutch East Indies are restored to the Netherlands. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows Louis XVIII and restores the empire. He is [Battle of Waterloo|defeated at Waterloo]] by the allied forces and abdicates. After the unification with the Southern Netherlands, the Netherlands get a bicameral parliament consisting out of a chamber elected by the provincial legislatures and an appointed senate. 1830: Belgium secedes from the Netherlands. 1839: The secession of Belgium is recognized. The province of Limburg has between 1839 and 1866 a special status in a personal union but is de facto ruled as a provinces 1848: After revolutions in other countries, the Netherlands become a constitutional monarchy. The chamber is elected in free elections directly on a limited suffrage. The senate is elected by the provincial legislatures. The government is responsible to the parliament. 1872: The Netherlands cede the Dutch Gold Coast to the United Kingdom. 1890: After the death of king Willem III, the personal union with Luxembourg ends. 1917: The Netherlands introduce universal male suffrage. 1918: A socialist revolution fails due to a lack of support. 1919: The Netherlands introduce universal suffrage. 1920: The Netherlands are a founding member of the League of Nations. German Empire 1940: Nazi Germany invades and conquers as part of World War II the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. The government goes into exile. 1944: The allied forces of the the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Free French, and Poland launch an invasion of Normandy, creating a third Front. Kingdom of the Netherlands 1944: Part of the Netherlands is liberated. The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg establish the Benelux Union. 1945: The Netherlands are liberated. The Netherlands are a founding member of the United Nations. 1945/1949: Indonesia becomes independent. 1949: The Netherlands are a founding member of the Council of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1951: By signing the Treaty of Paris, in force in 1952, the Netherlands are a founder of the European Coal and Steel Community. 1954: The Netherlands and the overseas possessions are reorganized into the Kingdom of the Netherlands, of which the European part, the Netherlands, becomes the dominant constituent county. 1957: By signing the Treaty of Rome, in force in 1958, the Netherlands are a founder of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, predecessors of the European Union. 1963: Netherlands New Guinea is annexed to Indonesia. 1975: Suriname becomes independent in 1975.