Wikipedia

User:Buidhe/Genocide in Muslim countries

< User:Buidhe

Many genocides, persecutions, and mass killings have been committed in Muslim-majority countries or by Islamic governments. In just the twentieth century, millions of people have been killed. Several historians and scholars such as Wolfgang G. Schwanitz and Benny Morris have described Islam and jihad as the causative factor in these killings.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

In the Ottoman Empire edit

Hamidian massacres edit

This paragraph is an excerpt from Hamidian massacres.[edit]

The Hamidian massacres[7] also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s. Estimated casualties ranged from 100,000[8] to 300,000,[9] resulting in 50,000 orphaned children.[10] The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the declining Ottoman Empire, reasserted pan-Islamism as a state ideology.[11] Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians, in some cases they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms, including the Diyarbekir massacres, where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 Assyrians were also killed.[12]

Adana massacre edit

This paragraph is an excerpt from Adana massacre.[edit]

The Adana massacre (Armenian: Ադանայի կոտորած, Turkish: Adana Katliamı) occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. A massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman Muslims in the city of Adana amidst the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 expanded to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the province.[13] Around 20,000 to 25,000 people were killed in Adana and surrounding towns, mostly Armenians;[14] it was reported that about 1,300 Assyrians were also killed during the massacres.[15] Unlike the earlier Hamidian massacres, the events were not organized by the central government but instead instigated by local officials, intellectuals, and Islamic clerics, including Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) supporters in Adana. Professor of History Ronald Grigor Suny from the University of Michigan describes Adana as "more like an urban riot that degenerated into a pogrom rather than a state-initiated mass killing".[16]

Armenian genocide edit

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Armenian genocide.[edit]

The Armenian genocide[a] was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the forced Islamization of others, primarily women and children.

Before World War I, Armenians occupied a somewhat protected, but subordinate, place in Ottoman society. Large-scale massacres of Armenians had occurred in the 1890s and 1909. The Ottoman Empire suffered a series of military defeats and territorial losses—especially during the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars—leading to fear among CUP leaders that the Armenians would seek independence. During their invasion of Russian and Persian territory in 1914, Ottoman paramilitaries massacred local Armenians. Ottoman leaders took isolated instances of Armenian resistance as evidence of a widespread rebellion, though no such rebellion existed. Mass deportation was intended to permanently forestall the possibility of Armenian autonomy or independence.

On 24 April 1915, the Ottoman authorities arrested and deported hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and leaders from Constantinople. At the orders of Talaat Pasha, an estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million Armenians were sent on death marches to the Syrian Desert in 1915 and 1916. Driven forward by paramilitary escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to robbery, rape, and massacres. In the Syrian Desert, the survivors were dispersed into concentration camps. In 1916, another wave of massacres was ordered, leaving about 200,000 deportees alive by the end of the year. Around 100,000 to 200,000 Armenian women and children were forcibly converted to Islam and integrated into Muslim households. Massacres and ethnic cleansing of Armenian survivors continued through the Turkish War of Independence after World War I, carried out by Turkish nationalists.

This genocide put an end to more than two thousand years of Armenian civilization in eastern Anatolia. Together with the mass murder and expulsion of Assyrian/Syriac and Greek Orthodox Christians, it enabled the creation of an ethnonationalist Turkish state, the Republic of Turkey. The Turkish government maintains that the deportation of Armenians was a legitimate action that cannot be described as genocide. As of 2023, 34 countries have recognized the events as genocide, concurring with the academic consensus.

Assyrian genocide edit

This paragraph is an excerpt from Sayfo.[edit]

The Sayfo (Syriac: ܣܲܝܦܵܐ, lit. 'sword'), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.

The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church. Before World War I, they lived in mountainous and remote areas of the Ottoman Empire, some of which were effectively stateless. The empire's nineteenth-century centralization efforts led to increased violence and danger for the Assyrians.

Greek genocide edit

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Greek genocide.[edit]

The Greek genocide[17][18][19][20][A 1] (Greek: Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων, romanized: Genoktonía ton Ellínon), which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.[26] It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[27] against the indigenous Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert,[28] expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.[29] Several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period.[30] Most of the refugees and survivors fled to Greece (adding over a quarter to the prior population of Greece).[31] Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring Russian Empire.

By late 1922, most of the Greeks of Asia Minor had either fled or had been killed.[32] Those remaining were transferred to Greece under the terms of the later 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which formalized the exodus and barred the return of the refugees. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Armenians, and some scholars and organizations have recognized these events as part of the same genocidal policy.[33][20][34][19][35]

The Allies of World War I condemned the Ottoman government–sponsored massacres. In 2007, the International Association of Genocide Scholars passed a resolution recognising the Ottoman campaign against its Christian minorities, including the Greeks, as genocide.[20] Some other organisations have also passed resolutions recognising the Ottoman campaign against these Christian minorities as genocide, as have the national legislatures of Greece,[36][37][18] Cyprus,[38] the United States,[39][40][41][42] Sweden,[43][44] Armenia,[45] the Netherlands,[46][47] Germany,[48][49] Austria[50][51] and the Czech Republic.[52][53][54]

Later examples edit

Bangladesh genocide edit

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Bangladesh genocide.[edit]
Part of a series on
Persecution of Bengali Hindus
 
Part of Bengali Hindu history
Discrimination
Persecution
Opposition

The Bangladesh genocide (Bengali: একাত্তরের গণহত্যা, romanized: Ekāttorer Gôṇôhôtyā, lit. '71's genocide', Bengali: বাঙালি গণহত্যা, romanized: Bāṅāli Gôṇôhôtyā, lit. 'Bengali genocide') was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars.[55] It began on 25 March 1971, as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence from the Pakistani state. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, erstwhile Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local pro-Pakistan militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.[56] In their investigation of the genocide, the Geneva-based International Commission of Jurists concluded that Pakistan's campaign involved the attempt to exterminate or forcibly remove a significant portion of the country's Hindu populace.[57]

The West Pakistani government, which had implemented discriminatory legislation in East Pakistan,[58] asserted that Hindus were behind the Mukti Bahini (Bengali resistance fighters) revolt and that resolving the local "Hindu problem" would end the conflict—Khan's government and the Pakistani elite thus regarded the crackdown as a strategic policy.[59] Genocidal rhetoric accompanied the campaign: Pakistani men believed that the sacrifice of Hindus was needed to fix the national malaise.[60] In the countryside, Pakistan Army moved through villages and specifically asked for places where Hindus lived before burning them down.[61] Hindus were identified by checking circumcision or by demanding the recitation of Muslim prayers.[62] This also resulted in the migration of around eight million East Pakistani refugees into India, 80-90% of whom were Hindus.[63]

Pakistan's imams declared Bengali Hindu women to be "war booty”;[64][65] and Pakistani fatwa were issued legitimizing Bengali Hindu women as spoils of war.[65][66] Women who were targeted often died in Pakistani captivity or committed suicide, while others fled to India.[67]

Pakistan's activities during the Bangladesh Liberation War served as a catalyst for India's military intervention in support of the Mukti Bahini, triggering the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The conflict and the genocide formally ended on 16 December 1971, when the joint forces of Bangladesh and India received the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender. As a result of the conflict, approximately 10 million East Bengali refugees fled to Indian territory while up to 30 million people were internally displaced out of the 70 million total population of East Pakistan. There was also ethnic violence between the Bengali majority and the Bihari minority during the conflict; between 1,000 and 150,000 Biharis were killed in reprisal attacks by Bengali militias and mobs, as Bihari collaboration with the West Pakistani campaign had led to further anti-Bihari sentiment. Since Pakistan's defeat and Bangladesh's independence, the title "Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh" has commonly been used to refer to the Bihari community, which was denied the right to hold Bangladeshi citizenship until 2008.

Allegations of a genocide in Bangladesh were rejected by most UN member states at the time and rarely appear in textbooks and academic sources on genocide studies.[68]

Anfal genocide edit

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Anfal campaign.[edit]

The Anfal campaign[b] was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds[69] because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate.[70] The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.[71]

The Iraqi forces were led by Ali Hassan al-Majid, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein. The campaign's name was taken from the title of the eighth chapter of the Qur'an (al-ʾanfāl).

In 1993, Human Rights Watch released a report on the Anfal campaign based on documents captured by Kurdish rebels during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq; HRW described it as a genocide and estimated between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths. This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007 Hague court ruling, which stated that the evidences from the documents were not sufficient to establish the charge of genocide.{{Efn|Sources on the 2007 Hague court ruling:

Darfur genocide edit

This paragraph is an excerpt from Darfur genocide.[edit]

Chechnya genocide edit

This paragraph is an excerpt from Anti-gay purges in Chechnya.[edit]

Anti-gay purges in Chechnya, a part of the Russian Federation, have included forced disappearances, secret abductions, imprisonment, torture and extrajudicial killing by authorities targeting persons based on their perceived sexual orientation, primarily gay men. At least 2 of the 100 people, whom authorities detained on suspicion of being gay or bisexual, have reportedly died after being held in what human rights groups and eyewitnesses have called concentration camps.[72]

These killings have been described as a genocide.[73]

Indonesia edit

Indonesian genocide edit

This paragraph is an excerpt from Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66.[edit]

Large-scale killings and civil unrest primarily targeting members and supposedly sympathizers of the Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966. Other affected groups included alleged communist sympathisers, Gerwani women, trade unionists,[74] ethnic Javanese Abangan,[75] ethnic Chinese, atheists, so-called "unbelievers", and alleged leftists in general. According to the most widely published estimates at least 500,000 to 1.2 million people were killed,[76]: 3 [77][78][79] with some estimates going as high as two to three million.[80][81] The atrocities, sometimes described as a genocide[82][83][76] or politicide,[84][85] were instigated by the Indonesian Army under Suharto. Research and declassified documents demonstrate the Indonesian authorities received support from foreign countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.[86][87]: 157 [88][89][90][91]

East Timor genocide edit

This paragraph is an excerpt from East Timor genocide.[edit]

The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. The majority of sources consider the Indonesian killings in East Timor to constitute genocide,[92][93][94] while other scholars disagree on certain aspects of the definition.[95]

ISIS edit

Genocide of Yazidis edit

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Yazidi genocide.[edit]

The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017.[96][97][98] It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. The Yazidi people, who are non-Arabs, are indigenous to Kurdistan and adhere to Yazidism, which is an Iranian religion derived from the Indo-Iranian tradition. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men;[99] the United Nations reported that the Islamic State killed about 5,000 Yazidis[100] and trafficked about 10,800 Yazidi women and girls in a "forced conversion campaign"[101][102] throughout Iraq. By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava.[103][104] The persecution of Yazidis, along with other religious minorities, took place after the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive of June 2014.[105][106]

Amidst numerous atrocities committed by the Islamic State, the Yazidi genocide attracted international attention and prompted the United States to establish CJTF–OIR, a large military coalition consisting of many Western countries and Turkey, Morocco, and Jordan. Additionally, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia made emergency airdrops to support Yazidi refugees who had become trapped in the Sinjar Mountains due to the Islamic State's Northern Iraq offensive of August 2014. During the Sinjar massacre, in which the Islamic State killed and abducted thousands of the trapped Yazidis, the United States and the United Kingdom began carrying out airstrikes on the advancing Islamic State militants, while the People's Defense Units and the Kurdistan Workers' Party jointly formed a humanitarian corridor to evacuate the rest of the Yazidi refugees from the Sinjar Mountains.[107]

In addition to the United Nations, several countries and organizations have designated the anti-Yazidi campaign of the Islamic State as a definite genocide. These include: the Council of Europe and the European Union, the United States, Canada, Armenia, and Iraq.[96][97]

Genocide of Christians edit

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State.[edit]

The persecution of Christians by the Islamic State involves the systematic mass murder[108][109][110] of Christian minorities, within the regions of Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Libya controlled by the Islamic terrorist group Islamic State. Persecution of Christian minorities climaxed following the Syrian civil war and later by its spillover.[111][112]

According to US diplomat Alberto M. Fernandez, "While the majority of the victims of the conflict which is raging in Syria and Iraq have been Muslims, Christians have borne a heavy burden given their small numbers."[113]

On February 3, 2016, the European Union recognized the persecution of religious minorities, including Christians, by the Islamic State as genocide.[114][115][116] The vote was unanimous. The United States House of Representatives followed suit on March 15, 2016, declaring that these atrocities against minorities were genocide.[117] On April 20, 2016, the British Parliament unanimously voted to denounce the actions against minorities as genocide.[118]

References edit

  1. ^ Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. “Islam in Europa, Revolten in Mittelost. Islamismus und Genozid von Wilhelm II. und Enver Pascha über Hitler und al-Husaini bis Arafat, Usama Bin Ladin und Ahmadinejad sowie Gespräche mit Bernard Lewis”, 2013 [= Amerika - Mittelost - Europa. Regionalhistorische Komparatistik: Politik, Wirtschaft, Militär und Kultur, Band 2], 2014, 2. Auflage, 783 S., 150 Abb., 100 Dok., ISBN 978-3-86464-018--6
  2. ^ Ibrahim, Raymond. "Islam's 'Slow Motion' Genocide of Christians". Middle East Forum. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  3. ^ Rubenstein, Richard L. (2009). Jihad and Genocide. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6202-8.
  4. ^ "What Turkey Did to Its Christians | Commonweal Magazine". www.commonwealmagazine.org. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  5. ^ Ze’evi, Dror; Morris, Benny (2020). "Response to Critique: The thirty-year genocide. Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924, by Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press, 2019, 672 pp., USD$35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9780674916456". Journal of Genocide Research. 22 (4): 561–566. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1735600.
  6. ^ "New book 'The Next Jihad' to expose Christian genocide in Africa". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  7. ^ Armenian: Համիդյան ջարդեր, Turkish: Hamidiye Katliamı, French: Massacres hamidiens)
  8. ^ Dictionary of Genocide, By Paul R. Bartrop, Samuel Totten, 2007, p. 23
  9. ^ Akçam, Taner (2006) A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility p. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York ISBN 978-0-8050-7932-6
  10. ^ "Fifty Thousand Orphans made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians", The New York Times, December 18, 1896, The number of Armenian children under twelve years of age made orphans by the massacres of 1895 is estimated by the missionaries at 50.000.
  11. ^ Akçam 2006, p. 44.
  12. ^ Angold, Michael (2006), O'Mahony, Anthony (ed.), Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 5. Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p. 512, ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2.
  13. ^ Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in Armenian Cilicia, eds. Richard G. Hovannisian and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 339–369.
  14. ^ Suny 2015, p. 171.
  15. ^ Gaunt, David (2009). "The Assyrian Genocide of 1915". Assyrian Genocide Research Center.
  16. ^ Suny 2015, pp. 172–173.
  17. ^ AINA (2015a); AINA (2015b); Armenpress (2015)
  18. ^ a b Καθιέρωση της 14 Σεπτεμβρίου ως ημέρας εθνικής μνήμης της Γενοκτονίας των Ελλήνων της Μικράς Ασίας απο το Τουρκικό Κράτος (2645/98) (in Greek). Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic. 13 October 1998. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016..
  19. ^ a b Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—Introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. S2CID 71515470.
  20. ^ a b c "Resolution" (PDF). IAGS. 16 December 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2015..
  21. ^ Γενοκτονία ή Εθνοκάθαρση τελικά (greek). On Alert (4 Νοεμβρίου 2015).
  22. ^ Ανδριανόπουλος, Ανδρέας. Γενοκτονία και Εθνοκάθαρση (greek). News24/7 (5 Νοεμβρίου 2015).
  23. ^ Varnava, Andrekos (2016). "Book Review: Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 10 (1): 121–123. doi:10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1403. ISSN 1911-0359.
  24. ^ Schwartz, Michael (2013). Ethnische 'Säuberungen' in der Moderne. Globale Wechselwirkungen nationalistischer und rassistischer Gewaltpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert [Ethnic 'cleansing' in the modern age. Global interactions of nationalist and racist violent politics in the 19th and 20th centuries] (in German). Oldenbourg, München: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-486-70425-9.
  25. ^ Barth, Boris (2006). Genozid. Völkermord im 20. Jahrhundert. Geschichte, Theorien, Kontroversen [Genocide: Genocide in the 20th Century: History, theories, controversies] (in German). München: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-40652-865-1.
  26. ^ Jones 2010a, p. 163.
  27. ^ Meichanetsidis, Vasileios (2015). "The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 104–173. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.06. ISSN 2291-1847. S2CID 154870709. The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks
  28. ^ Weisband, Edward (2017). The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-Making. Oxford University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-19-067789-3 – via Google Books.
  29. ^ Law I, Jacobs A, Kaj N, Pagano S, Koirala BS (20 October 2014). Mediterranean racisms: connections and complexities in the racialization of the Mediterranean region. Basingstoke: Springer. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-137-26347-6. OCLC 893607294 – via Google Books.
  30. ^ Jones 2006, pp. 154–55.
  31. ^ Howland, Charles P. (2011-10-11). "Greece and Her Refugees". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  32. ^ Gibney MJ, Hansen R, eds. (2005). Immigration and Asylum: from 1900 to the Present. Vol. 3. ABC-CLIO. p. 377. ISBN 978-1-57607-796-2. OCLC 250711524. The total number of Christians who fled to Greece was probably in the region of 1.2 million with the main wave occurring in 1922 before the signing of the convention. According to the official records of the Mixed Commission set up to monitor the movements, the "Greeks' who were transferred after 1923 numbered 189,916 and the number of Muslims expelled to Turkey was 355,635 [Ladas I932, 438–439; but using the same source Eddy 1931, 201 states that the post-1923 exchange involved 192,356 Greeks from Turkey and 354,647 Muslims from Greece].
  33. ^ Jones 2010, pp. 171–2: 'A resolution was placed before the IAGS membership to recognize the Greek and Assyrian/Chaldean components of the Ottoman genocide against Christians, alongside the Armenian strand of the genocide (which the IAGS has already formally acknowledged). The result, passed emphatically in December 2007 despite not inconsiderable opposition, was a resolution which I co-drafted, reading as follows:...'
  34. ^ "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament", News (full text), AM, 24 September 2023, containing both the IAGS and the Swedish resolutions.
  35. ^ Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias. doi:10.31826/9781463210816. ISBN 9781593333010.
  36. ^ Η 19η Μαΐου, καθιερώνεται ως ημέρα μνήμης της γενοκτονίας των Ελλήνων του Πόντου (2193/94) (in Greek). Hellenic Parliament. 11 March 1994. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016..
  37. ^ Tsolakidou, Stella (18 May 2013). "May 19, Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  38. ^ "Government Spokesman's written statement on the Greek Pontiac Genocide, yesterday". Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  39. ^ "Text - H.Res.296 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Affirming the United States record on the Armenian Genocide". 29 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Text - S.Res.150 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States to commemorate the Armenian Genocide through official recognition and remembrance". 12 December 2019.
  41. ^ "House Passes Resolution Recognizing Armenian Genocide". The New York Times. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  42. ^ "US House says Armenian mass killing was genocide". BBC News. 30 October 2019.
  43. ^ "Sweden to recognize Armenian genocide". thelocal.se. 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  44. ^ "Sweden: Parliament Approves Resolution on Armenian Genocide". loc.gov. 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  45. ^ Armenpress 2015.
  46. ^ "Dutch Parliament Recognizes Greek, Assyrian and Armenian Genocide". greekreporter.com. 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  47. ^ AINA 2015a.
  48. ^ "German Bundestag recognizes the Armenian Genocide". armradio.am. 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  49. ^ "Bundestag calls Turkish crimes against Armenians genocide". b92.net. 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  50. ^ AINA 2015b.
  51. ^ "Austrian Parliament Recognizes Armenian Genocide". MassisPost. 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  52. ^ "Czech Parliament Approves Armenian Genocide Resolution". The Armenian Weekly. 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  53. ^ "Czech Republic recognizes the Armenian Genocide". Armenpress. 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  54. ^ "Czech Republic Parliament recognizes the Armenian Genocide". ArmRadio. 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  55. ^ Bass 2013a, p. 198:"The Nixon administration had ample evidence not just of the scale of the massacres, but also of their ethnic targeting of the Hindu minority—what Blood had condemned as genocide. This was common knowledge throughout the Nixon administration."
  56. ^ "Bangladesh - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  57. ^ MacDermot, Niall (June 1972). "The Review" (PDF). International Commission of Jurists. p. 34. Retrieved 29 November 2023. As far as the other three groups are concerned, namely members of the Awami League, students and Hindus, only Hindus would seem to fall within the definition of ' a national, ethnical, racial or religious group '. There is overwhelming evidence that Hindus were slaughtered and their houses and villages destroyed simply because they were Hindus. The oft repeated phrase ' Hindus are enemies of the state ' as a justification for the killing does not gainsay the intent to commit genocide; rather does it confirm the intention. The Nazis regarded the Jews as enemies of the state and killed them as such. In our view there is a strong prima facie case that the crime of genocide was committed against the group comprising the Hindu population of East Bengal.
  58. ^ "The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh". Harvard International Review. 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  59. ^ D'Costa 2011, p. 101.
  60. ^ Yasmin Saikia, Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh : Remembering 1971, pg. 52
  61. ^ Bass 2013a, p. 119:"Despite ongoing reports of unprovoked killing by soldiers, Blood saw the army launching a military campaign to take control of the countryside. Still, he thought, genocide was the right description for what was happening to the Hindus. So the consulate “began to focus our ‘genocidal’ reporting on the Hindus.” The military crackdown, he cabled, “fully meets criteria of term ‘genocide.’ ”49 Over and over, Blood tried to alarm his superiors in Washington.“ ‘Genocide’ applies fully to naked, calculated and widespread selection of Hindus for special treatment,” he wrote. “From outset various members of American community have witnessed either burning down of Hindu villages, Hindu enclaves in Dacca and shooting of Hindus attempting [to] escape carnage, or have witnessed after-effects which [are] visible throughout Dacca today. Gunning down of Professor Dev of Dacca University philosophy department is one graphic example.”50 He explained that the Pakistani military evidently did not “make distinctions between Indians and Pakistan Hindus, treating both as enemies.” Such anti-Hindu sentiments were lingering and widespread, Blood wrote. He and his staff tenaciously kept up their reporting of anti-Hindu atrocities, telling how the Pakistan army would move into a village, ask where the Hindus lived, and thenkill the Hindu men."
  62. ^ Bass 2013a, p. 120:"Desaix Myers remembers, “We were aware the Hindu markets had been attacked. The villages that we visited were Hindu. We were aware that Hindus specically were being attacked.” In a letter at the time, he wrote, “The Army continues to check, lifting lungis [a kind of sarong worn by Bengalis], checking circumcision, demanding recitation of Muslim prayers. Hindus flee or are shot.” He recalls that on one trip out of Dacca, “I was convinced I saw people wearing pieces of cloth identifying themselves as Hindus.” Butcher says, “You heard stories of men having to pull down their lungis. If they were circumcised, they were let go. If they were not, they were killed. It was singling out the Hindus for especially bad treatment, burning Hindu villages, it was like a pogrom. It was ridding the province of these people.”"
  63. ^ Bass 2013a, p. 302:"The CIA had a blunt explanation for this “incredible” migration: “many if not most of the Hindus fled for fear of their lives.” Lieutenant General Tikka Khan, Yahya’s military governor, evidently thought he could quickly frighten the Bengalis into submission. The Pakistan army, the CIA noted, seemed to have singled out Hindus as targets. Although the CIA refrained from crying genocide, it did insist this was an ethnic campaign, with 80 percent—or possibly even 90 percent— of the refugees being Hindus. So far, out of eight million refugees, over six million were Hindus, and many more might follow—ending perhaps only when East Pakistan had no more Hindus left.... This was conrmed by Sydney Schanberg of the New York Times, who, interviewing refugees in India, found that almost all of them were Hindus, who said that they were still specially hounded by the Pakistan army."
  64. ^ Siddiqi 1998, p. 208.
  65. ^ a b D'Costa 2011, p. 108.
  66. ^ Siddiqi 1998, pp. 208–209: "Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. [Footnote, on p. 225:] S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," Daily Star (Dhaka), 28 December 1994, 7."
  67. ^ Islam 2019, p. 175: "The Pakistani occupation army and its local collaborators targeted mostly the Hindu women and girls for rape and sexual violence. Many rape victims were killed in captivity while others migrated to India or committed suicide"
  68. ^ Moses, A. Dirk (2021). The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8, 395. ISBN 978-1-009-02832-5.
  69. ^ Hiltermann 2008, Victims.
  70. ^ Kirmanj & Rafaat 2021, p. 163.
  71. ^ Beeston, Richard (18 January 2010). "Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore". The Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  72. ^ Reynolds, Daniel (10 April 2017). "Report: Chechnya Is Torturing Gay Men in Concentration Camps". The Advocate. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  73. ^ "Chechnya accused of 'gay genocide' in ICC complaint". BBC News. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  74. ^ Kine, Phelim (2017). "Indonesia Again Silences 1965 Massacre Victims". Human Rights Watch. Over the next few months, at least 500,000 people were killed (the total may be as high as one million). The victims included members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), ethnic Chinese, trade unionists, teachers, activists, and artists.
  75. ^ Ricklefs (1991), p. 288.
  76. ^ a b Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3.
  77. ^ Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4.
  78. ^ Blumenthal, David A.; McCormack, Timothy L. H. (2008). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence Or Institutionalised Vengeance?. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 80. ISBN 978-90-04-15691-3.
  79. ^ "Indonesia Still Haunted by 1965-66 Massacre". Time. 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  80. ^ Indonesia's killing fields Archived 14 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera, 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  81. ^ Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 0-521-52750-3. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  82. ^ Cribb, Robert (2004). "Case Study 4: The Indonesian Genocide of 1965-1966". In Totten, Samuel (ed.). Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources. Information Age Publishing. pp. 133–143. ISBN 1-59311-074-X.
  83. ^ Melvin, Jess (20 October 2017). "Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide". Indonesia at Melbourne. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2017. The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue.
  84. ^ Roosa, John. "The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why". Stanford.
  85. ^ "The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened?". Maastricht University.
  86. ^ Leksana, Grace (16 June 2020). "Collaboration in Mass Violence: The Case of the Indonesian Anti-Leftist Mass Killings in 1965–66 in East Java". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (1): 58–80. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1778612. S2CID 225789678.
  87. ^ Bevins, Vincent (2020). The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-5417-4240-6.
  88. ^ "Files reveal US had detailed knowledge of Indonesia's anti-communist purge". The Associated Press via The Guardian. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  89. ^ Kim, Jaechun (2002). "U.S. Covert Action in Indonesia in the 1960s: Assessing the Motives and Consequences". Journal of International and Area Studies. 9 (2): 63–85. ISSN 1226-8550. JSTOR 43107065.
  90. ^ "Judges say Australia complicit in 1965 Indonesian massacres". www.abc.net.au. 2016-07-20. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  91. ^ Lashmar, Paul; Gilby, Nicholas; Oliver, James (October 17, 2021). "Slaughter in Indonesia: Britain's secret propaganda war". The Observer.
  92. ^ Payaslian, Simon. "20th Century Genocides". Oxford bibliographies. Archived from the original on 2020-05-16. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
  93. ^ Sidell, Scott (1981). "The United States and genocide in East Timor". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 11 (1): 44–61. doi:10.1080/00472338185390041.
  94. ^ "War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975-99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia". Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  95. ^ Saul, Ben (2001). "Was the Conflict in the East Timor 'Genocide' and Why Does it Matter?" (PDF). Melbourne Journal of International Law . 2 (2): 477–. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  96. ^ a b Labott, Elise; Kopan, Tal (17 March 2016). "John Kerry: ISIS responsible for genocide". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  97. ^ a b "UN accuses the "Islamic State" in the genocide of the Yazidis" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service/BBC. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  98. ^ "The UN has blamed 'Islamic State' in the genocide of the Yazidis". Радио Свобода. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  99. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (16 August 2018). "Turkish Airstrike in Iraqi Territory Kills a Kurdish Militant Leader". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018.
  100. ^ Cetorelli, Valeria (9 May 2017). "Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey". PLOS Medicine. 14 (5): e1002297. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297. PMC 5423550. PMID 28486492.
  101. ^ Arraf, Jane (7 August 2014). "Islamic State persecution of Yazidi minority amounts to genocide, UN says". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  102. ^ Blair, David (6 June 2015). "Isil's Yazidi 'mass conversion' video fails to hide brutal duress". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  103. ^ "ISIS Terror: One Yazidi's Battle to Chronicle the Death of a People". MSNBC. 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  104. ^ Denkinger J.K., Windthorst P., El Sount C.R.-O., Blume M., Sedik H., Kizilhan J.I., Gibbons N., Pham P., Hillebrecht J., Ateia N., Nikendei C., Zipfel S., Junne F. (2017). "The 2014 Yazidi genocide and its effect on Yazidi diaspora". The Lancet. 390 (10106): 1946. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32701-0. PMID 29115224. S2CID 40913754.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ Slater, Andrew (13 June 2014). "Kurdish Forces are Pushing Back Against ISIS, Gaining Ground Around Mosul". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  106. ^ Phillips, David L. (29 November 2018). The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781786735768 – via Google Books.
  107. ^ Phillips, David L. (5 July 2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 9781351480369 – via Google Books.
  108. ^ Rodriguez, Meredith (August 8, 2014). "Chicago-area Assyrians march against ISIL, others protest airstrikes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  109. ^ Bowcott, Owen; Jones, Sam (August 8, 2014). "Isis persecution of Iraqi Christians has become genocide, says religious leaders". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  110. ^ McQuade, Romsin (July 30, 2014). "Iraq's persecuted Assyrian Christians are in limbo". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
  111. ^ "Syria: Opposition Abuses During Ground Offensive". Human Rights Watch. 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  112. ^ Levs, Josh (August 7, 2014). "Will anyone stop ISIS?". CNN. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  113. ^ Fernandez, Alberto M. (June 16, 2015). "The "Sayfo" Continues Responding to Global Christian Persecution". Berkeley Center Cornerstone. Georgetown University Religious Freedom Project. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  114. ^ Moore, Jack (February 4, 2016). "European Parliament Recognizes ISIS Killing of Religious Minorities as Genocide". Newsweek.
  115. ^ JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION, European Parliament
  116. ^ MEP's call for urgent action to protect religious minorities against ISIS, European Parliament
  117. ^ Bruton, F. Brinley (March 17, 2016). "Kerry: ISIS Is Committing Genocide Against Yazidis, Christians and Shiite Muslims". NBC News.
  118. ^ "Isis is committing genocide against Yazidis and Christians, British MP's unanimously declare". Independent.co.uk. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
Cite error: There are <ref group=A> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=A}} template (see the help page).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Buidhe/Genocide_in_Muslim_countries&oldid=994280225"