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User:Antidiskriminator/Drafts of articles/Ottoman borderlands

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Ottoman borderlands .............


Etimology edit

On the Balkans this type of borderland entity was often referred to as krajište. Word krajište is taken from Serbian language (Serbian: krajište, крајиште). Krajište was name for administrative unit on the border of Serbian Empire or Serbian Despotate, but only if emperor or despot had not established solid and firm control over such unit, due to raids from hostile neighbouring provinces. When Ottoman Empire in 1392 conquered Skopje, former capitol of Serbian Empire, krajište was established in Western Balkan parts of Ottoman Empire.

List of Ottoman borderland entities edit

During its history Ottooman Empire established many borderland entities which include:

  • Bosansko Krajište
  • Vilayet Croats
  • Vilayet Požega
  • Vilajet Sremsko područje

One of the most important characteristics of borderland life was that frontier was not always separating people of different ethnicities and language. Border wariors on both sides of Habsburg-Ottoman borderland were more alike in ethnic and liguistical sense than they were different.[1]

Bosansko Krajište edit

Bosansko Krajište is name for interim borderland administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire established on the part of the Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period between 1392 and 1463 when this territory was on the border of the Ottoman Empire, but not under its firm control (Ottoman frontier). Ibrahimagić claim that Bosansko Krajište was officially established in 1451, more than 50 years after first attacks of Ottoman Empire.[2]

History edit

Territory that today belongs to Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina has not been conquered by Ottoman Empire at once, during one battle. Ottoman Empire has been conquering it during many decades. First Ottoman raids led by Timuras-Pasha happened in eastern parts of Bosnia in 1384.[3] Conquest started with first battle (Battle of Bileća in 1388) and ended in 1463 with death of Tvrtko I of Bosnia, although there were several fortresses that resisted much longer (last fortress in Herzegovina fall in 1487 and Jajce under Hungarian garrison held until 1527).[4]

Despite very important victories of Ottoman Empire against regional feudal lords in Battle of Marica (1371) and Battle of Kosovo (1389) Ottoman Army established administrative unit in Western Balkan region only in 1392 after capturing Skopje, former capitol of Serbian Empire. In the meantime there were many raids of military units of Ottoman Empire into feudal principalities on Western Balkan, some of them even into territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina. Battle of Bileća in 1388 was first battle of army of Ottoman Empire on the territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Ottoman Empire had two administrative units with name Krajište, Skopsko Krajište and Bosansko Krajište. They both were governed by same ruler based in Skopje.

Although first raids of Ottoman armies into territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina were organized at the end of 14th century, first permanent presence of Ottoman armies was established in 1414, after region near Donji Vakuf (known as Bosnian Skoplje in medieval times) was captured. In period 1414—1418 Ottoman Empire conquered Foča, Pljevlja, Čajniče i Nevesinje. In 1418 Isak-Beg captured Priboj, a town first mentioned in written documents on this occasion.[5] During the same year Višegrad and Sokol were captured too.

When Ottoman Empire finally conquered whole territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1463, Bosansko Krajište was divided between four newly established sanjaks:

  1. Sanjak of Bosnia,
  2. Sanjak of Herzegovina,
  3. Sanjak of Klis and
  4. Sanjak of Zvornik

First three of them were subordinated to beglerbey of Rumelia and Sanjak of Zvornik was under control of beglerbey of Budim.

List of rulers of Bosansko Krajište edit

Isa-Beg Isaković organized in 1455 one of the first Ottoman censuses in the West Balkan territory. In 1463 Bosnian Krajište was transformed to Bosnian Sanjak and Isa-Beg Isaković was its first sanjakbey.[6]

Vilayet Croats edit

The Vilayet Croats[7] (Turkish: Vilayet-i Hırvat) was early 16th-century Ottoman temporary borderland entitity in Dalmatia.[8]

Immediatelly after the Ottomans captured hinterland of Dalmatia and Lika in 1520's, they organized it as borderland entitity and named it Vilayet Croats.[9][10] The southern border of the territory of this vilayet was river Cetina while north-western border was Lika and river Zrmanja.[10][11] It also included region around river Krka.[12] This territory was administratively governed as the Vilayet Croats which belonged to the Sanjak of Bosnia and listed as such in its 1530 defter.[13] The capitol of this vilayet was Sinj. Its territory was under jurisdiction of the Kadiluk Skradin. Aličić claimed that territories of the Vilayet Croats and Skradin kadiluk were the same and that official Ottoman administrative unit Vilayet Croats was under administrative-judical jurisdiction of the Kadiluk Skradin.[14][15]

The first governor of the Vilayet Croats was Malkoč-beg.[16] Around 1537 the governor of Vilayet Croats was Mahmud Bey.[8] The Vilayet Croats was annexed by the Sanjak of Klis when it was established in 1537.[17][18]

References edit

  1. ^ Çiçek, Kemal; Kuran, Ercüment; Göyünç, Nejat (2000). Great Ottoman Turkish civilization. Yeni Türkiye. p. 1. One of the most important facts about life in the Habsburg-Ottoman borderland was that the border warriors on each side were probably more alike ethnically and linguistically than they were different. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Ibrahimagić, Omer (1998). Constitutional development of Bosnia and Herzegovina (PDF). Sarajevo: Vijeće kongresa bošnjačkih intelektualaca. p. 77. ISBN 9958-47-030-6. Establishment of "Bosansko Krajiste" as en interim form of military and territorial organization of Ottoman rule in Bosnia
  3. ^ "Rasprava h. Mehmeda Handžića o pitanjima vjere stanovništva BiH prije dolaska Turaka te islamizacije prostora BiH" (in Serbian). 1384 dolazi Timuraš paša sa vojskom i hara po istočnoj Bosni.
  4. ^ Pinson, Mark (1996) [1993]. The muslims of Bosnia - Herzegovina, the Historic Development from Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia (Second ed.). United States of America: President and Fellows of Harvard College. p. 11. ISBN 0-932885-12-8. Retrieved December 20, 2010. The Ottomans conquered Bosnia in 1463; ... though last fortress in Herzegovina was to fall in 1481, and in Bosnia Jajce under Hungarian garrison actually held until 1527 {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Opština Priboj" (php) (in Serbian). Program razvoja opština u jugozapadnoj Srbiji. Retrieved December 11, 2010. Priboj se prvi put pominje 1418. godine kada ga je osvojio Isak-beg.
  6. ^ Enciclopedia Croatica (in Croatian) (III ed.). Zagrem: Naklada Hrvatskog Izdavalačkog Bibliografskog Zavoda. 1942. p. 157. Retrieved March 15, 2011. Krajišnik Isabeg imenovan je 1463 sandžakbegom novoustrojenog sandžaka Bosna
  7. ^ Anali: Gazi Husrev-Begove Biblioteke . 2013, Vol. 34, p103-115. 13p.
  8. ^ a b Moačanin, Nenad (2006). Town and Country on the Middle Danube: 1526-1690. BRILL. p. 148. ISBN 90-04-14758-6.
  9. ^ Mayhew, Tea (2008). Dalmatia Between Ottoman and Venetian Rule: Contado Di Zara, 1645-1718. Viella. p. 144. ISBN 978-88-8334-334-6. ... the Ottomans immediately imposed their administrative system on the conquered territory in the Dalmatian hinterland organising the whole territory of the Dalmatian hinterland and Lika as vilajet Hrvati.
  10. ^ a b Supercic, Ivan (15 October 2009). Croatia in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance: A Cultural Survey. Philip Wilson Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-85667-624-6.
  11. ^ Hrvatsko-Slavonska vojna krajina i Hrvati pod vlašću osmanskoga carstva u ranome novom vijeku. Barbat. 2007. p. 114. ISBN 978-953-7534-02-8.
  12. ^ Šime Pilić, God. Titius, god.1, br. 1 (2008.), p 107
  13. ^ Različite refleksije osmanskog osvajanja srednjodalmatinskog zaleđa, Zašto su osmanski popisni defteri nezaobilazni izvori, Anali: Gazi Husrev-Begove Biblioteke;2013, Vol. 34, p103 "Areas that are examined in this paper were conquered before the formation of the Klis Sanjak and were administratively regulated within the Vilayet Croats, which belonged to the Bosnian Sandžak, and was so listed in the extensive census of the Bosnian Sanjak in 1530.
  14. ^ Fine, John V. A. (5 February 2010). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-472-02560-2.
  15. ^ Mužić, Ivan (1989). Podrijetlo Hrvata: autohtonost u hrvatskoj etnogenezi na tlu rimske provincije Dalmacije. Nakladni Zavod Matice Hrvatske. p. 163. ISBN 978-86-401-0102-8.
  16. ^ Prilozi. Institut. 1978. p. 120.
  17. ^ Mogućnosti. Matica hrvatska, Split. 2000. p. 75.
  18. ^ Conference, International Research Project "Triplex Confinium." International (2007). Tolerance and Intolerance on the Triplex Confinium: Approaching the "other" on the Borderlands Eastern Adriatic and Beyond, 1500-1800. CLEUP. p. 187. ISBN 978-88-6129-300-7. Concerning the bordering Croat vilayet (in the Klis sandzak from 1537) ...

Sources edit

Further reading edit

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