Ṭha (Indic)

(Redirected from Ttha (Indic))

Ṭha (also romanized as Ttha) is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṭha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ṭha is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Ṭha
Ṭha
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseṬha
Tibetan
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiṬha
DevanagariṬha
Cognates
Hebrewט
GreekΘ
CyrillicѲ
Properties
Phonemic representation/ʈʰ/ /tʰ/B
IAST transliterationṭh Ṭh
ISCII code pointBE (190)

^B in most non-Indian languages

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ठ are:[1]

  • [ʈʰə] = 12 (१२)
  • ठि [ʈʰɪ] = 1,200 (१२००)
  • ठु [ʈʰʊ] = 120,000 (१ २० ०००)
  • ठृ [ʈʰri] = 12,000,000 (१ २० ०० ०००)
  • ठॢ [ʈʰlə] = 1,200,000,000 (१ २० ०० ०० ०००)
  • ठे [ʈʰe] = 12×1010 (१२×१०१०)
  • ठै [ʈʰɛː] = 12×1012 (१२×१०१२)
  • ठो [ʈʰoː] = 12×1014 (१२×१०१४)
  • ठौ [ʈʰɔː] = 12×1016 (१२×१०१६)

Historic Ttha

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There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ttha as found in standard Brahmi,   was a simple geometric shape, and did not vary much throughout the centuries. The Tocharian Ttha   did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ttha, in Kharoshthi ( ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ttha

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The Brahmi letter  , Ttha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Teth  , and is thus related to the modern Greek Theta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ttha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ttha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
         

Tocharian Ttha

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The Tocharian letter   is derived from the Brahmi  , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ttha with vowel marks
Ttha Tthā Tthi Tthī Tthu Tthū Tthr Tthr̄ Tthe Tthai Ttho Tthau Tthä
     

Kharoṣṭhī Ttha

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The Kharoṣṭhī letter   is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Taw  , and is thus related to T and Tau.[2]

Devanagari Ṭha

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Ṭha () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , after having gone through the Gupta letter  . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘙.

Devanagari-using Languages

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In all languages, ठ is pronounced as [ʈʰə] or [ʈʰ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ठ with vowel marks
Ṭha Ṭhā Ṭhi Ṭhī Ṭhu Ṭhū Ṭhr Ṭhr̄ Ṭhl Ṭhl̄ Ṭhe Ṭhai Ṭho Ṭhau Ṭh
ठा ठि ठी ठु ठू ठृ ठॄ ठॢ ठॣ ठे ठै ठो ठौ ठ्

Conjuncts with ठ

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Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṭha either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ठ

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True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form   for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature rṭʰa: note

 

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature rṭʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṭʰra:

 

  • प্ (p) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature pṭʰa:

 

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

 

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ठ্ (ṭʰ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṭʰya:

 

Stacked conjuncts of ठ

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Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature cʰṭʰa:

 

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱṭʰa:

 

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ḍṭʰa:

 

  • द্ (d) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature dṭʰa:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ŋṭʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭʰba:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰbʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭʰca:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰcʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭʰda:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭʰḍa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰḍʱa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰdʱa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭʰga:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰɡʱa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭʰha:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭʰja:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰjʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭʰjña:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ṭʰka:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰkʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰkṣa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṭʰla:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ṭʰḷa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭʰma:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭʰna:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭʰŋa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ṭʰṇa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭʰña:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭʰpa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰpʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ṭʰsa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʰʃa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰṣa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṭʰta:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰtʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭʰṭa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰṭʰa:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṭʰva:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṭṭʰa:

 

Bengali Ttha

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The Bengali script ঠ is derived from the Siddhaṃ  , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ठ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঠ will sometimes be transliterated as "ttho" instead of "ttha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /t̳ʰo/. Like all Indic consonants, ঠ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ঠ with vowel marks
ttha tthā tthi tthī tthu tthū tthr tthr̄ tthe tthai ttho tthau tth
ঠা ঠি ঠী ঠু ঠূ ঠৃ ঠৄ ঠে ঠৈ ঠো ঠৌ ঠ্

ঠ in Bengali-using languages

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ঠ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ঠ

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Bengali ঠ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Conjunct ligatures with ঠ are all based on the ঠ glyph, with little to no alteration aside from the addition of marks suggesting the conjoining letter.[5]

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:

 

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • ন্ (n) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature nṭʰa:

 

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

 

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

Gujarati Ṭha

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Gujarati Ṭha.

Ṭha () is the twelfth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṭha   with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter  .

Gujarati-using Languages

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The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઠ is pronounced as [ʈʰə] or [ʈʰ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṭha Ṭhā Ṭhi Ṭhī Ṭhu Ṭhū Ṭhr Ṭhl Ṭhr̄ Ṭhl̄ Ṭhĕ Ṭhe Ṭhai Ṭhŏ Ṭho Ṭhau Ṭh
 
Gujarati Ṭha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ઠ

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Gujarati ઠ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṭha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṭha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature RṬha:

 

  • ઠ્ (ʈʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬhRa:

 

  • ઠ્ (ʈʰ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṬhṬha:

 

  • ટ્ (ʈ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṬṬha:

 

  • ષ્ (ʂ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṢṬha:

 

Telugu Ṭha

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Telugu independent and subjoined Ṭha.

Ṭha () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ṭha

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Malayalam letter Ṭha

Ṭha () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Grantha letter   Ttha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

 
Malayalam Ttha matras: Ttha, Tthā, Tthi, Tthī, Tthu, Tthū, Tthr̥, Tthr̥̄, Tthl̥, Tthl̥̄, Tthe, Tthē, Tthai, Ttho, Tthō, Tthau, and Tth.

Conjuncts of ഠ

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As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:

 

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

 

Odia Ṭha

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Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṭha.

Ṭha () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ttha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ttha with vowel matras
Ttha Tthā Tthi Tthī Tthu Tthū Tthr̥ Tthr̥̄ Tthl̥ Tthl̥̄ Tthe Tthai Ttho Tthau Tth
ଠା ଠି ଠୀ ଠୁ ଠୂ ଠୃ ଠୄ ଠୢ ଠୣ ଠେ ଠୈ ଠୋ ଠୌ ଠ୍

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ଠ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

Kaithi Ṭha

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Kaithi consonant Ṭha.

Ṭha (𑂘) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ttha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ttha with vowel matras
Ttha Tthā Tthi Tthī Tthu Tthū Tthe Tthai Ttho Tthau Tth
𑂘 𑂘𑂰 𑂘𑂱 𑂘𑂲 𑂘𑂳 𑂘𑂴 𑂘𑂵 𑂘𑂶 𑂘𑂷 𑂘𑂸 𑂘𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂘

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As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂘 (ṭʰa) gives the ligature rṭʰa:

 

Comparison of Ṭha

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The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṭha, are related as well.

Comparison of Ṭha in different scripts
Aramaic
 
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨛
Ashoka Brahmi
 
Kushana Brahmi[a]
 
Tocharian[b]
 
Gupta Brahmi
 
Pallava
 
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰙
Siddhaṃ
 
Grantha
𑌠
Cham
-
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Newa
𑐛
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
 
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
-
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
-
Soyombo[d]
𑩧
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄒
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
-
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒚
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
 
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆜
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨕
Bengali-Assamese
 
Takri
𑚕
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠕
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘙
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈕
Khudabadi
𑋇
Mahajani
𑅟
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
 
Nandinagari
𑦹
Kaithi
 
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊑
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩧
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵾
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴗
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ṭha

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Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṭha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṭha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview    
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER TTHA BENGALI LETTER TTHA TELUGU LETTER TTHA ORIYA LETTER TTHA KANNADA LETTER TTHA MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA GUJARATI LETTER TTHA GURMUKHI LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2336 U+0920 2464 U+09A0 3104 U+0C20 2848 U+0B20 3232 U+0CA0 3360 U+0D20 2720 U+0AA0 2592 U+0A20
UTF-8 224 164 160 E0 A4 A0 224 166 160 E0 A6 A0 224 176 160 E0 B0 A0 224 172 160 E0 AC A0 224 178 160 E0 B2 A0 224 180 160 E0 B4 A0 224 170 160 E0 AA A0 224 168 160 E0 A8 A0
Numeric character reference ठ ठ ঠ ঠ ఠ ఠ ଠ ଠ ಠ ಠ ഠ ഠ ઠ ઠ ਠ ਠ
ISCII 190 BE 190 BE 190 BE 190 BE 190 BE 190 BE 190 BE 190 BE


Character information
Preview
Ashoka 
Kushana 
Gupta 
𐨛   𑌠
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER TTHA KHAROSHTHI LETTER TTHA SIDDHAM LETTER TTHA GRANTHA LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69662 U+1101E 68123 U+10A1B 71065 U+11599 70432 U+11320
UTF-8 240 145 128 158 F0 91 80 9E 240 144 168 155 F0 90 A8 9B 240 145 150 153 F0 91 96 99 240 145 140 160 F0 91 8C A0
UTF-16 55300 56350 D804 DC1E 55298 56859 D802 DE1B 55301 56729 D805 DD99 55300 57120 D804 DF20
Numeric character reference 𑀞 𑀞 𐨛 𐨛 𑖙 𑖙 𑌠 𑌠


Character information
Preview 𑨕 𑐛 𑰙 𑆜
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER TTHA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER TTHA PHAGS-PA LETTER TTHA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTHA NEWA LETTER TTHA BHAIKSUKI LETTER TTHA SHARADA LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3915 U+0F4B 3995 U+0F9B 43114 U+A86A 72213 U+11A15 70683 U+1141B 72729 U+11C19 70044 U+1119C
UTF-8 224 189 139 E0 BD 8B 224 190 155 E0 BE 9B 234 161 170 EA A1 AA 240 145 168 149 F0 91 A8 95 240 145 144 155 F0 91 90 9B 240 145 176 153 F0 91 B0 99 240 145 134 156 F0 91 86 9C
UTF-16 3915 0F4B 3995 0F9B 43114 A86A 55302 56853 D806 DE15 55301 56347 D805 DC1B 55303 56345 D807 DC19 55300 56732 D804 DD9C
Numeric character reference ཋ ཋ ྛ ྛ ꡪ ꡪ 𑨕 𑨕 𑐛 𑐛 𑰙 𑰙 𑆜 𑆜


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER TTHA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH RATHA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4108 U+100C 6702 U+1A2E 6747 U+1A5B
UTF-8 225 128 140 E1 80 8C 225 168 174 E1 A8 AE 225 169 155 E1 A9 9B
Numeric character reference ဌ ဌ ᨮ ᨮ ᩛ ᩛ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER TTHA LAO LETTER PALI TTHA THAI CHARACTER THO THAN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6027 U+178B 3728 U+0E90 3600 U+0E10
UTF-8 225 158 139 E1 9E 8B 224 186 144 E0 BA 90 224 184 144 E0 B8 90
Numeric character reference ឋ ឋ ຐ ຐ ฐ ฐ


Character information
Preview 𑄒
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER MAHAAPRAANA TTAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER THA CHAKMA LETTER TTHAA SAURASHTRA LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3496 U+0DA8 43294 U+A91E 69906 U+11112 43165 U+A89D
UTF-8 224 182 168 E0 B6 A8 234 164 158 EA A4 9E 240 145 132 146 F0 91 84 92 234 162 157 EA A2 9D
UTF-16 3496 0DA8 43294 A91E 55300 56594 D804 DD12 43165 A89D
Numeric character reference ඨ ඨ ꤞ ꤞ 𑄒 𑄒 ꢝ ꢝ


Character information
Preview 𑘙 𑦹 𑩧 𑵾  
Unicode name MODI LETTER TTHA NANDINAGARI LETTER TTHA SOYOMBO LETTER TTHA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER TTHO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TTHA KAITHI LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71193 U+11619 72121 U+119B9 72295 U+11A67 43025 U+A811 73086 U+11D7E 69784 U+11098
UTF-8 240 145 152 153 F0 91 98 99 240 145 166 185 F0 91 A6 B9 240 145 169 167 F0 91 A9 A7 234 160 145 EA A0 91 240 145 181 190 F0 91 B5 BE 240 145 130 152 F0 91 82 98
UTF-16 55301 56857 D805 DE19 55302 56761 D806 DDB9 55302 56935 D806 DE67 43025 A811 55303 56702 D807 DD7E 55300 56472 D804 DC98
Numeric character reference 𑘙 𑘙 𑦹 𑦹 𑩧 𑩧 ꠑ ꠑ 𑵾 𑵾 𑂘 𑂘


Character information
Preview 𑒚
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 70810 U+1149A
UTF-8 240 145 146 154 F0 91 92 9A
UTF-16 55301 56474 D805 DC9A
Numeric character reference 𑒚 𑒚


Character information
Preview 𑚕 𑠕 𑈕 𑋇 𑅟 𑊑
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER TTHA DOGRA LETTER TTHA KHOJKI LETTER TTHA KHUDAWADI LETTER TTHA MAHAJANI LETTER TTHA MULTANI LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71317 U+11695 71701 U+11815 70165 U+11215 70343 U+112C7 69983 U+1115F 70289 U+11291
UTF-8 240 145 154 149 F0 91 9A 95 240 145 160 149 F0 91 A0 95 240 145 136 149 F0 91 88 95 240 145 139 135 F0 91 8B 87 240 145 133 159 F0 91 85 9F 240 145 138 145 F0 91 8A 91
UTF-16 55301 56981 D805 DE95 55302 56341 D806 DC15 55300 56853 D804 DE15 55300 57031 D804 DEC7 55300 56671 D804 DD5F 55300 56977 D804 DE91
Numeric character reference 𑚕 𑚕 𑠕 𑠕 𑈕 𑈕 𑋇 𑋇 𑅟 𑅟 𑊑 𑊑


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER TA MURDA MAHAPRANA JAVANESE LETTER TTA MAHAPRANA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6942 U+1B1E 43420 U+A99C
UTF-8 225 172 158 E1 AC 9E 234 166 156 EA A6 9C
Numeric character reference ᬞ ᬞ ꦜ ꦜ


Character information
Preview 𑴗
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER TTHA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 72983 U+11D17
UTF-8 240 145 180 151 F0 91 B4 97
UTF-16 55303 56599 D807 DD17
Numeric character reference 𑴗 𑴗



References

edit
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".