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The Defenders of the Homeland (Japanese: 郷土防衛義勇軍, romanized: Kyōdo Bōei Giyūgun; Indonesian: (Tentara Sukarela) Pembela Tanah Air, PETA) was a volunteer army established on 3 October 1943 in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by the occupying Japanese. The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces in opposing a possible invasion by the Allies. By the end of World War II, there were a total of 69 battalions (daidan) in Java, Madura, and Bali (around 37,000 men) and Sumatra (approximately 20,000 men). On 17 August 1945, the day after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, the Japanese ordered the PETA daidan to surrender and hand over their weapons, which most of them did. Indonesia's inaugural President, Sukarno, supported the dissolution rather than turning the organisation into a national army as he feared allegations of collaboration had he allowed a Japanese-created militia to continue to exist.[2][3][4]
| Defenders of the Homeland | |
|---|---|
| 郷土防衛義勇軍 (Tentara Sukarela) Pembela Tanah Air | |
.svg) Colour used by PETA battalions | |
| Active | 3 October 1943 – 15 August 1945 |
| Country | Dutch East Indies and British Malaya[1] |
| Allegiance |  Imperial Japanese Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Defending the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies and British Malaya from Allied invasion |
| Size | 66 Battalions in Java, 3 Battalions in Bali, c. 20,000 men in Sumatra, c. 2,000 men in Malaya |
| Nickname(s) | PETA |
| Colours | Purple, Green, Red, & White |
| March | "Mars Tentara Pembela" |
| Engagements | 1945 PETA revolt in Blitar |
During the Indonesian War of Independence, former PETA officers and troops, such as Suharto and Sudirman, formed the core of the fledgling Indonesian National Armed Forces.
PETA units in Java and Bali
edit| Battalion | Battalion commander (daidancho) |
Notes | Officers of other ranks (chūdanchō, shōdanchó) |
|---|---|---|---|
| I Labuan, Banten | Tubagus Ahmad Chatib al-Bantani | Muslim cleric | Suhadisastra |
| II Malingping, Banten | E. Ojong Temaja | Muslim cleric | M.B. Sutman |
| III Serang, Banten | Syam'un | Muslim cleric | Zainul Falah |
| IV Pandeglang, Banten | Uding Sujatmadja | Mustaram | |
| I Harmoni, Djakarta | Kasman Singodimedjo | Graduate of RHS Former leader of JIB and MIAI |
Moeffreni Moe'min Latief Hendraningrat |
| II Purwakarta, Djakarta | Surjodipuro | Mursid | |
| I Djampang Kulon, Bogor | Abdullah bin Nuh | Muslim cleric | Husen Aleksah |
| II Pelabuan Ratu, Bogor | M. Basuni | Muslim cleric | Mulja |
| III Sukabumi, Bogor | Kafrawi | Machmud | |
| IV Tjibeber, Tjiandjur, Bogor | R. Gunawan Resmiputro | Ishak Djuarsa | |
| I Tasikmalaja, Priangan | K.H. Sutalaksana | Muslim cleric | Abdullah Saleh |
| II Pangandaran, Priangan | K.H. Pardjaman | Muslim cleric | K. Hamid |
| III Bandung, Priangan | Iljas Sasmita | Permana Umar Wirahadikusumah | |
| IV Tjimahi, Priangan | Arudji Kartawinata | Graduate of MULO Former executive of PSII |
Soeparjadi Poniman Supardi (Indonesia) |
| V Garut, Priangan | R. Sofjan Iskandar | Katamsi Sutisna | |
| I Tjirebon | Abdulgani Surjokusumo | Rukman | |
| II Madjalengka, Tjirebon | R. Zaenal Asikin Judibrata | Suarman | |
| I Pekalongan | Iskandar Idris | Muslim cleric | Ajub |
| II Tegal, Pekalongan | K.H. Durjatman | Muslim cleric | Sumardjono |
| I Tjilatjap, Banjumas | R. Sutirto | R. Hartojo | |
| II Sumpiuh, Banjumas | Susalit Joyoadiningrat | Zaelan Asikin | |
| III Kroja, Banjumas | Sudirman | Graduate of Muhammadiyah teachers' training school Muhammadiyah schoolteacher |
Supardjo Rustam |
| IV Banjumas | Isdiman Suryokusumo Gatot Subroto |
Sarengat | |
| I Gombong, Kedu | Abdul Kadir (born 1906) Bambang Sugeng |
R. Sutrisno | |
| II Magelang, Kedu | Muhammad Susman | Sugiardjo Supangkat | |
| III Gombong, Kedu | Djoko Kusumo | Slamet Ahmad Yani Sarwo Edhie Wibowo | |
| IV Purworedjo, Kedu | Mukahar Ronohadikusumo | Tjiptoroso | |
| I Mrican, Semarang | R. Usman Sutrisno Sudomo |
Sujadi | |
| II Weleri, Kendal, Semarang | R. Sudijono Taruno Kusumo | Suparman Sumahamidjaja | |
| I Pati | Kusmoro Hadidewo | ||
| II Rembang, Pati | Holan Iskandar | Sukardi | |
| III Djepara, Pati | Prawiro Atmodjo | Sukardji | |
| I Wates, Jogjakarta | D. Martojomeno | Sudjiono | |
| II Bantul, Jogjakarta | Mohammed Saleh | Graduate of higher teachers' training school Muhammadiyah schoolteacher |
Sugiono |
| III Pingit, Jogjakarta | Sundjojo Purbokusumo | Daryatmo Suharto | |
| IV Wonosari, Jogjakarta | Muridan Noto | Nudi | |
| I Manahan, Surakarta | R.M. Muljadi Djojomartono | Muslim cleric | Suprapto Sukawati Djatikoesoemo |
| II Wonogiri, Surakarta | K.H. Idris | Muslim cleric | Budiman |
| I Babat, Bodjonegoro | K.H. Masjkur Sudirman |
Muslim cleric | Utojo Utomo |
| II Bodjonegoro | Masri | R. Rachmat | |
| III Tuban-Bodjonegoro | Sumadi Sastroatmodjo | Sumardjo | |
| I Madiun | Agus Tojib | Mumardjo | |
| II Patjitan, Madiun | Akub Gulangge | R. Subagijo | |
| III Ponorogo, Madiun | M. Sudjono | Sudijat | |
| I Tulungagung, Kediri | Sudiro | Tulus | |
| II Blitar, Kediri | Surachmad | Sukandar Suprijadi | |
| III Kediri | A. Judodiprodjo Sujoto Djojopurnomo |
Mashudi Sudjono | |
| I Gunung Sari, Surabaja | Mustopo | Graduate of STOVIT Dentist |
Masduki Abudardja |
| II Sidoardjo, Surabaja | R. Muhammad Mangundiprodjo | Bambang Juwono | |
| III Modjokerto, Surabaja | Katamhadi | Usman | |
| IV Gresik, Surabaja | K.H. Cholik Hasjim | Muslim cleric | Jondat Modjo |
| I Gondanglegi, Malang | K. Iskandar Sulaeman | Muslim cleric | Sumarto |
| II Lumadjang, Malang | M. Sujo Adikusumo | S. Hardjo Hudojo | |
| III Pasuruan, Malang | Arsjid Kromodihardjo | Slamet | |
| IV Malang | Imam Sudja'i | Sukardani | |
| V Probolinggo, Malang | Sudarsono | Sumitro | |
| I Kentjong, Djember, Besuki | Suwito Sudiro |
Sukarto | |
| II Bondowoso, Besuki | K.H. Tahirruddin Tjokro Atmodjo | Muslim cleric | Rosadi |
| III Bentjuluk, Banjuwangi, Besuki | Sukotjo | Imam Sukarto | |
| IV Rambipundji, Djember-Besuki | Surodjo Astiklah |
Subandi | |
| V Sukowidi, Banjuwangi, Besuki | R. Usman Sumodinoto | Sudarmin | |
| I Pamekasan, Madura | K.H. R. Amin Dja'far | Muslim cleric | R. Mohammad Saleh |
| II Bangkalan, Madura | Ruslan Tjakraningrat | Hafiludin | |
| III Batang-batang, Madura | Abdul Madjid | Achmad Basuni | |
| IV Ambunten, Sumenep, Madura | Abdul Hamid Mudhari | Muslim cleric | Suroso |
| V Ketapang, Madura | Trunodjojo | Mochamad Sabirin | |
| I Negara, Bali | I Made Putu | I Wayan Mudana | |
| II Tabanan, Bali | I Gusti Ngurah Gede Pugeng | Ida Bagus Tongka | |
| III Klungkung, Bali | Anak Agung Made Agung | I Made Geria |
Malayan Volunteer Army
edit.svg){kind=spacer}
By April 1944, a Malayan Defenders of the Homeland Association (Ikatan Pembela Tanah Ayer Malaya),[1] formally the Malayan Volunteer Army (Japanese: マライ義勇軍, romanized: Marai Giyūgun), was stationed in Johor Bahru in Japanese-occupied Malaya. It was staffed by some 2,000 Malays and Indians and modeled on the organization of the Indonesian PETA, intending to create a local pro-Japanese reserve force for the defense of Malaya and Singapore. It was reinforced by the part-time Malayan Volunteer Corps (Japanese: マライ義勇隊, romanized: Marai Giyūtai) and recruitment of local Heiho started in January 1945.[5]
The commander of the Malayan PETA was Ibrahim Yaacob,[5] who had been the founder and leader of the pro-independence Young Malays Union, which the Japanese had shut down over its ties to the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) and Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army.[1] In his post-war autobiography, Yaacob claimed to have secretly continued communications with the CPM during the Japanese occupation.
After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the Malayan Volunteer Army began marching towards Kuala Lumpur before disbanding in northern Johor.[5]
Notable members
edit- R. Bintoro
- Daryatmo
- Djatikoesoemo
- Muljadi Djojomartono
- Djamin Ginting
- Daan Jahja
- Arudji Kartawinata
- Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo
- Zulkifli Lubis
- Amir Machmud
- Gatot Mangkoepradja
- Muhammad Mangundiprojo
- Masjkur
- Moestopo
- Daan Mogot
- Imam Munandar
- Maraden Panggabean
- Basuki Rahmat
- Soekotjo Sastrodinoto
- Kasman Singodimedjo
- Gatot Soebroto
- Bambang Soegeng
- Widjojo Soejono
- G. M. Soeparmin
- Soetran
- Sudirman
- Suharto
- Sumitro
- Supriyadi
- Syam'un
- Tjokropranolo
- Wahono
- Sarwo Edhie Wibowo
- Umar Wirahadikusumah
- Ibrahim Yaacob
- Ahmad Yani
See also
editReferences
edit- Bachtiar, Harsja W. (1988), Siapa Dia?: Perwira Tinggi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (Who is S/He?: Senior Officers of the Indonesian Army), Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta, ISBN 979-428-100-X
- Sunhaussen, Ulf (1982) The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945-1967 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-582521-7
- Ricklefs, M.C. (1981) A History of Modern Indonesia, c. 1300 to the present. MacMillan, ISBN 0-333-24380-3
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Sani, Rustam (2008). Social Roots of the Malay Left. SIRD. p. 26. ISBN 978-9833782444.
- ^ Ricklefs (1981), p. 194
- ^ Sunhaussen (1982), pp. 2–4
- ^ Bachtiar(1988), p. 12
- ^ a b c 明石陽至; 原不二夫; 舛谷銳; マラヤ日本占領期史料フォーラム (2007). マラヤ日本占領期文献目錄 (1941-45年): 付戦前期日本マラヤ関係文献目錄 (in Japanese). 龍溪書舎. ISBN 978-4844794806.
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