This is a list of Hindu temples and their remains in Indonesia. Indonesia has been part of Indosphere of Greater India where sanskritization and Hinduism spread across Indonesia.[1][2] Hindus in Indonesia are a multi-ethnic society consisting of different Indonesian ethnicities, such as Balinese, Javanese, Indian and other ethnic groups. Majority of Indonesian Hindus are Balinese that inhabit the volcanic island of Bali and out of them some have migrated to other parts of Indonesia. There is also a significant Indonesian Indian Hindu minority settled in large cities. Numbers of Indonesian natives that adhere to a form of native Austronesian ancestral and natural worship might also be categorized as Hindus, such as Dayak people (Kaharingan), Batak Karo (Parmalim), Javanese (Kejawen) and, Baduy people (Sunda Wiwitan). Hindu Dayak and Kaharingan groups are concentrated in Central Kalimantan.
Types
The design, style, layout, architecture and decoration of Hindu temples differ among various ethnic groups. Balinese Hindu temples do not have the Gopuram above temples unlike Indian Tamil Hindu temples which feature a prominent Gopuram at the entrance. Indian temples are designed as indoor house of worship, while Balinese temples are designed as open-air temple within walled compound connected by series of intricately decorated roofed gates and split gates. In Indonesia, there are roughly three types of Hindu templesː
Candi
Candi is an Indonesian term to refer to ancient temples, the word originated from the Sanskrit word Candikargha which is associated with the Goddess Durga. Prior to the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java and Sumatra. As the result numerous Hindu temples, locally known as candi, constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, Java had thousands of Hindu temples which co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD.[3][4]
Between 1100 and 1500 additional Hindu temples were built, but abandoned by Hindus and Buddhists as Islam spread in Java circa 15th to 16th century.
In last 200 years, some of these have been rediscovered mostly by farmers while preparing their lands for crops. Most of these ancient temples were rediscovered and reconstructed between 19th to 20th century, and treated as the important archaeological findings and also as tourist attraction, worship is mainly done on the national days by Balinese and local Hindu and Buddhist on sacred days such as Nyepi and Waisak In Indonesia. The local population mostly has converted to Islam or Christianity, but there are still also many worshipers who follow Kejawèn. Today, these ancient Hindu temples in Java are under the authority of Dinas Purbakala (Archaeological Authority) under the Ministry of Culture.
Majority of Hindu temples in Java were dedicated to Shiva, who Javanese Hindus considered as the God who commands the energy to destroy, recombine and recreate the cycle of life. Small temples were often dedicated to Shiva and his family (wife Durga, son Ganesha). Larger temple complexes include temples for Vishnu and Brahma, but the most majestic, sophisticated and central temple was dedicated to Shiva. The 732 AD Canggal inscription found in Southern Central Java, written in Indonesian Sanskrit script, eulogizes Shiva, calling him God par-excellence.[5] Historical scripts suggest Javanese recognized amongst themselves three sects of Shiva - Mahesvara, Buddhist (Saugata) and Mahabrahmana (Rsi). The Hindu and Buddhist temples co-existed, people intermarried, with occasional couple featuring a Hindu king and Buddhist wife as evidenced by Candi Plaosan, the husband and wife maintaining their different religious beliefs after marriage. Most of the temples are laid out in perfect squares, with secondary temples or lingas arranged geometrically or circularly. However, midst of the perfect symmetries, is present a shift of the temple complex axis and primary statue enclosure axis; this asymmetry is believed to be deliberate because the shift is always to the north and the ratio of asymmetry is exactly the same in a dozen temples where this has been measured.[6] Some of sculptures and reliefs in the temples represent Hindu dance forms, currently seen in India but not in Java. Some in temples Java have a mix of Hindu and Buddhist features which has made attribution and original purpose against later usage difficult to ascertain.
Central Java
Central Java region consist of modern Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces. Most of Hindu temples in Cantral Java region are candi or ancient temples built between 8th to 15th century. Some known Hindu temples in Java include:[7][8]
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East Java
West Java
- Candi Cangkuang
- Candi Bojongmenje
Bali
- Candi Gunung Kawi
- Candi Tebing Kerobokan
- Goa Garba
- Candi Tebing Kelebutan
- Goa Gajah
- Candi Tebing Tegallinggah
- Candi Tebing Jukut Paku
- Relief Yeh Pulu
Pura
Pura is Balinese Hindu temples. Balinese Hinduism is the continuation of Javanese Hindu Dharmic tradition developed in Java between the 8th to 15th century. After Islam toppled Hinduism in Java circa 15th century, the remnants of this ancient Indonesian Hinduism are confined in Bali. Balinese Hinduism incorporate native Austronesian and Hindu worship of ancestors batara-s in Balinese from Sanskrit pitr-s) next to the general ideas from Hinduism of Vedic deities, terms and rituals imported from India. In Bali, a Pura (Balinese temple) is designed as an open-air worship place within a walled compound. The compound walls have a series of intricately decorated gates without doors for the devotee to enter. The design, plan and layout of the holy pura follows a square layout.
Today, Balinese Hindus are concentrated in Bali island and some other cities in Indonesia. In Bali, Hindu Balinese temples (Pura) can be found quite easily, since they are the majority in the island. Outside Bali, they can be found too but not too many, for mostly these temples were followed the migration and only to accommodate Balinese people outside Bali, such as Balinese temples in Greater Jakarta.
Bali
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Nusa Tenggara
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East Java
- Pura Agung Jagat Karana, Surabaya
- Pura Tirta Wening, Tambak Sari, Surabaya
- Pura Ranu Ngudisari, Tlagan hamlet, Pohjejer village, Gondang subdistrict, Mojokerto Regency
- Pura Luhur Poten, Mount Bromo, Probolinggo Regency
Central Java
- Pura Agung Giri Natha, Jalan Sumbing No. 12, Semarang
- Pura Wira Buwana, Jalan Jendral Sarwo Edi Wibowo, Kompleks Akademi Militer, Magelang
- Pura Jagatnatha, Banguntapan (Janti), Yogyakarta
- Pura Bhakti Widhi, Jalan Ngawen, Km. 2.5, Beji, Ngawen, Gunung Kidul
- Pura Pita Maha, Karanganom, Klaten Utara, Klaten
- Pura Indra Prasta, Mutihan, Sondakan, Lawean, Surakarta
- Pura Caraka Dewa, Marga Padang, Tarub, Tegal.[11]
- Pura Segara Suci, Panggung, Tegal.
West Java
- Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagat Kartta, Taman Sari, Bogor Regency - the second largest Balinese Hindu temple in Indonesia.
- Pura Giri Kusuma, Bogor
- Pura Penataran Agung Sangga Bhuwana, Karawang
- Pura Agung Wira Loka Natha, Cimahi
- Pura Wira Satya Dharma, Ujung Berung Bandung
- Pura Satya Akasa, Margahayu, Bandung
- Pura Agung Jati Pramana, Cirebon
Greater Jakarta
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North Sumatra
- Pura Agung Raksa Bhuana, Jalan Polonia 216, Medan
- Pura Jagadhita Toba, Jalan Toba 21118, Pematang Siantar
South Sumatra
- Pura Penataran Agung Sriwijaya, Jalan Seduduk Putih No.19, Kecamatan Ilir Timur II, Palembang
Kuil
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Kovil or koil (kuil in Indonesian) are used to refer Indian Hindu temples. Because of the influx of Indian immigrants into Indonesia back in the 19th century, there are numbers of Indian-style temples erected in Indonesian cities, especially in Medan and Jakarta. The Indian Hindu temples in Indonesia followed closely the design, style, layout and architecture commonly found in India and neighboring Malaysia and Singapore. Tamil Hindus are most concentrated in Medan, North Sumatra. There are around 40 Hindu temples in Medan and nearby but only a few Balinese Hindu temples in North Sumatra. Balaji Venkateshvara Temple (Pasar IV Padang Bulan, Medan) is developed by Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam groups. Punjabis are mostly Sikh and Hindu. Most of them mixed these religions and some of them can speak Punjabi. Hindi and Sindhi are concentrated in Jakarta and usually open textile and garment business. There are around 12 Gurudvaras in Indonesia.
North Sumatra
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Greater Jakarta
- Sri Siva Temple, Pluit, North Jakarta
- Shri Bathra Kaliamman Kovil, Komplek Perumahan Puri Metropolitan, Jalan Krisan Asri V, Blok B3, No. 20-22, Gondrong Petir, Cipondoh - Tangerang
- Ambe Mata Kovil, build by Indian, Graha Essar steel, BFI Estate Industri 3 Area Kav.#B1, Cibitung, Bekasi - 17520
- Jai Kalimaa Kovil, Jalan Agung Barat 35 Blok B/36 no. 13 Sunter, Jakarta
- Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam - Murugan Kovil (under construction), Jakarta
Banda Aceh
- Kuil Palani Andawer, Kampung Kedah, Kutaraja, Banda Aceh
Indonesian Hindu Temples outside the country
Compared to Indian Hindu temples, there are relatively few Hindu temples of Indonesian architecture outside the country. They are as follows:
- Pura Girinatha, Dili, East Timor
- Pura Tri Hita Karana (located in Erholungspark Marzahn, Berlin, Germany)
- A padmasana exists in Hamburg, Germany in front of the Museum of Ethnology, Hamburg.[12]
- Two Balinese Temples exist in the Pairi Daiza botanical garden in Belgium.[13][14]
See also
References
- ^ Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803681.
- ^ Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, 2012, Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, Page 557.
- ^ Taylor, K., & Altenburg, K. (2006). Cultural Landscapes in Asia‐Pacific: Potential for Filling World Heritage Gaps 1. International journal of heritage studies, 12(3), pages 267-282
- ^ Degroot, V. M. Y. (2009). Candi, space and landscape: a study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains (Doctoral dissertation, Leiden Institute for Area Studies, SAS Indonesie, Faculty of Arts, Leiden University)
- ^ Upendra Thakur (1986), Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture; ISBN 81-7017-207-1; pages 91-96
- ^ ONO, K. (2001). The Symbolism of Temple Sites on Old Javanese Temples. Asymmetrical Temple Sites of Hindu Candi. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, (36), pages 2-35
- ^ Dumarçay, J., & Smithies, M. (1986). The temples of Java. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Wendoris, T. (2008). Mengenal Candi-candi Nusantara. Pustaka Widyatama.
- ^ Prambanan Temple Compounds, UNESCO World Heritage Site Description
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/24/lombok.html [bare URL]
- ^ 2004, "Raditya, Issues 79-83", Manikgeni Dharma Sastra Foundation, p. 21.
- ^ "Celebration: Balinese Festival Finds Home in Germany". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ https://www.pairidaiza.eu/en/activities/the-big-balinese-temple
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
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