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Later Trần dynasty

This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.

The Later Trần dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Trần, chữ Nôm: 茹後陳; Sino-Vietnamese: triều Hậu Trần, chữ Hán: 朝後陳), officially Great Việt (Vietnamese: Đại Việt; chữ Hán: 大越), was a Vietnamese dynasty. It was the continuous line of the Tran dynasty that led Vietnamese rebellions against the Chinese Ming dynasty from between 1407 and 1413. The regime was characterized by two revolts against the Ming China which had by then established its rule over Vietnam.

Great Việt
大越
Đại Việt
1407–1413
StatusUnrecognized proto-state[1]
CapitalMô Độ
(1407–1409)
Bình Than
(1409–1413)
Common languagesLiterary Chinese[2]
Vietnamese[2]
Religion
Buddhism (official), Taoism, Confucianism, Vietnamese folk religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 1407–1409
Giản Định Đế (first)
• 1409–1413
Trùng Quang Đế (last)
Historical eraPostclassical Era
• Established
1407
• Disestablished
1413
CurrencyCopper-alloy cash coins
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Fourth Era of Northern Domination
Fourth Era of Northern Domination
Today part ofVietnam

History

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First phase (1407–1409)

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Main article: Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam

The Ming conquest of Vietnam of 1406–1407 in attempt to remove Ho Quy Ly and to bring the previous Tran family back to the throne of Dai Viet, however resulted in the destruction of Dai Viet and the creation of Ming province of Jiaozhi. The Ming's chronicles said that when they did not see a Tran heir, they incorporated the Vietnamese kingdom into Ming Empire, but when Tran royal family members appeared and challenged the Ming rule, the Ming ignored them, even hunted down and executed them.[1] The first Vietnamese uprising against the Ming Chinese rule in 1408 was led by Prince Tran Ngoi. Vietnamese annals recognized him as the second son of the former Tran king, while the Ming considered him to be a Hmong imposter.[3] The Ming emperor ordered Mu Sheng mobilized 40,000 from Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan to repress the rebellion, but was utterly defeated by Tran Ngoi's guerrilla bands.[4] Yongle emperor, being preoccupied with the Mongol wars, appointed Zhang Fu to replace Mu Sheng on February 23, 1409. Mobilizing 8,600 boats he had captured in 1407, along with 47,000 troops, Zhang Fu overwhelmed Tran Ngoi's 20,000 men and 600 ships in a naval battle in September 1409.[4] While Tran Ngoi was captured in December and being delivered to Nanjing for execution, his nephew Tran Quy Khoang continued leading the struggle against the Ming dynasty.[4] Tran Quy Khoang sent two missions to the Yongle emperor seeking recognition. The first pair of envoys were executed, but the Ming accepted the second pair, who carried statues of gold and silver to substitute for Tran Quy Khoang's personal presence. Yongle, who had promoted Ho Quy Ly's son Ho Nguyen Trung to a high court position, appointed Ho Nguyen Trung to speak to the envoys and find out more information. One of the envoys revealed the "true" situation to Ho, then accepted the Ming's offer to appoint Tran Quy Khoang as the Province Commissioner of Jiaozhi Province and appoint that envoy as the magistrate of Nghe An. However, upon returning, the envoy who accepted the offer was executed by Tran Quy Khoang, who was displeased at the envoy accepting the lower position on his behalf.[5]

Second phase and defeat (1409–1414)

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Tran Quy Khoang eventually renewed his movement, rally more people into his rebellion. Zhang Fu was ordered to return Jiaozhi to suppress the Vietnamese, and learned that Tran Quy Khoang had high ambitions in that part of the world and would not allow the Ming emperor to dictate the destiny of his people.[6] Zhang Fu again mobilized a strong force of 24,000, battled Tran Quy Khoang's forces in Nam Định on February 12, 1411, killed 4,500 and captured 2,000.[7] On August 6, the Ming army under general Zhang Sheng won fiercely battle in Thanh Hóa, sank 160 vessels, captured 120 boats and killed hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese.[6][8]

Outgunned and outnumbered, Tran Quy Khoang and his partisans continued fought against the superior Ming forces by utilizing Vietnam's terrains against the Ming regulars, and retreating into Cambodia when necessary.[6] By end of 1413, his force lost 60% to 70% and was forced to steal food and crop from the Ming granaries for survival. He, his wife, and his brother were captured by the Ming on March 30, 1414, and was executed in Nanjing on August 16.[9]

Monarchs

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References

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  1. ^ a b Baldanza 2016, p. 66.
  2. ^ a b Taylor 2013, pp. 108-121.
  3. ^ Tsai 2011, p. 180-182.
  4. ^ a b c Tsai 2011, p. 181.
  5. ^ Baldanza 2016, p. 50, 66-67.
  6. ^ a b c Tsai 2011, p. 182.
  7. ^ Sun 2006, p. 83.
  8. ^ Sun 2006, p. 84.
  9. ^ Baldanza 2016, p. 67.

Works cited

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  • Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-44055-1.
  • Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 72–120, ISBN 978-1-316-44504-4
  • Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2011). Perpetual happiness: The Ming emperor Yongle. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98109-3.
  • Taylor, K. W. (9 May 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-24435-1.
Preceded by Dynasty of Vietnam
1407–1413 		Succeeded by
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