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List of rulers in Wales

(Redirected from King of Dyfed)

This is a list of rulers in Wales (Welsh: Cymru; and neighbouring regions) during the Middle Ages, between c. 400s–1500s. The rulers were monarchs who ruled their respective realms, as well as those who briefly ruled the Principality of Wales. These former territories are now within the boundaries of modern-day Wales and the neighbouring Welsh Marches in England (both in the United Kingdom).

Before the Conquest of Wales, completed in 1283, Wales consisted of several independent realms, the most important being Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth (originally Ceredigion, Seisyllwg and Dyfed) and Morgannwg (Glywysing and Gwent). Boundary changes and the custom of dividing patrimonies between heirs meant that few princes ever came close to ruling the whole of Wales.

The names of those known to have ruled over one or more areas are listed below. Boundaries changed frequently. The only person known to have ruled all of Wales as a modern territory was Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1010–1063), a Prince of Gwynedd who became King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. However, some Welsh Princes sporadically claimed the medieval title of "Prince of Wales" between the 13th to 15th centuries. The title remains in use but is usually given to heir apparents of English and British monarchs.

Map of medieval Wales

History of the medieval kingdoms in Wales

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Owain Glyndwr's gold Welsh dragon flag

Wales during the medieval age was a land of kingdoms and dynasties. Petty kingdoms, such as Ceredigion and Gwent, were established some time after Britain ceased to be part of the Roman empire in the late 5th century. By the time of the Norman invasion of Wales in the 11th century, most of these realms were combined or incorporated into greater territories, thus making up the four major Kingdoms of Wales. Those Kingdoms were Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, and Morgannwg. Unlike the others, Deheubarth was formed later by the merging of Ceredigion, Dyfed, and Ystrad Tywi. Some minor (petty) kingdoms stayed independent from the big four kingdoms, only to be taken over by the Anglo-Normans in the 13th century, such as Rhwng Gwy a Hafren, and Meirionnydd, and others. Of the major kingdoms, Powys' 13th century division of Wenwynwyn and Fadog were one of the final surviving Welsh dynasties until after the Edwardian conquest of Wales. Later, Owain Glyndŵr became the final Welsh ruler from royalty in Wales, he emerged in Powys Fadog during the early 15th century as a Prince of Wales.[1][2]

Welsh Kingdoms (400s–1000s)

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Coats of arms of Kingdoms of Wales
 
Ceredigion
 
Dyfed
 
Gwent
 
Morgannwg

Kings of Brycheiniog

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See also: Kingdom of Brycheiniog

Kings and Princes of Ceredigion

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See also: Kingdom of Ceredigion, Seisyllwg, and Ystrad Tywi

Kings and Princes of Dyfed

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See also: Kingdom of Dyfed

Kingdom of Gwynedd

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See also: Kingdom of Gwynedd

Kings of Gwynedd

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See also: List of rulers of Gwynedd

Princes of Dogfeiling

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See also: Dogfeiling
  • Dogfael ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 410)[49]
  • Elno ap Dogfael (c. 440)[50]
  • Glas ap Elno (c. 470)[51]
  • Elgud ap Glas ap Elno (c. 500)[52]
  • Elaeth ab Elgud (c. 530)[53]
  • Meurig ap Elaeth (c. 570)[19]

Princes of Dunoding

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See also: Dunoding
  • Dunod ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 400)[54]
  • Eifion ap Dunod ap Cunedda (c. 430)[55]
  • Dingad ap Eifion (c. 470)[56]
  • Meurig ap Dingad (c. 500)[19]
  • Eifion ap Meurig (c. 530)[55]
  • Issac ap Eifion ap Meurig (c. 570)[57]
  • Pobien Hen ap Isaac (c. 600)[58]
  • Pobddelw ap Pobien Hen (c. 630)[58]
  • Eifion ap Pobddelw (c. 670)[55]
  • Brochwel ap Eifion (c. 700)[59]
  • Eigion ap Brochwel ab Eifion (c. 730)[55]
  • Ieuanawl ab Eigion (c. 770)[60]
  • Caradog ap Ieuanawl (c. 800)[45]
  • Blieddud ap Caradog (c. 830)[61]
  • Cuhelyn ap Bleiddud (c. 870)[62]

Princes of Rhos

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See also: Rhos (North Wales)

Princes of Rhufoniog

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See also: Rhufoniog
  • Rhufon ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 400)[68]
  • Breichiol of Rhufoniog (c. 830)[71]
  • Mor ap Breichiol (c. 870)[72]
  • Aeddan ap Mor (c. 900)[73]
  • Morudd ap Aeddan (c. 930)[74]
  • Mor ap Morudd (c. 970)[75]

Kingdom of Morgannwg

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See also: Kingdom of Morgannwg

Kings of Ergyng

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See also: Ergyng

Kingdom of Ergyng, in Wales and on the border of what is now Herefordshire, England.[76]

Kings of Ewyas

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See also: Ewyas

Regional Kingdom of Ewyas (Ewias) in Wales and Herefordshire, England.[80]

Kings of Glywysing

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See also: Glywysing

Prince of Glywysing

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Kings of Gwent

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See also: Kingdom of Gwent

Rulers of Gwynllŵg

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See also: Gwynllwg

Kings and Lords in the cantref of Gwynllwg, in Glamorgan (Gwent).[94][95]

Kings of Morgannwg

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The Kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the merging of the two Kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. At times, the kingdoms were separate and independent.

Kingdom of Powys

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See also: Kingdom of Powys

Kings of Powys

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See also: List of monarchs of Powys

Legendary descendants of Vortigern

Rhodri Mawr's descendants
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See also: Rhodri the Great

Pengwern

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See also: Pengwern

The former petty Kingdom of Pengwern, today located in the Midlands, possibly around the Wrekin, England.[116]

Welsh regional kingdoms

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All of Wales

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See also: Wales

Overlord of Wales (King of Wales) as a modern territory by 1055.[119]

North Wales

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See also: North Wales

Kings and Princes of the Kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys.[119][120]

South Wales

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See also: South Wales

Kings and Princes of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion

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See also: Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion

Ceredigion, Meirionnydd, Gwynedd

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King of an enlarged Gwynedd (also Rhos and Rhufoniog), including Ceredigion (Deheubarth), Meirionnydd and Dyffryn Clwyd, making his realm North West and West Wales.[131]

Deheubarth, Gwynedd

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Kingdoms in the West and North West of Wales.[132]

Deheubarth, Gwynedd, Powys

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North and Mid to South West Wales.[120][132]

Dyfed, Brycheiniog

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Dyfed, Gwynedd, Powys, Seisyllwg

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King of all of Wales, except for Morgannwg and Gwent (south and southeast of Wales).[139]

Ergyng, Gwent

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Glywysing, Gwent

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See also: South East Wales

South East of Wales.[142]

Gwent, Morgannwg

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South and South East of Wales.[142]

Welsh Royal Houses (870s–1283)

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The three Royal Houses of Wales' regions were first divided by Rhodri the Great in the 9th century. Of his children, two of King's sons began royal dynasties. Anarawd reigned in Gwynedd (Aberffraw), and Cadell founded Deheubarth (Dinefwr), then another son Merfyn reigned in Powys (Mathrafal emerged as a cadet branch of Dinefwr in the 11th century).[136][149]

Coat of Arms of Royal Houses of Wales.
 
Aberffraw, Gwynedd
 
Dinefwr, Deheubarth
 
Mathrafal, Powys

Aberffraw

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See also: House of Aberffraw

Aberffraw Kings of Gwynedd

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Aberffraw King of Ceredigion

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Aberffraw Prince of Anglesey

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Aberffraw Princes of Gwynedd

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Dinefwr

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See also: House of Dinefwr and Deheubarth

The Kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the Kingdoms of Ceredigion (also known as Seisyllwg) and Dyfed by Hywel Dda in 910.[140]

Dinefwr Kings of Deheubarth

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Dinefwr Princes of Deheubarth

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Mathrafal

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See also: House of Mathrafal

Mathrafal Princes of Powys

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Mathrafal Prince of Powys Fadog
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Mathrafal Princes of Powys Wenwynwyn
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Welsh Lordships (1000s–1500s)

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The Lords of Welsh areas once belonging to monarchies. They were ruled by the direct descendants and heirs of Kings in Wales from around the time of the Norman invasion of Wales (1000s), some of which lasted until after the conquest of Wales by Edward I (c. 1300s), and in a few instances, Welsh baronies lasted later into the Principality of Wales.[178][179][180][181]

Coat of Arms of the Lordships of Wales.
 
Menai
 
Nannau
 
Powys Fadog
 
Rhwng Gwy a Hafren
 
Tegeingl
 
Yale (Powys)

Lords of Afan

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See also: The Lords of Afan

Listed Lords of Nedd-Avan (Avene, Welsh: Afan), dynasty of Glamorgan, Morgannwg (not the Norman Lordship of Glamorgan).[182][95]

Lords of Arwystli and Cedewain

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See also: Arwystli and Cedewain

The regional territories as a dynasty combining the territories Arwystli and Cedewain. The area was later incorporated into Powys Wenwynwyn.[187][188]

Lords of Carleon

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The rulers of Gwynllwg (Wentloog) and upper Gwent became the Lords of Carleon.[189][190]

Lords of Ceredigion

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Lordship of Ceredigion, from the House of Dinefwr, Deheubarth.[191][192]

Lords of Mechain

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See also: Mechain

Mechain, Powys.[176][193]

Lord of Menai

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Lord of the Menai commote on Anglesey.[194]

Lords of Merioneth

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See also: Merionethshire

The vassal Lordship of Merioneth (Meirionnydd) from Gwynedd, also Lords of Eifionydd and Ardudwy. Descendents of King Owain Gwynedd.[195]

Lords of Nannau

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See also: Nannau, Wales

Descendants of Madog ap Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Prince of Powys. Lordship c. 1118 until the final Lord in the 1500s, before the use of the surname Nanney for the family.[197][181][198]

Lords of Oswestry

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See also: Baron of Hendwr, Hughes of Gwerclas, and Jones of Faerdref Uchaf

Lords of Oswestry (Shropshire, England), from Powys, prior to Baronetcy of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion (English feudal barony).[199][200]

Lords of Powys Fadog

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See also: Powys Fadog, Lordship of Bromfield and Yale, and Ial

Northern Powys, House of Mathrafal.[149][176][175]

Lords of Powys Wenwynwyn

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See also: Powys Wenwynwyn and Baron Charlton

Southern Powys, House of Mathrafal. The lordship also had lands in Arwystli, Cyfeiliog, Mawddwy, Caereinion.[149][176][205]

Rhwng Gwy a Hafren

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See also: Rhwng Gwy a Hafren

The region of Rhwng Gwy a Hafren (Radnorshire) between the Rivers Wye and Severn, ruled by Lords. Associated with Brycheiniog and Buellt. Ruled the cantrefs of Maelienydd and Elfael.[207][208][26]

Lords of Senghenydd

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The Lordship of Senghenydd, then a vassal of Lordship of Glamorgan.[210]

Lords of Tegeingl

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See also: Tegeingl

Lordship of Coleshill, Prestatyn, Rhuddlan, also considered Princes.[212]

Principality of Wales (1216–1542)

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See also: Principality of Wales and Welsh rebellions against English rule

The late medieval territory of the Principality of Wales and the members of Welsh Royalty who ruled that area or attempted to regain their dynastic inheritances during the Principality. They were titled (official) or claimants (unofficial/pretender) as the Prince of Wales.[214][215][216] The territory of the Principality included the Kingdoms of Gwynedd, Deheubarth, and Powys, and also the areas of Ceredigion (Cardigan) and Carmarthenshire. There was the exception of Llywelyn I who ruled most of the territory of the Principality and also Montgomeryshire, but not as a Prince of Wales; by 1230 he styled himself as the Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon (Prince of Gwynedd).[217][218]

Coat of Arms of the Princes of Wales.
 
Dafydd III
 
Personal arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
 
Owain Gwynedd
 
Llywelyn II, Owain Lawgoch and Glyndwr

Pre Principality, 1165–1197

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Welsh rule, 1216–1283

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English rule, 1283–1542

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ (Irish Bróccan) Claimed as founder of the ruling dynasty;[5]

References

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  185. ^ a b "Morgan Gam (died 1241), lord of the Welsh barony of Avan Wallia (or Nedd-Afan) in the honour of Glamorgan". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  186. ^ a b "Morgan Fychan (died 1288), lord of the Welsh barony of Avan Wallia (or Nedd-Afan) in the honour of Glamorgan". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
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  190. ^ a b c "Caradog ap Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (died 1081)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  191. ^ a b c "Maelgwn ap Rhys (c. 1170 – 1230), lord of Ceredigion". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  192. ^ a b "Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–1197), Lord of Deheubarth, known in history as "Yr Arglwydd Rhys" ("The lord Rhys")". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  193. ^ a b c d e "LLYWELYN FYCHAN ap LLYWELYN ab OWAIN FYCHAN (died c. 1277), lord of Mechain". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  194. ^ a b "Llywarch ap Bran (fl. c. 1137), founder of one of the 'Fifteen (Noble) Tribes of Gwynedd'". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
  195. ^ a b "Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1212), lord of Eifionydd, part of Ardudwy, and Merioneth and co-founder of the Cistercian house of Cymmer". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
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  202. ^ "Madog Fychan ap Madog ap Gruffydd (died 1269), son and brother to the Princes of Powys Fadog". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
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  206. ^ a b "Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn (died 1286 or 1287), lord of Upper Powys". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
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  211. ^ a b "IFOR BACH (fl. 1158), lord of Senghenydd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
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  223. ^ Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David III, died 1283), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales..
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Bibliography

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