Wikipedia

FDR Drive

(Redirected from FDR drive)
"East River Drive" redirects here. For East Drive in Central Park, see East Drive (Manhattan). For the Stanley Clarke album, see East River Drive (album).

Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive, commonly known as the FDR Drive, is a controlled-access parkway on the east side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It starts near South and Broad Streets, just north of the Battery Park Underpass, and runs north along the East River to the 125th Street / Robert F. Kennedy Bridge interchange, where it becomes Harlem River Drive. All of FDR Drive is designated New York State Route 907L (NY 907L), an unsigned reference route.

Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive marker
Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive
FDR Drive
Map
FDR Drive highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by NYSDOT and NYCDOT
Length9.68 mi[1] (15.58 km)
Existed1955[2]–present
HistoryUpgraded in 1966[2]
RestrictionsNo commercial vehicles north of exit 1
Major junctions
South end
Major intersections
North end NY 900G / Harlem River Drive in East Harlem
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CountiesNew York
Highway system

FDR Drive features a mix of below-grade, at-grade, and elevated sections, as well as three partially covered tunnels. The parkway is mostly three lanes in each direction, except for several small sections.

By law, the current weight limit on FDR Drive from 23rd Street to Harlem River Drive in both directions is posted 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg). All commercial vehicles (including trucks) are banned from FDR Drive north of exit 1.[3]

Route description

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The East River Greenway runs below, beside, or above FDR Drive along nearly its entire length, except for a section between 41st and 53rd Streets.[4] A plaque dedicating the East River Drive is visible on the southbound roadway before entering the Gracie Mansion tunnel at 90th Street.

Downtown

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FDR Drive southbound approaching the Brooklyn Bridge, which connects Manhattan and Brooklyn

FDR Drive starts at the southern tip of Manhattan at South and Whitehall Streets in the Financial District. It rises from the underground Battery Park Underpass to an elevated viaduct above South Street, with an at-grade connection to South Street at exit 1. The elevated viaduct continues northeast, with an interchange at Brooklyn Bridge at exit 2. The elevated road, also known as the South Street Viaduct, continues until Gouverneur Slip, near the Manhattan Bridge interchange (exit 3), where there are a southbound exit and northbound entrance. From here, the road is at-grade, with a southbound exit/entrance at Grand Street, exit 4.[5]

FDR Drive continues north through Lower East Side and Alphabet City, and dips under Houston Street at exit 5, in a three-way interchange. It continues north as an at-grade road. Between 14th and 15th Streets, FDR Drive passes a large Con Edison substation. The substation is surrounded by ramps for the former exit 6, a southbound exit and entrance which was closed after September 11, 2001.[5]

By 18th Street, FDR Drive curves north onto an elevated viaduct above Avenue C. The elevated viaduct continues until 25th Street to serve the 23rd Street interchange at exit 7. This exit serves the neighborhood of Kips Bay. At 23rd Street, Avenue C continues as the northbound service road for FDR Drive, while the southbound lanes split from the main highway at 25th Street.[5]

Midtown

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FDR Drive northbound approaching the Queensboro Bridge interchange

FDR Drive continues north as an at-grade road, with the Waterside Plaza complex located along the East River to the east of the parkway. The southbound lanes ascend to a viaduct at 28th Street, and the northbound lanes ascend at 30th Street. There are a southbound entrance and northbound exit at ground level at 28th-30th Streets, where the southbound service road begins again. The northbound exit, labeled exit 8, serves 34th Street in Murray Hill, which is located four blocks north; the FDR Drive service road curves underneath the main highway until 36th Street. Another southbound entrance is located at 34th Street itself, and rises to the viaduct level.[5]

At 38th Street, the northbound-only exit 9 for 42nd Street, serving Turtle Bay, splits from FDR Drive. Exit 9 continues as an elevated ramp until the intersection of 42nd Street and First Avenue, where it becomes the westbound lanes of 42nd Street. FDR Drive dips onto street level and merges with the northbound service road. The southbound service road continues parallel to FDR Drive, and the southbound exit 8 splits from the parkway near 41st Street. The southbound service road then becomes the eastbound lanes of 42nd Street.[5]

The headquarters of the United Nations was constructed on a platform above at-grade FDR Drive from 42nd to 48th Streets.[6] The southbound roadway is inside a later structure resembling a tunnel while the northbound roadway is located just outside of the tunnel.[5] This section is often referred to as the United Nations Tunnel, even though only the westernmost lane of the northbound roadway is under the structure.[6]

At 48th Street, FDR Drive emerges from the United Nations tunnel. A northbound ramp from First Avenue merges onto the northbound roadway. The southbound roadway contains two exits: exit 10 at 49th Street, and exit 11 at 53rd Street.[5] At 54th Street, the road enters the Sutton Place Tunnel, which passes under apartment buildings on the east side of Sutton Place and York Avenue until 60th Street.[7] In this tunnel, the southbound roadway is raised and runs over the northbound roadway for northbound access to and from the Queensboro Bridge interchange (exit 12).[5] As part of the design in this area, numerous homes on the river were demolished and rebuilt or otherwise modified to accommodate the highway.[7] At 63rd Street, the southbound lanes descend to ground level, at the same elevation as the northbound lanes.[5]

Uptown

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FDR Drive at night in September 2015

From 63rd to 71st Streets, FDR Drive passes under a series of interconnected at-grade tunnels. The segment from 63rd to 68th Street runs under an annex constructed by Rockefeller University,[8] while the section of roadway between 68th and 71st Streets runs underneath the pilotis of the NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. Afterward, FDR Drive continues north at ground level. There is a southbound-only entrance and exit, labeled exit 13, at 71st–73rd Streets, serving Lenox Hill on the Upper East Side. Another southbound-only entrance exists at 79th Street; there is no exit from either direction, nor is there any exit number reserved for this interchange.[5]

From 81st to 90th Streets runs a final, enclosed double-decker structure. The southbound roadway is again raised over the northbound roadway in a short segment of the tunnel between 81st and 86th Streets.[5] The promenade of Carl Schurz Park was built over the highway in 1939, near Gracie Mansion, the New York City mayor's residence.[9] There is a southbound entrance to FDR Drive at the intersection of 92nd Street and York Avenue. York Avenue then parallels FDR Drive until 96th Street, where York Avenue ends. FDR Drive ascends onto a short elevated viaduct over the 96th Street interchange (exit 14) then descends to street level again.[5]

The remaining portion of FDR Drive is at grade, passing through East Harlem. There is a southbound-only entrance at 102nd Street, as well as a southbound-only exit at 106th Street, labeled exit 15. At 116th Street, there is another southbound-only exit and entrance numbered exit 16. When FDR Drive reaches 120th Street, there is an interchange (exit 17) for the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, where it transitions into the Harlem River Drive and continues north after 125th Street.[5]

History

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20th century

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FDR Drive seen from the 6th Street overpass in 2024
 
Southbound viaduct at 28th Street in Kips Bay

A shorefront parkway in Manhattan along the East River was first proposed by Manhattan Borough President Julius Miller in 1929. The 3.5-mile (5.6 km) parkway would extend from South Street to 54th Street.[10] The first sections of the East River Drive were constructed in the 1930s and were designed by Robert Moses. Moses faced the difficulties of building a parkway/boulevard combination along the East River while minimizing disruptions to residents. Many property owners along the East River Drive, especially in Midtown, opposed the boulevard unless noise mitigation measures were added.[11]

The section from 125th Street and the Triborough Bridge ramp south to 92nd Street was completed in 1936.[12] The sections from 92nd Street down to Battery Park (with the exception of a section from 42nd to 49th Streets, located underneath the headquarters of the United Nations) were built as a boulevard running at street level.[13] The first "downtown" section of the boulevard, between Grand and 12th Streets, was completed in June 1937.[14] Two more downtown sections, from 12th to 14th Streets and then from 14th to 18th Streets, were opened in 1939.[15] A short connector from Grand to Montgomery Street was completed in May 1940, which meant that the boulevard was now continuous from Montgomery to 30th Streets.[16] The next month, a large stretch from 49th to 92nd Streets opened. By this point, the only contiguous section that remained to be completed was the stretch between 30th and 49th Streets.[17]

Around this time, city officials started making plans for reconstructing existing sections of the boulevard so that several intersections would be grade-separated or double-decked. A plan to build a three-level section from 81st to 89th Streets was released in April 1940,[18] followed by an East River Drive overpass over 96th Street in June.[19] Due to a bulkhead restriction, a section from 51st to 60th Streets was already being built with two decks.[18]

The section of the East River Drive from 23rd to 34th Streets was completed in October 1941.[20] Known as the Bristol Basin, this section was built on wartime rubble dumped by cargo ships returning from Bristol, England, during World War II. The German Luftwaffe bombed Bristol heavily. After delivering war supplies to the British, the ships' crews loaded rubble onto the ships for ballast, then sailed back to New York, where construction crews made use of it.[21] On June 29, 1942, a plaque commemorating the use of rubble was dedicated by Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia,[22] and is currently installed at the Waterside Plaza complex. The final part of the original boulevard, between 34th and 49th Streets, opened in May 1942.[23] Construction of this segment required modifications to the elevators and underground carriers that transported coal and ash between barges docked in the East River and the Waterside Generating Station and Kips Bay Steam Plant.[24] Future reconstruction designs from 1948 to 1966 converted FDR Drive into the full parkway that is in use today.[13] Upon the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the East River Drive was dedicated to him in June 1945.[25] The drive is now commonly called the "FDR Drive".[26] The section from 49th to 92nd Streets was converted to a limited access highway in 1948.[2] An elevated ramp between 18th and 25th Streets, serving as an extension of the highway south of 23rd Street, was completed the next year,[27] replacing an at-grade section.[28] The Battery Park Underpass was completed in 1951, connecting with the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel.[29]

An elevated highway above South Street, connecting the at-grade parkway north of Grand Street to the Battery Park Underpass and Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel at the southern tip of Manhattan, was completed in May 1954.[30] This replaced the existing at-grade segment.[2] In 1960, a project to the segment from Jackson Street and East 14th Street was upgraded to a controlled access highway.[2] By 1966, the same had occurred to the segment between East 14th Street and East 42nd Street. This segment also took advantage of newly constructed elevated viaducts.[2]

In 1965, plans were announced for direct ramps to the Brooklyn Bridge, this would eliminate congestion at its approach by relocating traffic onto the parkway.[31] The ramp to the Brooklyn Bridge was opened in 1968,[32] followed by the ramp onto the FDR Drive in 1969.[33]

In Kips Bay, FDR Drive is located on a viaduct between 30th and 37th Streets. The southbound and northbound roadways rise onto a viaduct separately between 28th and 30th Streets; the southbound roadway ascends onto the viaduct at 28th Street, followed by the northbound roadway at 30th Street, and the two roadways merge into a single structure at 32nd Street. At this point, there is a two-lane shoulder on the left side of the northbound roadway, with one of the lanes cordoned off by a short concrete barrier. There is a provision for a southbound exit and northbound entrance at 30th Street, which was built in 1967 and would have connected to the Mid-Manhattan Expressway. However, after plans for the expressway were abandoned, this exit was never used, largely because there was already an exit four blocks north, at 34th Street. The unused exit was then blocked with a semi-permanent concrete barricade.[34]

Beginning on August 15, 1985, the ramp with 42nd Street was closed for an extensive rebuild. When it reopened in April, it had an entirely new viaduct.[35] This was part of a larger project to replace the viaduct between 42nd Street and 50th Street. This viaduct, which had deteriorated significantly in its later years, was known to be at significant risk of collapse.[2]

In the late 1990s, a project to reconstruct the segment from 14th Street to 34th Street was completed.[2]

In 1987, the ramps with 48th Street were permanently closed after significant deterioration was discovered. While initially no replacement was planned, congestion quickly increased, prompting construction of a replacement ramp at 49th Street. This opened in October 1998.[2]

21st century

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Exit 6, an at-grade interchange which connected to at 15th Street, passed through a ConEdison substation, which handles most of the electricity for Lower Manhattan. It was permanently closed after the September 11 attacks when city and ConEdison officials concluded it was too risky to allow such easy access to such a critical piece of infrastructure.[36] The exit was demolished in 2014 after the New York State Department of Transportation received notification from the New York City Police Department that the exit would not be re-opened since the ConEdison facility was deemed a potential terrorist target. East 15th Street, as well as a corresponding entrance ramp from 14th Street, were also closed east of Avenue C, except to ConEdison and law enforcement vehicles. All signage of exit 6 was dismantled by early 2016.[5]

In 2002, a project to improve safety from East 63rd Street north the Triborough Bridge was completed. Also as part of this project, Exit 16 was entirely reconstructed.[2]

In 2004, a reconstruction of the Gracie Mansion tunnel's roof was completed.[2]

In December 2002, work began to reconstruct the segment of roadway between East 54th Street and East 63rd Street. It was substantially completed in August 2007, and involved the construction of a temporary roadway in some areas.[37]

In November 2015, a resurfacing between 125th Street and the Brooklyn Bridge was completed.[38]

In 2016, concurrent with expansion of the Rockefeller University, part of the freeway was capped in order to allow for such.[39]

In 2019, the viaduct in Lower Manhattan was rehabilitated and repainted purple.[40]

Future

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Proposed demolition in Lower Manhattan

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In September 2023, plans were announced by Manhattan borough president Mark Levine to replace the elevated expressway from the Brooklyn Bridge to the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel with an urban boulevard if funding is obtained.[41] As stated by Levine, it "is the least heavily used part of the FDR and it has created a noisy uglier barrier between the people of lower Manhattan and their waterfront". The structure has also deteriorated significantly, requiring more maintenance than is deemed acceptable.[42]

Transportation

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The SIM3, SIM6, SIM10, SIM11, SIM31, X37 and X38 express buses use FDR Drive between its start in Lower Manhattan and 23rd Street.[43][44][45] In addition, the QM7, QM8, QM8 Super Express, QM11 and QM25 use FDR Drive between the Brooklyn Bridge exit and 34th Street[46][47]

The BM1, BM2, BM3 and BM4 buses use the FDR between Brooklyn Bridge and 23rd Street during the off-peak hours, but during the peak hour, "Midtown Express" buses skip Downtown, running directly up the FDR to 23rd.[45][48]

Exit list

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The entire route is in the New York City borough of Manhattan. 

Locationmi
[1][5][49]		kmExitDestinationsNotes
Battery Park City0.000.00– 
  
  NY 9A north (West Street) / Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (I-478 south) to I-278 – Brooklyn		Southern terminus; exit 1 on NY 9A / West Side Highway
Battery Park0.1–
0.5		0.16–
0.80		Battery Park Underpass
Financial District0.60.971South Street – Battery Park, Staten Island FerrySouth Street not signed southbound; all trucks must exit
Two Bridges1.412.272Brooklyn Bridge – Manhattan Civic CenterAccess to Civic Center via Pearl Street
2.43.93South Street – Manhattan BridgeSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
Lower East Side2.64.24Grand Street – Williamsburg BridgeSouthbound exit and entrance
3.094.975East Houston Street – Williamsburg BridgeFormerly signed for Holland Tunnel
East Village3.705.956East 15th StreetSouthbound exit and entrance; permanently closed in 2002 due to post-9/11 security concerns[36]
Peter Cooper Village4.306.927East 20th Street / East 23rd StreetEast 20th Street not signed southbound; also serves Avenue C
Kips Bay4.67.4–East 30th StreetSouthbound entrance only
Murray Hill4.867.828 
 
  East 34th Street to I-495 east (Queens–Midtown Tunnel)		Queens–Midtown Tunnel signed as Midtown Tunnel
4.97.99East 42nd StreetNorthbound exit only
Midtown East5.2–
5.5		8.4–
8.9		Tunnel under United Nations Headquarters
5.69.010East 49th StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
Sutton Place5.89.311East 53rd StreetSouthbound exit only
5.8–
6.1		9.3–
9.8		Tunnel under Sutton Place
Upper East Side6.1–
6.3		9.8–
10.1		12 
 
  East 61st Street / East 63rd Street to NY 25 east (Queensboro Bridge)		Signed for 61st Street northbound, 63rd Street southbound
6.3–
6.7		10.1–
10.8		Tunnel under Rockefeller University / NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Hospital for Special Surgery
6.710.813East 71st StreetSouthbound exit and entrance
Yorkville7.011.3–East 79th StreetSouthbound entrance only
7.2–
7.6		11.6–
12.2		Tunnel under Carl Schurz Park
East Harlem7.9612.8114East 96th StreetAlso serves East 97th Street and York Avenue
8.6313.8915East 106th StreetSouthbound exit and entrance
9.1514.7316East 116th StreetSouthbound exit only
9.6815.5817 
  
 
  RFK Bridge (NY 900G south) to I-278 / Grand Central Parkway east – Bruckner Expressway		Northern terminus of unsigned NY 900G; also serves Randall's Island
– 
  Harlem River Drive north – George Washington Bridge		Continuation north
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 
FDR Drive near the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge

References

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  1. ^ a b "2014 Traffic Data Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. July 22, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Anderson, Steve. "FDR Drive". NYCRoads. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.[self-published source]
  3. ^ New York City Department of Transportation (2013). "Parkway Truck Restrictions". New York City Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
  4. ^ Quigley, Liam (August 23, 2024). "$120M project to fill East River greenway gap near United Nations moving ahead". Gothamist. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "FDR Drive" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  6. ^ a b "U. N. to Make $2,250,000 Steel Contract Soon To Start Second Unit of East River Project" (PDF). The New York Times. June 20, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  7. ^ a b Gray, Christopher (May 15, 1988). "Streetscapes: Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive; Institutions Use Air Rights Over a Multilevel Marvel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  8. ^ Veilleux, Zach (May 14, 2014). "NY City Council approves new Rockefeller laboratory building". Rockefeller University. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016. The Rockefeller University's proposal to build a two-story, 160,000-square-foot [15,000 m2] building over FDR Drive adjacent to its campus passed an important milestone today with the City Council's vote to approve the plan.
  9. ^ New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. "Carl Schurz Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  10. ^ "EASE RIVER DRIVE TO COST $9,000,000 PLANNED BY MILLER; Proposal for Shore Road From South Street to 54th Laid Before Estimate Board. CITY SHARE $4,000,000 Private Owners Would Have to Pay Rest, Under Old Water Grants, Says Borough Head. LINK TO WEST SIDE IN VIEW Road Like Thames Embankment Expected to Create New Taxable Property Worth Millions. Like Victoria Embankment. Part to Be Eighty Feet Wide. EAST RIVER DRIVE PLANNED BY MILLER Plan Additional Wharfage. Eighteen Months for Building". The New York Times. January 28, 1929. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  11. ^ "Land Owners Fight East River Drive Plan; Want It Roofed, if Built, to Stifle Noise". The New York Times. September 20, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  12. ^ "EAST DRIVE LINK OPENS; Southbound Lanes Ready Today From 92d to 122d Streets". The New York Times. October 31, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  13. ^ a b New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. "East River Park Highlights". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  14. ^ "NEW SECTION READY ON EAST SIDE DRIVE; Mile-Long Stretch, Between Grand and 12th Sts., to Be Opened on Tuesday 35-ACRE PARK ADJOINS IT Six-Lane Auto Highway Later Will Form Part of Road Chain Circling Manhattan". The New York Times. June 24, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  15. ^ "SECTION OF DRIVE ON EAST SIDE OPEN; Stretch From 14th to 18th Sts. Placed in Commission by Isaacs and Party". The New York Times. December 28, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  16. ^ "DRIVE SECTION OPEN TODAY; East River Road, Montgomery to 30th St., Ready for Use". The New York Times. May 17, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  17. ^ "NEW LINK IS OPENED IN EAST RIVER DRIVE; Along the Section of East River Drive Which Was Dedicated Yesterday". The New York Times. June 19, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  18. ^ a b "DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF NEW DRIVE LINK; Isaacs Makes Public Description of Triple-Deck Section". The New York Times. April 29, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  19. ^ "City to Act Today on East Drive Link; Plan for Ninety-Sixth Street Overpass Along the East River Drive". The New York Times. June 6, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  20. ^ "EAST RIVER DRIVE GETS A NEW LINK; Mayor Hails It as Example of 'Perfect Engineering and Clean Financing'". The New York Times. October 23, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  21. ^ Pollak, Michael (June 26, 2009). "FYI Column". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  22. ^ "Bricks of Bombed British Homes Used in City Highway Are Marked; La Guardia Warns at Dedication That We May Get Bombings Like Those of Britain -- Haggard Stresses Anglo-U.S. Unity". The New York Times. June 30, 1942. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  23. ^ "EAST RIVER DRIVE IS OPENED IN FULL; Final Link, 34th to 49th Sts., Completes 7 1/2-Mile Stretch That Cost $46,000,000 WORK OF 3 BOROUGH HEADS Mayor Praises Cooperation of Levy, Isaacs, Nathan and Private Industries". The New York Times. May 26, 1942. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  24. ^ Markland, John (October 26, 1941). "EAST RIVER DRIVE GAINS; Only One More Section to Be Completed On Highway Along the City's Rim". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 11, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  25. ^ "Council Votes to Name East Drive for Roosevelt". The New York Times. June 29, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  26. ^ New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (December 20, 2001). "FDR Drive: Historical Sign". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  27. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (June 7, 1949). "MAYOR AND ROGERS OPEN RAISED ROAD; East Side Span Takes Express Highway From 18th to 25th St. -- Other Links Pushed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  28. ^ "City Will Raise Part of East River Drive". The New York Times. March 8, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  29. ^ "City Opens Underpass at Battery, $10,000,000 Link in Express Route". The New York Times. April 11, 1951. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  30. ^ "UNDERPASS LINKED TO EAST SIDE DRIVE; Ceremony at Battery End of Elevated Highway Officially Completes Peripheral Road MAYOR LAUDS ENGINEERS Borough President Speaks at Gathering of 2,000 at South Street and Coenties Slip". The New York Times. May 29, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  31. ^ "Brooklyn Bridge Will Get Ramps; 2-Year Project Designed to Ease Street Traffic". The New York Times. September 4, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  32. ^ "Brooklyn Bridge Ramp Opened". The New York Times. April 17, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  33. ^ Burks, Edward C (June 22, 1969). "Brooklyn Bridge Getting Ramp to F.D.R. Drive; 1,500-Foot Exit Is Latest in $8.5-Million Series to Relieve Congestion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  34. ^ "NEW EXIT RAMP JUST A DEAD END; East River Drive Connects to an Unbuilt Expressway A Link for Expressway 'Not a Mistake'". The New York Times. November 26, 1967. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  35. ^ "Rebuilding to Affect F.D.R. Drive Traffic". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 14, 1985. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  36. ^ a b Siff, Andrew (May 28, 2013). "Since 2002, FDR Drive's Exit 6 Mysteriously Says 'Closed'". New York: WNBC. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  37. ^ "FDR East River Drive Rehabilitation Project E 54th St. - E 63rd St". New York State Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  38. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 30, 2015). "Mayor de Blasio Promotes Smoother Ride on F.D.R. Drive". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  39. ^ Ogorodnikov, Vitali (October 21, 2016). "The Rockefeller University River Campus Deck Expansion Progressing Atop The FDR Drive". New York YIMBY. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  40. ^ Howden-Chapman, Amy (February 6, 2019). "Lavender Lane". Urban Omnibus. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  41. ^ Brachfeld, Ben; Holtermann, Gabriele (September 20, 2023). "Manhattan Borough President Levine pushes plan to raze FDR Drive in Lower Manhattan". amNY. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  42. ^ Kelly, Keith J. (March 13, 2024). "Tear Down FDR South of Brooklyn Bridge, Urges Borough Pres. Levine". Our Town. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  43. ^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM3 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM6 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM10 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM11 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM31 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "X37 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "X38 bus schedule".
  44. ^ "Staten Island Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  45. ^ a b "Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  46. ^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  47. ^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM7 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM8 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM25 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM11 bus schedule".
  48. ^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM1 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM2 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM3 bus schedule".
    MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM4 bus schedule".
  49. ^ "New York County Inventory Listing" (CSV). New York State Department of Transportation. August 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
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