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Ethiopia–United States relations

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Ethiopia–United States relations are bilateral relations between Ethiopia and the United States. Ethiopia is a strategic partner of the United States in the Global War on Terrorism. The United States is the largest donor to Ethiopia: in 2008 U.S. foreign aid to Ethiopia totaled US$969 million, in 2009 $916 million, with 2010 estimated at $513 million and $586 million requested for 2011.[1] U.S. development assistance to Ethiopia is focused on reducing poverty and supporting economic development emphasizes economic, governance, and social sector policy reforms. Some military training funds, including training in such issues as the laws of war and observance of human rights, also are provided.

Ethiopia-United States relations
Map indicating locations of Ethiopia and USA

Ethiopia
United States
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Ethiopia, Washington, D.C.Embassy of the United States, Addis Ababa
Envoy
Ethiopia Ambassador to the United States Seleshi BekeleAmbassador Ervin Jose Massinga

Recently, the Ethiopian government has been criticized for severe human rights violations. According to Human Rights Watch, the aid given by the United States is being abused to erode democracy in Ethiopia.[2] However, in September 2020, the United States suspended part of its economic assistance to Ethiopia due to the lack of sufficient progress in negotiations with Sudan and Egypt over the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.[3]

The current Ambassador of Ethiopia to the United States is Fitsum Arega; he is also accredited to Canada and Mexico. Principal U.S. Officials include Ambassador Michael A. Raynor and Deputy Chief of Mission Troy Fitrell. The U.S. Embassy in Ethiopia is located in Addis Ababa.

According to the 2016 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 29% of Ethiopians approve of U.S. leadership, with 4% disapproving and 67% uncertain.[4]

20th century

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U.S.-Ethiopian relations were established in 1903, after nine days of meetings in Ethiopia between Emperor Menelik II and Robert P. Skinner, an emissary of President Theodore Roosevelt. This first step was augmented with treaties of arbitration and conciliation signed at Addis Ababa 26 January 1929.[5] These formal relations included a grant of Most Favored Nation status, and were good up to the attempted Italian occupation in 1935.

Warqenah Eshate, while visiting the United States in 1927, visited Harlem, where he delivered Ras Tafari's greetings to the African-American community and Tafari's invitation to skilled African Americans to settle in Ethiopia. A number of African-Americans did travel to Ethiopia, such as John Robinson who became the commander of the Ethiopian Air force, where they played a number of roles in the modernization of the country before the Italian attempted conquest in 1935.[6]

In his autobiography, Emperor Haile Selassie notes that the United States was one of only five countries which refused to recognize the Italian attempted conquest of his country.[7]

 
President Kennedy and Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1963

Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie to Ethiopia, the United States certified Ethiopia for participation in Lend-Lease. This was followed on 16 May 1944 by the arrival of what was later called the Fellows Mission, led by James M. Landis.[8] Another significant event transpired in January 1944, when President Franklin Roosevelt met personally with Emperor Haile Selassie aboard the USS Quincy (CA-71) in the Great Bitter Lake of Egypt. Although no matters of substance were resolved, the meeting both strengthened the Emperor's already strong predilection towards the United States, as well as discomforted the British who had been at odds with the Ethiopian government over the disposition of Eritrea and the Ogaden.[9] These ties were strengthened with the signing of the September 1951 treaty of amity and economic relations.[10] In 1953, a further two agreements were signed: a mutual defense assistance agreement, under which the United States agreed to furnish military equipment and training, and an accord regularizing the operations of a U.S. communication facility at Asmara, Kagnew Station. In 1957, then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon visited Ethiopia and called it "one of the United States' most stalwart and consistent allies".[11] In addition, during the 1960s the U.S. Army provided mapping for much of the country of Ethiopia in an operation known as the Ethiopia-United States Mapping Mission.[12] Through fiscal year 1978, the United States provided Ethiopia with $282 million in military assistance and $366 million in economic assistance in agriculture, education, public health, and transportation.

 
Emperor Haille Selassie I and President Nixon in 1969.

Ethiopia was one of the first countries to take part in the American Peace Corps program, which emphasized agriculture, basic education, tourism, health, economic development and teaching English as a foreign language. The Peace Corps reports that since 1962, when its first volunteers arrived in Ethiopia, a total of 2,934 volunteers have served in that country.[13] U.S. Information Service educational and cultural exchanges were also an important part of their relations.

Mengistu Regime

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After the Ethiopian Revolution, the bilateral relationship began to cool due to the Derg's linking with international communism and U.S. revulsion at the junta's human rights abuses. The United States rebuffed Ethiopia's request for increased military assistance to intensify its fight against the Eritrean secessionist movement and to repel the Somali invasion. The International Security and Development Act of 1985 prohibited all U.S. economic assistance to Ethiopia with the exception of humanitarian disaster and emergency relief. In July 1980, the U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia was recalled at the request of the Ethiopian Government (who was then Frederic L. Chapin), and the U.S. Embassy in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Embassy in the United States were headed subsequently by Chargé d'affaires.[14]

Post-Mengistu regime

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With the downfall of Mengistu Haile Mariam (who had taken control of the Derg), U.S.-Ethiopian relations improved as legislative restrictions on non-humanitarian assistance to Ethiopia were lifted. Diplomatic relations were upgraded to the ambassadorial level in 1992. Total U.S. government assistance, including food aid, between 1991 and 2003 was $2.3 billion. During the severe drought year of 2003, the U.S. provided a record $553.1 million in assistance, of which $471.7 million was food aid.[14]

21st century

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Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in 2023
 
The US delivers Janssen COVID-19 vaccines to Ethiopia as part of the COVAX initiative in 2021

U.S. Congress legislation

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The U.S. Congress, however, attempted to set conditions, over the objections of the George W. Bush administration. In October, 2007, the House of Representatives passed the Ethiopia Democracy and Accountability Act of 2007, banning military aid other than for counterterrorism and peacekeeping unless Ethiopia improved its human rights record. H.R. 2003 was referred to the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs but was not voted on.[15] The bill sought to restrict U.S. military aid for any purpose other than counter-terrorism and peacekeeping purposes. If the President certified that all political prisoners had been released and an independent media could function without excessive interference, full, normal military aid could resume. The Ethiopia Democracy and Accountability Act would have restricted security assistance and imposed travel restrictions on Ethiopian officials accused of human rights violations unless Ethiopia met the conditions – although the legislation would have given the president a waiver to prevent such measures from taking force.

The Act also exempted counter-terrorism, peacekeeping operations, and international military training from any funding restrictions, a reflection of Ethiopia's military capabilities and its perceived role as a source of stability in the volatile Horn of Africa.[16]

In 2006, the Ethiopian government hired law firm DLA Piper to lobby against the passage of the H.R. 2003.[17][18] The Ethiopian government was specifically concerned about the sanctions that would be enacted if the bill passed.[18] DLA Piper, on behalf of the Ethiopian government, released statements emphasizing the counterterrorism role that the country played in the region, and that the United States relied on.[18] Additionally, Ethiopian diaspora groups, in opposition to the Ethiopian government, hired Bracewell and Giuliani to lobby for the passage of H.R. 2003.[18]

When asked about H.R. 2003, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stated that "The administration does not support this particular house resolution."[19] The Bush administration believed that human rights violations in Ethiopia needed to be addressed, but it claimed that H.R. 2003 was not the best method to do so.[20] Instead, Secretary Rice announced that the administration was working with NGOs to improve the humanitarian situation in Ethiopia and that a good relationship with the Ethiopian government was essential for the efficacy of those programs.[20]

In 2021, the Ethiopian government hired former Representative Joe Garcia to lobby on its behalf.[21]

Global War on Terror

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Ethiopia is an important country to the United States in the Global War on Terrorism. The Pentagon needs Ethiopia and its intelligence service to counter the influence of Al-Qaeda fighters in the neighboring Somalia.[2]

The CIA allegedly used Ethiopia as a base for black sites to secretly interrogate undeclared prisoners in the Global War on Terrorism.[22]

Human rights violations

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Human rights groups have accused the United States of giving Ethiopia's Prime Minister Meles Zenawi "a free rein" to abuse his own people. In April 2010, Human Rights Watch published a report which accused Zenawi's ruling party Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front of having "total control of local and district administrators to monitor and intimidate individuals at the household level." The report author Ben Rawlence also said that "Meles is using aid to build a one-party state" and accused foreign governments of having colluded in eroding civil liberties and democracy by letting their aid be manipulated by Zenawi. The Ethiopian government has denounced the report as "outrageous".[2]

Human rights violations in Ethiopia have created a strain in the two countries relations. Jendayi Frazer, head of U.S. African policy as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs at the Bureau of African Affairs, spoke of "unprecedented" agreements between the Ethiopian opposition and government, which she said were "a monumental advancement in the political environment". Examples she gave included reform of the National Election Board of Ethiopia and a new code of conduct for the press. But she added that the U.S. had raised "strong concerns" about human rights violations. In April 2010, Ethiopia attempted to jam broadcasts of the Voice of America, the U.S. state-run broadcaster. Prime Minister Zenawi accused Voice of America of broadcasting ethnic hatred and compared the broadcaster to the hate speech from Radio Mille Collines, which had helped provoke genocide in Rwanda. The Economist pointed out that the U.S. response to these accusations had been rather muted, probably due to the importance of the U.S.-Ethiopia alliance.[2]

During the outbreak of the 2016 Ethiopian protests the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa released a statement in which it said the U.S. government was “deeply concerned with the extensive violence.”[23]

In 2022 America announced that it would be issuing sanctions against Ethiopian national whom it accused of having a role in the Tigray Conflict.[24] However, in September 2022, Senator Bob Menendez, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, criticized the Biden administration for hesitating to impose sanctions on the government of Ethiopia, where many atrocities and war crimes were committed in the civil war between the government and the rebels.[25]

In February 2021, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken condemned ethnic cleansing in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia and called for the immediate withdrawal of Eritrean forces and other fighters.[26][27] In March 2023, Blinken met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in Addis Ababa to normalize relations between the United States and Ethiopia that were strained by the Tigray War between the Ethiopian government and Tigray rebels.[28]

On 30 June 2023, the United States lifted aid restrictions on Ethiopia. According to White House national security spokesperson John Kirby, the restrictions were lifted due to progress on human rights, particularly after the cessation-of-hostilities agreement. While violence continues in the Tigray region, the focus of assistance is on supporting peace, demining efforts, and accountability.[29]

African integration

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Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn and President Obama at the White House in 2014

Barack Obama was the first sitting United States president to speak in front of the African Union in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, on 29 July 2015. With his speech, he encouraged the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in education, infrastructure and the economy. But he also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step off, discrimination against minorities (LGBT people, religious groups and ethnicities) and corruption. He suggested an intensified democratization and free trade, to significantly increase living quality for Africans.[30][31]

In December 2022, Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed attended the United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022 in Washington, D.C., and met with US President Joe Biden.[32]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "US AID to Ethiopia Fact sheet: FY 2008-11 USAID-State Foreign Assistance Appropriations" Archived 2011-10-26 at the Wayback Machine, US AID website (accessed 19 December 2010)
  2. ^ a b c d "Ethiopia's elections: Forget about Democracy", The Economist, March 25, 2010. pp. 38-39
  3. ^ "US suspends aid to Ethiopia over Blue Nile dam dispute". Al Jazeera. September 3, 2020.
  4. ^ The U.S.-Global Leadership Report (Report). Gallup Inc. 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  5. ^ Treaty of arbitration: 46 Stat. 2357, TS 799, 7 Bevans 662, 101 LNTS 517. Treaty of Conciliation: 46 Stat. 2368, TS 799, 7 Bevans 665, 101 LNTS 529
  6. ^ Bahru Zewde, Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 39f
  7. ^ Haile Selassie I, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, Haile Sellassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia: Addis Abeba, 1966 E.C. translated by Ezekiel Gebissa, et alia, (Chicago: Frontline Books, 1999), vol. 2 p. 22
  8. ^ John Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay: A personal account of the Haile Selassie years (Algonac: Reference Publications, 1984), p. 144
  9. ^ Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, pp. 159f
  10. ^ Signed at Addis Ababa 7 September 1953, and entered into force 8 October 1953. 4 UST 2134, TIAS 2864, 206 UNTS 41.
  11. ^ U.S. Requests for Ethiopian Bases Pushed Toledo Blade, March 13, 1957
  12. ^ "ethi-usmappingmission.com". www.ethi-usmappingmission.com.
  13. ^ Ethiopia Archived 2010-07-10 at the Wayback Machine, Peace Corps website (accessed 6 July 2010)
  14. ^ a b Ethiopia: US-Ethiopia relations, United States State Department website (accessed 19 December 2010)
  15. ^ Donald, Payne (2007-10-03). "Actions - H.R.2003 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Ethiopia Democracy and Accountability Act of 2007". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  16. ^ Jopson, Barney; Daniel Dombey (October 3, 2007), "Ethiopia bill faces Bush backlash", The Financial Times
  17. ^ "Documents". efile.fara.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  18. ^ a b c d DeWind, Josh; Segura, Renata, eds. (2014). "Convergence and Divergence in Making Foreign Policy". Diaspora Lobbies and the US Government: Convergence and Divergence in Making Foreign Policy. NYU Press. ISBN 9781479818761. JSTOR j.ctt155jkdt.
  19. ^ "Joint Press Availability with African Great Lakes State Leaders". 2001-2009.state.gov. 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  20. ^ a b "Interview With Tefera Ggedamu of Ethiopia TV". 2001-2009.state.gov. 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  21. ^ Oprysko, Caitlin. "Former congressman will lobby for Ethiopian government". POLITICO. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  22. ^ "‘Outsourced Guantanamo’–FBI & CIA Interrogating Detainees in Secret Ethiopian Jails, U.S. Citizen Among Those Held", Democracy Now!, April 5, 2007
  23. ^ Several dozen shot dead in weekend protests across Ethiopia, 8 Aug. 2016, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/several-dozen-fatally-shot-in-weekend-protests-across-ethiopia/2016/08/08/e03956d6-5d96-11e6-8e45-477372e89d78_story.html
  24. ^ "Issuance of Ethiopia Sanctions Regulations; Implementation of the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  25. ^ "Team Biden Balks on Africa Sanctions". Foreign Policy. 20 October 2022.
  26. ^ "Top US diplomat decries 'ethnic cleansing' in Ethiopia's Tigray". Al Jazeera. March 10, 2021. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  27. ^ "The World's Deadliest War Isn't in Ukraine, But in Ethiopia". The Washington Post. March 23, 2022. Archived from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  28. ^ "Blinken praises Ethiopia on Tigray peace, no return to trade programme yet". Reuters. 15 March 2023.
  29. ^ Holland, Steve; Psaledakis, Daphne (2023-07-30). "US lifts some restrictions on Ethiopia after human rights improvements". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  30. ^ Lee, Carol E. "Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  31. ^ "Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa". whitehouse.gov. 2015-07-28. Retrieved 29 July 2015 – via National Archives.
  32. ^ "Africa: Heads of Delegation for U.S–Africa Leaders Summit – White House". AllAfrica. 2022-12-13. Retrieved 2022-12-16.

  This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

Further reading

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  • Getahun, Solomon Addis. The History of Ethiopian Immigrants and Refugees in America, 1900-2000: Patterns of Migration, Survival, and Adjustment (New York: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2007).
  • Kobel, Paul S. "Ethiopian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 107–118. online
  • McVety, Amanda Kay. Enlightened Aid: U.S. Development as Foreign Policy in Ethiopia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Metaferia, Getachew. Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis (2009) online Archived 2019-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
  • Mitchell, Nancy (2016). Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804793858.
  • Ofcansky, Thomas P., and LaVerle Berry. Ethiopia: A Country of Study (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993). online
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