Wikipedia

Draft:Cripping-up

Cripping-up is the act of casting an actor without a visible disability into a role where there is visible disability, first used in mainstream media in 2010.[1] It is a derivative of the word "crip" and is used to call out certain casting practices in stage, TV drama and film production. There is an academic discussion[2] around it as a theory, looking at the extent of the practice and the nuances in its interpretation, which extends to exploring the difference in acting between embodiment and impersonation, and how without the lived experience of disability most portrayals of disability by non-disabled actors do not get under the skin of what it is to be disabled. This issue was mapped out in the MacTaggart lecture delivered by screenwriter Jack Thorne[3][4] at the Edinburgh Television Festival in 2021.

A call against cripping-up has become part of the disability rights movement, and a vocal lobby of acting and creative professions[5][6][7] are actively engaged with the industry for more authentically and creatively when it comes to disability portrayal. This includes industry professionals such as the director of My Left Foot, Jim Sheridan[8] and others within the industry have joined this call for change.This has led to instances such as disabled actors and writers calling on the UK TV and film industry at BAFTA to be more proactive.[9]

As a result, there are more TV, Film and stage productions are casting authentically or incidentally, with organisations like Netflix and BBC Studios forming a disabled writers partnership[10], The Profile[11] was launched in 2021 which is casting resource created by the Royal National Theatre giving the industry access to professional disabled actor showcases. Channel 4 (UK) created new guidance for portrayal[12], and the Creative Diversity Network (CDN)[13] has developed the data platform Diamond[14], which is used by the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Paramount, S4C, Warner Bros. Discovery, UKTV and Sky TV to obtain consistent diversity data on programmes they commission which includes disability representation onscreen.

There are parallels with movement for better representation for Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities which have led the way with colour-blind casting, that covers incidental portrayal. The emotion felt by disabled communities was summed up by Frances Ryan in The Guardian 2015.

"...disabled characters create powerful images and sentiments for audiences. They can symbolise the triumph of the human spirit over so-called “adversity”. They can represent what it is to be “different” in some way, an outsider or an underdog who ultimately becomes inspirational. These are universal feelings every audience member can identify with. And there is something a little comforting in knowing, as we watch the star jump around the red carpet, that none of it – the pain or negativity we still associate with disability – was real. Perhaps that’s part of the problem. Perhaps as a society we see disability as a painful external extra rather than a proud, integral part of a person, and so it doesn’t seem quite as insulting to have non-disabled actors don prosthetics or get up from a wheelchair when the director yells “cut”. But for many disabled people in the audience, this is watching another person fake their identity. When it comes to race, we believe it is wrong for the story of someone from a minority to be depicted by a member of the dominant group for mass entertainment. But we don’t grant disabled people the same right to self-representation."[15]

The call for change in industry practices has come from organisations such as 1in4 Coalition,[16] Equity UK,[17] TripleC,[18] UK Disability Arts Alliance[19] as well as disabled actors such as Kurt Yeager[20], Amy Trigg[21] and Liz Carr[22][23].

Visible disability characteristics

edit

Disability portrayal, whether it is authentic or incidental, focuses on cultural markers that show the audience a character has trait, need or condition without having to state what the condition it. Traits or needs are aspects of a character a writer may identify without stating what the cause is, because the cause my not be central to the story, although with stories about historical figures such as Franz Kafka, Frida Kahlo, Toulouse-Lautrec, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Merrick or Lord Nelson, their conditions needs and traits are well documented.

Fictional characters can be less obvious and often disability characteristics are described rather than the writer medically naming specific conditions. This can be seen in plays like The Metamorphosis where the changing into a bug, the main character has difficulty interfacing with a world that is neither designed for him or accepting of him, which are core to understanding what is referred to as the disability lived experience[24][25].

The works of Samuel Beckett use literal disability as a metaphor to explore ideas of hopelessness, dependency and autonomy, but the characters such as Winnie and Willie in Happy Days, Pozzo and Estragon in Waiting for Godot, and Hamm, Clov, Nagg and Nell in Endgame, all have physical disability characteristics. In her book, Samuel Beckett and Disability Performance[26], author Hannah Simpson reveals how Beckett's theatre compulsively interrogates alternative embodiments, unexpected forms of agency, and the extraordinary social interdependency of the human body.

Example Visible Disability Characteristics
Disability in writing does not always come with a diagnosis of a condition, as with identifying the ethnicity of a character, but the visible disability characteristics help the audience understanding a character's lived experience.
Capability Impairment of movment, capability and capacity due to a chronic health, pain, learning or cognitive challenges.
Communication Communication can include sign languages, but it can also mean the character has difficulty communicating or with comprehension. They may need an aid or have to communicate in a style that makes their challenges more obvious to the audience. Or they have difficulty with comprehending the ways others communicate.
Deaf The character signs a culturally accurate or an equivalent sign language.
Mobility Ability to walk is impaired. They may use a walking aid, have involuntary movement, or difficulty walking because of anything from limb differences to pain.
Movement All or any aspects of movement, not just walking, are impaired or obviously different to the audience. The character may find that the world they inhabit has not been designed to meet their needs, disabling them in the process
Non-Verbal The character never speaks but may be able to communicate in otherv ways.
Physical Appearance The condition of the character manifests in such a way that it is important that it stands out to the audience. This can include movement, unusual physicalities, limb differences or the use of aids such as sticks, a wheelchair, ear defenders, white cane, hearing aids etc. This can also be highlighted in the way that other characters react to their appearance.
Vision Impaired The character's vision is as such that outside of their reach is the unknown
Wheelchair User The character spends some or all of the performance in one or more wheelchairs or a bath chair or is unable to move unless unaided.

On Screen

edit

Disabled roles have been played by non-disabled actors going back to the silent era, with films like The Penalty in 1920, and City Lights 1931 an Frankenstein 1931, being early examples where non-disabled actors played disabled character on-screen.

There were few disabled actors before the 1990s available to play authentic or incidental roles, and the few examples were mostly covered by only 5 actors;

The majority of disabled roles went to non-disabled actors. With more disabled actors available, the number of instances of cripping-up has dropped although there are still examples of where the practice continues.

  • The Penguin 2024, cast Colin Farrell as the physically disabled former chief lieutenant of deceased crime boss Carmine Falcone
  • Wonka 2023, cast Hugh Grant in the role of an Oompa Loompa, which received criticism from actors of short stature[28][29]
  • In The Dark 2020 to 2022 the series is centred around a blind detective played by a sighted actor
  • The Secret Garden 2020[30] cast a non-disabled actor as Colin, who is an ambulant wheelchair user[31]
  • A Call To Spy 2019[32] cast a non-disabled actor in the lead role, Virginia Hall, who is an amputee
  • Come As You Are 2019[33] the three main characters are all disabled, and were all played by non-disabled actors[34]

There was an announcement from the BBC in 2019 to produce a drama based on the life of Joseph Merrick, with Charlie Heaton in the main role. After receiving considerable public criticism,[35] instead of re-casting the role with a disabled actor, the project was cancelled.[36]

There are examples making headlines which are showcasing best practice:

On Stage

edit

Disabled characters in stage plays have a longer history stretching as far back as Tiresias in Oedipus, by Sophocles. There are many disabled historical disabled figures as well as disabled fictional characters such as Laura in The Glass Menagerie, Meshak Gardiner in Coram Boy, Colin in The Secret Garden, Captain Ahab in Moby Dick and more listed in Theatre and Disability, that whom, up until recently, have not been accessible to disabled actors. Like film and television, this has changed with mainstream theatre companies casting more disabled actors and enabling the disabled community to reclaim their stories.[40]

Tiny Tim

edit

It took until 2017 for the first disabled Tiny Tim to appear in a professional adaptation of A Christmas Carol. Lenny Rush was Tim at The Old Vic in London which opened-up the possibility to many young actors in productions around the world. In 2021 Mark Gatiss wrote an adaptation of the story, A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story that ran 2022 to 2024 that tackled in ablism in the role as well as the casting, adding a clever twist that turns Tim into more than just the catalyst for Scrooge's guilt.

Richard III

edit

Another role that has been at the forefront of the Theatre and disability movement is Duke of Gloucester/The King in Shakespeare's play Richard III[41]. Arguably this is where change started, not just because the king himself had scoliosis, which is exaggerated in the play, but one of the key themes of the play is Ableism and the attitudes of his family and the court towards Richard, in part shaping whom he became and how he acted.[42]

Since 2004, King Richard III has been played by the following disabled actors:

Plays with disabled characters

edit

Other example plays that have characters with visible disability characteristics or historical figures with known disabilities.

Title Character(s) Writer(s) Disability Characteristics
Arcadia Lord Nelson Tom Stoppard Movement and Physical Appearance
Coram Boy Meshak Gardiner Helen Edmundson Movement and Communication
Dr. Strangelove Dr. Strangelove Stanley Kubrick, Terry Southern and Peter George, adapted for the stage by Armando Iannucci and Sean Foley Wheelchair User and Movement
Frankenstein The Monster, Igor and De Lacey Mary Shelly, adaptations by Nick Dear, Barbara Field, Jonathan Christenson, Richard Brinsley Peake and Eric B. Sirota Communication, Physical Appearance, Movement, Capability and Vision Impairment
I, Claudius Claudius John Mortimer and Michael White, based on the Robert Graves books I, Claudius and Claudius the God Movement and Communication
Lady Chatterley's Lover Clifford John Harte based on the D.H. Lawrence novel Communication, Movement and possible Physical Appearance
Moby Dick Captain Ahab Herman Melville. Adaptations for stage by Mark Rosenwinkel, Jim Burke, Julian Rad, Morris Panych and David Catlin Physical Appearance, Mobility and Movement
Moulin Rouge! Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce Mobility, Movement and Physical Appearance
Nicholas Nickleby Smike Charles Dickens with theatrical adaptations by Edward Stirling and David Edgar Movement and Communication
Oedipus Tiresias Sophocles. Adaptation by John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee Vision Impaired
One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Billy Bibbit, Charlie Cheswick, Max Taber and Martini Ken Kesey, adapted by Dale Wasserman Communication, Physical Appearance, Movement and Capability
Rear Window Hal Jeffries Stage adaptation by Keith Reddin of the short story by Cornell Woolrich Wheelchair User
The Cripple of Inishmaan Billy Claven Martin McDonagh Movement and Communication
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time Christopher Simon Stephens based on the novel of the same name by Mark Haddon Communication and Movement
The Glass Menagerie Laura Tennessee Williams Mobility, Movement and Physical Appearance
The Hunchback of Notre Dame Quasimodo Victor Hugo with stage adaptations by Ken Hill, Robert Hossein, Nicholas DeBaubien, Pip Utton, James Villafuerte, Harold Hodge Jr and Benjamin Polya Physical Appearance and Movement
The Secret Garden Colin Frances Hodgson Burnett with adaptations by Pamela Sterling, Thomas W. Olson, Lucy Simon, Jessica Swale, Rosalind Sydney, and Anna Himali Howard & Holly Robinson Wheelchair User and Capability
Treasure Island Long John Silver and Blind Pew Robert Louis Stevenson, with stage adaptations by Jules Eckert Goodman, Jule Styne, Ken Ludwig, B.H. Barry & Vernon Morris, Mike Kenny, Bryony Lavery, Nicolas Billon and Sandi Toksvig Mobility, Movement and Physical Appearance, Vision Impaired
Whatever Happened to Baby Jane Blanche Henry Farrell Wheelchair User and Capability
Wicked Nessarose Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman Wheelchair User

Incidental Portrayal

edit

3% of the general public in the UK and US have a visible disability, despite the efforts of the industry there is a currently a lack of data on whether films, stage productions and TV dramas reflect this. The Creative Diversity Network has started tracking some aspects of disability inclusion in the industry but incidental portrayal of disability in casting for drama is currently not in scope.[55]

Incidental disability portrayal is different to authentic portrayal as it is about having the right to portray a role regardless of whether a character is scripted as having a disability or not. An example of this is Bridgerton series 3 on Netflix, 2024. Shondaland cast two visibly disabled actors, Sophie Woolley[56] as Lady Stowell, and Zak Ford-Williams[57] as Lord Remmington.[58][59] Neither of the characters were scripted as having a disability and yet one is a Deaf sign user and the other a bath chair user. There is no mention of their conditions in the series and Lord Remmington is viewed first and fore-mostly as an eligible bachelor and potential suitor to Penelope Featherington.

Progressive Condition Portrayal

edit

In 2014 despite his award-winning portrayal of Professor Stephen Hawking the film The Theory of Everything, the casting of Eddie Redmayne came under scrutiny[60] as to whether portraying someone with a progressive condition constituted "cripping-up",[61] as this raised questions and suggestions that included having two actors, or even using CGI. The practicalities where all theoretical until in contrast the BBC's 2022 drama production Better, cast the disabled actor Zak Ford-Williams in a role where at first he had to mask his cerebral palsy, and then unmask it after his character Owen survives meningitis. Ford-Williams used his experience as a physically disabled actor who has had to learn to walk again twice after medial procedures, which demonstrated the possibility of disabled actors playing progressive conditions.[62]

Disability Dramaturgy

edit

There is nuance, especially when a character has multiple conditions or where there is a mismatch between an actors condition and what is scripted, however the key element is that a visibly disabled actor knows what the lived experience is, and with the help of a Disability Dramaturg[63] the creative process will find the truth in the performance. A good example of that is The Real and Imagined History of The Elephant Man, which toured Australia and the UK with Daniel Monks and Zak Ford-Williams in the lead role as Joseph Merrick. Neither actors share the same condition as Joseph, however they both brought their conditions and experiences as disabled people to the role.[64][65]

Academy Awards

edit

Over the history of the Academy Awards, there have been 22 Oscar nominations for portraying physical and visible disabilities, and 9 winners.[66] Most of these occurred before the movement for change gathered pace, and they do serve as a useful reminder that stories about disability are interesting, and that creativity is all about making interesting choices.

References

edit
  1. ^ Kataja, Rosanna (2020). "Inclusion, Don't Forget About Us: Disabilities in Performing Arts". harvardpolitics.com. Retrieved 2024-10-02.
  2. ^ sianoxbrookes (2015-01-21). "The Theory of "Cripping Up"". Through the Academic Looking Glass. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  3. ^ 2021-08-23T17:43:00+01:00. "MacTaggart lecture in full". Broadcast. Retrieved 2024-09-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ MacTaggart Lecture: Jack Thorne | Edinburgh TV Festival 2021. Retrieved 2024-09-24 – via www.youtube.com.
  5. ^ "Why are so many disabled roles played by non-disabled actors?". BBC News. 2015-01-18. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  6. ^ "The problem with 'cripping up' and why casting disabled actors matters". ABC News. 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  7. ^ "MY LEFT FOOT: THE CRIPPING UP DEBATE BY JUDITH DRAKE". National Theatre of Scotland. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  8. ^ "My Left Foot director backs calls for actors to stop 'cripping up' and would cast disabled actor in Daniel Day-Lewis' role if film was made today". Sky News. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  9. ^ BAFTA (2022-04-24). TripleC is honoured for its work championing disabled talent | BAFTA TV Craft Awards 2022. Retrieved 2024-09-24 – via YouTube.
  10. ^ "BBC and Netflix Form Partnership to Develop and Co-Produce Shows From Disabled Creatives". About Netflix. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  11. ^ "ProFile Performers". ProFile Performers. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  12. ^ "CHANNEL 4 STRENGTHENS GUIDANCE FOR PORTRAYAL OF DISABILITY ON TV | Channel 4". www.channel4.com. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  13. ^ helen. "Creative Diversity Network". Creative Diversity Network. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  14. ^ helen (2016-08-26). "Diamond". Creative Diversity Network. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  15. ^ Ryan, Frances (2015-01-13). "We wouldn't accept actors blacking up, so why applaud 'cripping up'?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  16. ^ "Home". 1IN4. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  17. ^ "Disability". Equity. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  18. ^ "DANC". TripleC. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  19. ^ "We Shall Not Be Removed – UK Disability Arts Alliance". Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  20. ^ Yaeger, Kurt (2018-08-10). "'I don't care if I'm called a one-legged bastard': Kurt Yaeger on being an actor and amputee". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  21. ^ "Amy Trigg urges actors to 'pass on' roles they are not appropriate for". The Stage. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  22. ^ "Disabled talent calls on film industry to act now on disability". Disability News Service. 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  23. ^ Moore, Anna (2024-05-14). "'I'm fighting for the right to live': Liz Carr on acting, friendship and her campaign against assisted dying". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  24. ^ "Exploring the everyday lives of disabled people". GOV.UK. 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  25. ^ "What is disability discrimination?". Liberty. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  26. ^ "Theatre and disability", Wikipedia, 2024-10-21, retrieved 2024-10-23
  27. ^ "Opinion | 'CODA' could usher in a whole new era for Hollywood". MSNBC.com. 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  28. ^ Pritchard, Erin (2023-08-30). "More positive representations of dwarfism are needed: why it is time to drop 'cripping up' - Disability Arts Online". Disability Arts Online. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  29. ^ "Wonka: Hugh Grant casting criticised by actor with dwarfism". BBC News. 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  30. ^ Munden, Marc (2020-08-07), The Secret Garden (Drama, Family, Fantasy), Dixie Egerickx, Richard Hansell, David Verrey, STX Films, StudioCanal, Heyday Films, retrieved 2024-09-24
  31. ^ Holmes, Martha Stoddard. ""Crippling Colin: Disability in Two Film Versions of The Secret Garden."". "Crippling Colin: Disability in Two Film Versions of the Secret Garden." Horne, Jackie and Joe Sutliff Sanders, ed. Frances Hodgson Burnett's the Secret Garden: A Children's Classic at 100. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2011: 209-230.
  32. ^ Pilcher, Lydia Dean (2020-10-02), A Call to Spy (Biography, Crime, Drama), Sarah Megan Thomas, Stana Katic, Radhika Apte, SMT Pictures, retrieved 2024-09-24
  33. ^ Wong, Richard (2020-02-14), Come As You Are (Comedy, Drama), Grant Rosenmeyer, Hayden Szeto, Ravi Patel, BS Productions, Chicago Media Angels, Florida Hill Entertainment, retrieved 2024-09-24
  34. ^ admin (2020-07-28). "'Come as You Are' — Unless You Are an Actor Who's Disabled". NACDD. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  35. ^ "Stranger Things star's role as Elephant Man criticised". BBC News. 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  36. ^ Ryan, Frances (2018-09-02). "Why are disabled actors ignored when it comes to roles like the Elephant Man?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  37. ^ Fandom Spotlite (2024-03-21). Marvel's ECHO Alaqua Cox Panel – Awesome Con 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-24 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ Associated Press (2024-04-29). Arthur Hughes puts 'Shardlake' in the spotlight. Retrieved 2024-09-24 – via YouTube.
  39. ^ Kelley, Aidan (2023-10-18). "'The Fall of the House of Usher's Most Underrated Character Gives the Show a Beacon of Hope". Collider. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  40. ^ Pepper, Penny (2019-01-09). "Is it ever OK for non-disabled actors to play disabled roles?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  41. ^ "Should only disabled actors play Shakespeare's Richard III?". The Stage. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  42. ^ Williams, Katherine Schaap (2009-10-02). "Enabling Richard: The Rhetoric of Disability in Richard III". Disability Studies Quarterly. 29 (4). doi:10.18061/dsq.v29i4.997. ISSN 2159-8371.
  43. ^ Rooney, David (2004-10-12). "Richard III". Variety. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  44. ^ a b "The Tragedy of Richard III". Lyric Theatre Belfast. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  45. ^ Hickling, Alfred (2017-05-11). "Richard III review – Mat Fraser proves a brilliant villain for Northern Broadsides". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  46. ^ Akbar, Arifa (2022-07-01). "Richard III review – Shakespeare's supervillain breezes through the bloodbath". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  47. ^ Wyver, Kate (2019-03-07). "Richard III review – Tom Mothersdale hypnotises as the unhinged overlord". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  48. ^ Peard, Anne-Marie (2017-04-22). "Bell Shakespeare: Richard 3". AussieTheatre.com. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  49. ^ "Divadlo v Celetné » Richard III". Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  50. ^ "Divadlo v Celetné". Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  51. ^ Reid, Kerry (2024-02-13). "Richard III at Chicago Shakespeare is flashy and fun". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  52. ^ "The Lyric Theatre is celebrating following a host of critically acclaimed reviews for its latest major production, The Tragedy of Richard III". Lyric Theatre Belfast. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  53. ^ Adler, Tony (2016-03-17). "Richard III was always a monster. Now imagine him as RoboCop". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  54. ^ "Home Page". The Gift Theatre. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
  55. ^ Gill, Pete (2021-03-26). "Doubling Disability". Creative Diversity Network. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  56. ^ "Sophie Woolley | Actress, Writer". IMDb. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  57. ^ The Wheelchair Activist (2024-07-22). S3 E5: Disability in Bridgerton & Other Period Dramas. Retrieved 2024-09-24 – via YouTube.
  58. ^ Alfonseca, Kiara (2024-06-13). "'Bridgerton' season 3 captures disability, neurodiversity in regency era". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  59. ^ Dow, Grace W. (2024-06-16). "Disability Representation in Bridgerton". Grace Dow Writes. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  60. ^ "Able-bodied actors in disabled roles: modern-day 'blacking up'… or is it?". www.themermaidinthegherkinjar.com. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  61. ^ Harris, Scott Jordan (2015-01-20). "Why The Theory of Everything Is a Disappointing Depiction of Disability". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  62. ^ "Interview with Zak Ford-Williams who plays Owen in Better". Pressparty. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  63. ^ Lewis, Victoria Ann (Summer 1998). "The Dramaturgy of Disability". Michigan Quarterly Review. XXXVII (3). ISSN 1558-7266.
  64. ^ The Real and Imagined History of the Elephant Man: Interview with Daniel Monks / Malthouse Prompt. Retrieved 2024-09-24 – via vimeo.com.
  65. ^ "Interview - Zak Ford-Williams - Taking on the Elephant Man - Able Magazine". ablemagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  66. ^ Gray, Tim (2021-04-15). "Disabilities Aren't New, but Oscar Recognition Sure Is". Variety. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the article namespace.
Categories:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Cripping-up&oldid=1255202876"