Wikipedia

David Boren

David Lyle Boren (born April 21, 1941) is a retired American lawyer and politician from Oklahoma. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as 21st governor of Oklahoma from 1975 to 1979 and three terms in the United States Senate from 1979 to 1994. A conservative Democrat, to date, he is the last in his party to have served as U.S. Senator from Oklahoma. He was the 13th and second-longest serving president of the University of Oklahoma from 1994 to 2018. He was the longest serving chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. On September 20, 2017, Boren officially announced his retirement as president of the University of Oklahoma, effective June 30, 2018.[1]

David Boren
13th President of the University of Oklahoma
In office
December 1, 1994 – June 30, 2018
Preceded byRichard L. Van Horn
Succeeded byJames L. Gallogly
Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
In office
October 28, 2009 – February 27, 2013
Serving with Chuck Hagel
PresidentBarack Obama
Preceded bySteve Friedman
Succeeded byShirley Ann Jackson
Jami Miscik
United States Senator
from Oklahoma
In office
January 3, 1979 – November 15, 1994
Preceded byDewey F. Bartlett
Succeeded byJim Inhofe
21st Governor of Oklahoma
In office
January 13, 1975 – January 3, 1979
LieutenantGeorge Nigh
Preceded byDavid Hall
Succeeded byGeorge Nigh
Member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
from the 28th district
In office
January 1967 – November 1974
Preceded byRaymond Reed
Succeeded byJeff Johnston
Personal details
Born (1941-04-21) April 21, 1941 (age 83)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
Janna Lou Little
​
​
(m. 1968; div. 1976)​
Molly Shi
​
(m. 1977)​
Children2, including Dan
RelativesLyle Boren (father)
EducationYale University (BA)
Balliol College, Oxford (MPhil)
University of Oklahoma (JD)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1963–1974
RankCaptain
UnitOklahoma Army National Guard
David Boren's voice
Boren introduces Robert Gates at his confirmation hearing to be United States secretary of defense
Recorded December 5, 2006

Early life and career

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Boren was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Christine (née McKown) and former U.S. representative Lyle Hagler Boren.[2] He graduated in 1963 from Yale University, where he majored in American history, graduated in the top one percent of his class and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.[3] He was a member of the Yale Conservative Party, Cannon and Castle ROTC Honor Society, elected president of the Yale Political Union and is a member of Skull and Bones.[4][5] He was selected as a Rhodes Scholar and earned a master's degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics from University of Oxford (1965), serving later as a member of the Rhodes Scholarship selection committee.

In 1966 Boren defeated fellow Democrat William C. Wantland in a primary election[6] and Clifford Conn Jr. in the general election to win a seat in the Oklahoma House of Representatives, where he served four terms, 1967 to 1975. In 1968, he received a J.D. degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Law.

While serving in the House, Boren was a member of the committee that investigated the University of Oklahoma after the school allowed black militant Paul Boutelle, a socialist and anti-Vietnam War activist, to give a speech there. During his House tenure Boren was also a professor at Oklahoma Baptist University.

Boren served in the Oklahoma Army National Guard from 1963 to 1974. He attained the rank of captain and served as commander of the 2120th Supply & Service Company in Wewoka.[7][8]

Governor

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Boren as governor.

In 1974, Boren ran for governor. In keeping with the anti-establishment movements of that Watergate scandal-era campaign season, Boren's effort included the "Boren Broom Brigade" to demonstrate his pledge to "sweep out the Old Guard" and bring fundamental reforms to state government.[9]

Boren and Congressman Clem McSpadden defeated incumbent David Hall in the primary election and moved into a runoff for the Democratic nomination.[10] Boren beat McSpadden in the runoff[11] and subsequently defeated Republican Jim Inhofe in the general election. Coincidentally, Inhofe would go on to be his successor in the United States Senate in the 1994 special election after his resignation.[12]

During his tenure Boren worked on: eliminating the inheritance tax for property left by one spouse to another; a reduction in the state income tax rate; improvements to the state corrections program in the wake of the 1973 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot; and elimination of more than a hundred state agencies, commissions, and boards. Boren attracted national attention during the Energy Crisis when he advocated nationwide deregulation of natural gas prices.[13]

Boren opted not to run for reelection in 1978, instead running for the United States Senate seat held by the retiring Dewey Bartlett. He won a multi-candidate primary with 46 percent of the vote to second-place finisher Ed Edmondson's 28 percent.[14] Boren then defeated Edmondson in the runoff,[15] and Republican Robert Kamm, former President of Oklahoma State University, in the general election.[16]

Accusations in 1978 U.S. Senate Campaign

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During his 1978 U.S. Senate campaign[17] while holding the office of Governor, Boren's main rival for the Democratic party's nomination, former U.S. Rep Ed Edmondson, called Boren "a Republican"[13] due to a Boren policy as Governor which eliminated the state tax for inheritances between spouses.[17] Edmondson took a pledge recited on a biography of President Harry Truman, that he was not nor had never been "a Republican."[17] [13]

Another of Boren's primary opponents was Anthony Points, who ran under an assumed name, had faced charges of passing bogus checks,[17] and accused Boren of being gay.[17] Following his victory, Boren swore an oath on a family Bible, declaring "I know what homosexuals and bisexuals are. I further swear that I am not a homosexual or bisexual. And I further swear that I have never been a homosexual or bisexual. And I further swear that I have never engaged in any homosexual or bisexual activities nor do I approve of or condone them."[17]

Despite the personal attacks which made The Washington Post describe the race as a "Gutter Shootout" [18] Boren prevailed by wide margins in the primary, runoff and general election balloting.[16][13]

U.S. Senator

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Boren as a senator

In the U.S. Senate, Boren was known as a centrist or conservative Democrat, and was a protégé of Texas Sen. Lloyd Bentsen and was often aligned with southern Democrats Sam Nunn of Georgia and Howell Heflin of Alabama. He was a strong advocate of tax cuts across the board as the cornerstone of economic policy. He opposed the windfall profit tax on the domestic oil industry, which was repealed in 1988.[19] At one point, the tax was generating no revenue, yet still required oil companies to comply with reporting requirements and the IRS to spend $15 million to collect the tax.[19] Of the tax, Boren said: "As long as the tax is not being collected, the accounting requirements are needless. They result in heavy burdens for the private sector and unnecessary cost to the taxpayer."[19]

Sen. Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), who served with him, publicly stated that Boren should be elected president.[20] Boren's chief of staff was a respected Capitol Hill insider, Charles Ward, a former longtime administrative assistant to Speaker Albert.[citation needed]

Boren served on the Senate Committee on Finance and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry.[21] He also served as chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from 1987 to 1993.[21] His six years is the longest tenure for a Senate Intelligence Committee chairman, tied with Dianne Feinstein. Boren sponsored the National Security Education Act of 1991, which established the National Security Education Program.[21][a]

Boren was one of only two Democratic senators to vote in favor of the controversial nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, in 1987.[22] Boren also decided in 1991 to vote against the Persian Gulf War.[23] Boren was one of President Bill Clinton's top choices to replace Les Aspin as a U.S. Secretary of Defense in 1994. However, Clinton selected William J. Perry instead.[24]

In a controversial public mea culpa in a New York Times Op/Ed piece, Boren expressed regret over his vote to confirm Supreme Court Associate Justice Clarence Thomas. Partly as a result of that statement, The Daily Oklahoman, the largest newspaper in Oklahoma, which had encouraged and endorsed Boren's entire career, began intensely criticizing him.[25]

His opposition in 1993 was essential for the failure of a heat content based (for example British thermal unit or joule) energy tax proposed by the Clinton Administration as means to curb the deficit and reduce pollution.

In 1994, he resigned his Senate seat to accept the presidency of the University of Oklahoma.[26] As of 2023, he is the last Democrat to serve as a U.S. Senator from Oklahoma.

Praise from Nelson Mandela

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As chairman of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Boren was instrumental in building consensus and bipartisan support for the U.S. State Department initiatives to promote democracy abroad which helped lead to the release of Nelson Mandela. Boren was praised and received a standing ovation led by Mandela at a special broadcast of ABC News Nightline with Ted Koppel, which commemorated Mandela's historic release from prison in South Africa. During his first visit to the US after his release, Mandela was a dinner guest of Boren and wife Molly.[27][28][29]

University of Oklahoma presidency

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Boren served as president of the University of Oklahoma from 1994 until June 30, 2018, and was succeeded by business executive Jim Gallogly.[30] He has also served on the Board of Directors of Texas Instruments and AMR Corporation (then parent company of American Airlines). As of 2017, his salary as president of the University of Oklahoma was $383,852.88 annually.[31] One semester every school year, Boren taught a freshman level political science class to 200 students.

Sigma Alpha Epsilon incident

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See also: 2015 University of Oklahoma Sigma Alpha Epsilon racism incident

In March 2015, a recording was made public of members of the University of Oklahoma's Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity singing a racially derogatory song which used the racial slur nigger and included reference to lynching and racial segregation. As university president, Boren appeared widely in US media and condemned the behavior, expelled two student members of the fraternity, and with the fraternity's national headquarters' help, ordered the OU chapter's closure. He also created a mandatory Diversity Training for the whole campus.[32][33] Some legal scholars have argued that these expulsions were improper, as speech, even if offensive, is protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[34][35] Other scholars have argued that the expulsion was based on the student code of conduct, and was not protected.[35][36]

2019 Misconduct investigation

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On February 13, 2019, while on sabbatical from health issues, following his 2018 retirement it was reported that the University of Oklahoma had hired the Jones Day law firm to investigate Boren after allegations of his "serious" misconduct arose at the university.[37] The university and specifically the OU Board of Regents declined to specify whether the investigation was actually of Boren, or to specify its start or projected end date, instead referring to it generally as an ongoing personnel investigation.[38] Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation conducted a criminal investigation which lasted a year ending with no charges.[39]

During the year long investigation which ended with no charges, six witnesses described interactions with Boren,[40] shortly after the end of his 24-year tenure as the institution's president.[41][38] University of Oklahoma regents received the findings of that Title IX investigation in April 2019, conducted by the law firm Jones Day, and turned it over to the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation for the agency's criminal investigation which lasted a year ending with no charges.[39] Only a portion of the Title IX report has been released publicly to accuser and former OU student Jess Eddy, whose allegations were deemed "generally credible" by the law firm though Eddy admitted to "calling Boren personally and asking for financial compensation after The Oklahoman first reported Boren was being investigated."[42] The four-page section released by OU referenced "six witnesses" who discussed interactions with Boren.[43] Boren's successor, James L. Gallogly who ordered investigations of Boren, resigned May 12, 2019 after nine months and two weeks in office.[44][45]

The investigation purportedly sought to determine whether Boren sexually harassed staff or students during his tenure as president. The allegations arose from a Fall 2010 Boren fundraising trip to Houston in a private jet and hotel events afterward. During the investigation, OU graduate and former Boren classroom aide Jess Eddy made his allegation of Boren's sexual misconduct public through media interviews.[46][47] Boren has issued a blanket denial of any misconduct or illegal activity through his attorney.[41]

Boren's attorney has stated that the investigation is "not an objective search for truth,"[48] and an attempted character assassination on Boren without basis in fact, adding that "Boren was unaware of any allegations until he heard about it in the press."[49] Boren's attorney also stated that OU President James L. Gallogly told a Vice President of the University of Oklahoma to deliver the message to Boren that "I am the meanest son of a bitch he has ever seen, and if he ever crosses me again, I will destroy him," after Boren wrote an op-ed defending the state of OU's finances in response to Gallogly's assertion that they were in disorder following Boren's tenure as president.[50][51]

The University of Oklahoma regents received the results of the investigation in April 2019, and although they did not release any of the findings, the chairwoman described the probe as "fair, non-biased, thorough and objective."[52] Eddy responded to the non-disclosure of the findings by calling for the report by Jones Day to be released.[53]

Post-Senate career

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In 1996, Reform Party presidential candidate Ross Perot unsuccessfully sought Boren to be his vice-presidential running mate.[54] In 2001, Boren, along with fellow Democrat former governor George Nigh was listed as being in support of the Right-to-work law in Oklahoma. The measure, proposed and sponsored by then Gov. Frank Keating, was passed by the voters.

Boren is regarded as a mentor to former director of Central Intelligence George Tenet from his days as chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee.[55] On the morning of September 11, 2001, Boren and Tenet were having breakfast together when Tenet was called away to respond to the terror attacks.[56]

In June 2007, conservative political columnist Robert Novak claimed that Boren had met with New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg to discuss a possible third-party presidential campaign. Bloomberg had recently left the Republican Party, and speculation arose that he discussed the possibility of Boren joining him as a running mate.[57] However, on April 18, 2008, Boren endorsed the leading Democratic candidate, Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois.

In 2008, he released a book titled A Letter to America.[58]

Boren and former U.S. senator Chuck Hagel served as co-chairmen of the nonpartisan U.S. President's Intelligence Advisory Board under Barack Obama.[59] He sits on the honorary board of the National Association for Urban Debate Leagues.[citation needed] He was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1988.[60] In 1996, Boren received the Foreign Language Advocacy Award from the Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages in recognition of his support for education and his authorship of the National Security Education Act of 1992.[61]

Personal life

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He has been married twice. His first marriage to Janna Little, daughter of Reuel Little, occurred shortly after his graduation in 1968. They had two children, and divorced in 1976.[b] He married Pontotoc County Special District Judge Molly W. Shi on November 27, 1977. It was the first time an Oklahoma Governor had married while in office. Shi was a native of Ada, Oklahoma and alumna of East Central University and the University of Oklahoma, where she earned her degree in law. She was a lawyer in private practice for two years before being appointed as a judge.[63] His daughter, Carrie, is a former actress and current director for evangelism in the Episcopal Diocese of Dallas.

The Boren family has a strong interest in public policy and three generations of public service. His father, Lyle Boren, served in the U.S. House of Representatives (OK-04) from 1937 to 1947. His son, Dan Boren, served in the U.S. House of Representatives (OK-02) from 2005 to 2013.

Boren is the first cousin of singer, songwriter, and actor Hoyt Axton, best known for writing the song "Joy to the World."[64]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ During his three terms, he also served on the following committees: Appropriations; Armed Forces; Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; Budget; Commerce, Science and Transportation; Energy and Natural Resources; Environment and Public Works; Finance; Foreign Relations; Health, Education, Labor and Pensions; Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; Indian Affairs; Judiciary; Rules and Administration; Small Business and Entrepreneurship; Veterans' Affairs.[21]
  2. ^ Little remarried an independent oil producer, John C. Robbins, and moved to Longview, Texas. She died on May 25, 1998.[62]

References

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[65]

  1. ^ "OU President David Boren announces retirement". NewsOK.com. September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  2. ^ "1". ancestry.com. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  3. ^ Biography: Office of the President at University of Oklahoma website.
  4. ^ Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company, 2002, page 124, 158.
  5. ^ Lloyd Grove, "The Boren Identity; Oklahoma's Senator, Unlikely Point Man for Clinton Plan", The Washington Post, March 24, 1993.
  6. ^ "Seminole Lawyer Asks for Election Recount". Daily Oklahoman. May 27, 1966. p. 55.
  7. ^ The National Guardsman. Vol. 24–25. National Guard Association of the United States. 1970. p. 23.
  8. ^ Lawton Constitution, Morale Of Sooner Guard Troops High, July 25, 1975
  9. ^ United Press International, Frederick Daily Leader, Boren Sweeps Past Opponent, November 6, 1974
  10. ^ Martin Waldron, The New York Times, Gov. Hall Defeated in Oklahoma: McSpadden and Boren in Runoff; Boren Total a Surprise, August 29, 1974
  11. ^ United Press International, Warsaw Times-Union, Rhodes Scholar Captures Runoff Race in Oklahoma, September 18, 1974
  12. ^ Associated Press, Lawrence World-Journal, New Oklahoma Governor is Rhodes Scholar, November 6, 1974
  13. ^ a b c d Bob Burke, Oklahoma Historical Society, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Biography, David Lyle Boren Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 16, 2013
  14. ^ United Press International, Altus Times-Democrat, Derryberry Cinches Runoff Berth With Nigh, August 25, 1978
  15. ^ National Journal, Election results: Oklahoma, Volume 10, Part 3, 1978, page 1525
  16. ^ a b Arrell Morgan Gibson, Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries, 1981, page 262
  17. ^ a b c d e f Mother Jones We're OK; How's Oklahoma Dev. 1978
  18. ^ "Gutter Shootout in Oklahoma". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c Thorndike, Joseph J. (November 10, 2005). "Historical Perspective: The Windfall Profit Tax -- Career of a Concept". TaxHistory.org. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
  20. ^ "OU's Consistency Starts at Top with Boren", September 2, 2014
  21. ^ a b c d "David L. Boren." Official Biography, U.S. Congress. Accessed August 29, 2018.
  22. ^ "Senate Rejects Bork, 58-42 : Six Republicans Bolt Party Ranks to Oppose Judge". Los Angeles Times. October 23, 1987. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  23. ^ "CQ Almanac Online Edition".
  24. ^ George Stephanopoulos, All Too Human: A Political Education, 1999
  25. ^ "The Boren Standard", The Daily Oklahoman, August 11, 1992
  26. ^ Boren, David (May 13, 1994). "Why I Am Leaving the Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  27. ^ Dana Hertneky, KWTV Television News, OU President David Boren Remembers Nelson Mandela, December 11, 2013
  28. ^ ABC News, Nightline, David L. Boren converses with Nelson Mandela on YouTube, December 17, 2013
  29. ^ C-SPAN, Senate Dinner for Mandela, June 25, 1990
  30. ^ Querry, K. (June 2, 2018). "James Gallogly officially takes over as OU's president". KFOR. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  31. ^ "Oklahoma's Finances:Online and in Action". Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
  32. ^ "Fraternity Is Closed Over Video With Slurs". The New York Times. March 9, 2015.
  33. ^ "University of Oklahoma Expels Two Students Tied to Racist Chant Video". nbcnews.com. March 10, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  34. ^ Volokh, Eugene (March 10, 2015). "No, a public university may not expel students for racist speech". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  35. ^ a b Branson-Potts, Hailey; Pearce, Matt (March 10, 2015). "Expelled University of Oklahoma student in racist chant video 'deeply sorry'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  36. ^ Sherman, Bill (March 10, 2015). "Can OU president David Boren discipline SAE fraternity members? Experts weigh in". Tulsa World. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  37. ^ Mele, Christopher (March 30, 2019). "Former University of Oklahoma President Faces Sexual Misconduct Allegations". The New York Times.
  38. ^ a b Allen, Jana (February 20, 2019). "OU Board of Regents discusses ongoing personnel investigation in executive session, says OU President James Gallogly not involved". OU Daily. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  39. ^ a b "Oklahoman Investigation - David Boren". Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  40. ^ Griffin, David. "OU Investigators Interview 6 Witnesses, Say Boren Accuser Is 'Generally Credible'". www.news9.com.
  41. ^ a b "Boren under investigation for sexual harassment". NewsOK. February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  42. ^ Murphy, Sean (March 29, 2019). "Man accusing former OU President Boren of sexual misconduct speaks to AP". Associated Press. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  43. ^ "Jones Day assessment: Jess Eddy "generally credible" on Boren allegation". February 13, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  44. ^ Kemp, Adam (April 10, 2019). "OU regents hear findings of Boren investigation". The Oklahoman. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  45. ^ "OU President Jim Gallogly Announces Plans to Retire". University of Oklahoma. May 12, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  46. ^ Savage, Tres (March 26, 2019). "OU graduate alleges sexual battery by David Boren, Tripp Hall". NonDoc. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  47. ^ SEAN MURPHY. "Oklahoma ex-senator David Boren accused of sexual misconduct". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved April 1, 2019. That fall, he said, he accompanied Boren on a weekend fundraising-and-recruiting trip to Houston, where he flew on a private jet with Boren and attended a dinner with donors. He said he and Boren ended up in Boren's hotel room, where the two of them drank alcohol and Boren made an unwanted sexual advance and touched him inappropriately before he left the room.
  48. ^ Hazelrigg, Nick (February 13, 2019). "David Boren spokesperson denies any inappropriate behavior, calls sexual harassment investigation a 'fishing expedition'". The OU Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  49. ^ "Attorney Says David Boren Pretty Down After Allegations Of Sexual Harassment". OK News Channel 6. February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  50. ^ Staff, Mack Burke, Caleb Slinkard and Adam Troxtell | Transcript (December 11, 2018). "Gallogly to Boren: Cross me again, 'I will destroy you'". Norman Transcript. Retrieved February 21, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ Allen, Jana (December 13, 2018). "'It doesn't exist on my part': James Gallogly denies feud with David Boren, calls for focus on university". The OU Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  52. ^ Murphy, Sean (April 9, 2019). "OU Regents Chair: Investigation of Boren was fair, objective". Associated Press. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  53. ^ Hazelrigg, Nick; Miller, Jordan (April 26, 2019). "Boren, Hall accusers say OU has history of excusing sexual abuse, calls for release of Jones Day report". The OU Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  54. ^ "AllPolitics - Reform Party - Pat Choate". cnn.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  55. ^ Tenet, George (May 13, 2003). "Remarks by the Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet at the University of Oklahoma Graduation Ceremony". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
  56. ^ "NewsHour with Jim Lehrer - Intelligence Investigation". Public Broadcasting System. September 11, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  57. ^ "New York Mayor Bloomberg answers presidential questions 2 ways". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007.
  58. ^ "A call for change". Tulsa World. March 30, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  59. ^ "Obama appoints David Boren to intelligence post". Tulsa World. October 29, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  60. ^ "Oklahoma Hall of Fame". Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  61. ^ "The James W. Dodge Foreign Language Advocate Award". Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  62. ^ "Former State First Lady Janna Robbins Dies." The Oklahoman. May 27, 1998. Accessed August 29, 2018.
  63. ^ Burke, Bob. "Boren, David Lyle." Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Accessed August 29, 2018.
  64. ^ "Axton, Mae Boren (1914–1997)". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  65. ^ Mark Mazzetti & Julie Bosman (February 13, 2007). "Long a Target Over Faulty Iraq Intelligence, Ex-C.I.A. Chief Prepares to Return Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
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Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Oklahoma
1974 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Oklahoma
(Class 2)
1978, 1984, 1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Response to the State of the Union address
1984
Served alongside: Max Baucus, Joe Biden, Barbara Boxer, Robert Byrd, Dante Fascell, Bill Gray, Tom Harkin, Dee Huddleston, Carl Levin, Tip O'Neill, Claiborne Pell 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Oklahoma
1975–1979 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Oklahoma
1979–1994
Served alongside: Henry Bellmon, Don Nickles 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
1987–1993 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by President of the University of Oklahoma
1994–2018 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
2009–2013
Served alongside: Chuck Hagel 		Vacant
Title next held by
Shirley Ann Jackson
Jami Miscik
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Senator 		Succeeded byas Former US Senator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Boren&oldid=1251742711"