Omega

Omega (US: /oʊˈmeɪɡə, -ˈmɛɡə, -ˈmiːɡə/, UK: /ˈoʊmɪɡə/;^[1] uppercase Ω, lowercase ω; Ancient Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the twenty-fourth and last letter in the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/isopsephy (gematria), it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" (o mega, mega meaning "great"), as opposed to omicron, which means "little O" (o mikron, micron meaning "little").^[2]

In phonetic terms, the Ancient Greek Ω represented a long open-mid back rounded vowel IPA: [ɔː], comparable to the "aw" of the English word raw in dialects without the cot–caught merger, in contrast to omicron which represented the close-mid back rounded vowel IPA: [o] , and the digraph ου which represented the long close-mid back rounded vowel IPA: [oː]. In Modern Greek, both omega and omicron represent the mid back rounded vowel IPA: [o̞] or IPA: [ɔ̝]. The letter omega is transliterated into a Latin-script alphabet as ō or simply o.

As the final letter in the Greek alphabet, omega is often used to denote the last, the end, or the ultimate limit of a set, in contrast to alpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet; see Alpha and Omega.

History

Ω was not part of the early (8th century BC) Greek alphabets. It was introduced in the late 7th century BC in the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to denote a long open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔː]. It is a variant of omicron (Ο), broken up at the side ( ), with the edges subsequently turned outward ( , , , ).^[3] The Dorian city of Knidos as well as a few Aegean islands, namely Paros, Thasos and Melos, chose the exact opposite innovation, using a broken-up circle for the short and a closed circle for the long /o/.^[3]

The name Ωμέγα is Byzantine; in Classical Greek, the letter was called ō (ὦ) (pronounced /ɔ̂ː/), whereas the omicron was called ou (οὖ) (pronounced /ôː/).^[4] The modern lowercase shape goes back to the uncial form , a form that developed during the 3rd century BC in ancient handwriting on papyrus, from a flattened-out form of the letter ( ) that had its edges curved even further upward.^[5]

In addition to the Greek alphabet, Omega was also adopted into the early Cyrillic alphabet (see Cyrillic omega (Ѡ, ѡ)). A Raetic variant is conjectured to be at the origin or parallel evolution of the Elder Futhark ᛟ.

Omega was also adopted into the Latin alphabet, as a letter of the 1982 revision to the African reference alphabet. It's in sparse use (see Latin omega).

The symbol Ω (uppercase letter)

Plaque in Kos with "underlined O" form of omega

The uppercase letter Ω is used as a symbol:

In chemistry:
- For oxygen-18, a natural, stable isotope of oxygen^[6]
- For omega loop, a protein structural motif consisting of a loop of six or more amino acid residues in any sequence, a structure named for its resemblance to the Greek letter.
In physics:
- For ohm – SI unit of electrical resistance; formerly also used upside down (℧) to represent mho, the old name for the inverse of an ohm (now siemens with symbol S) used for electrical conductance. Unicode has a separate code point U+2126 Ω OHM SIGN (HTML entity &ohm;), but it is included only for backward compatibility, and the canonically equivalent code point U+03A9 Ω GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA (Ω) is preferred.^[7]
- In statistical mechanics, Ω refers to the multiplicity (number of microstates) in a system.
- The solid angle or the rate of precession in a gyroscope
- In particle physics to represent the Omega baryons
- In astronomy (cosmology), Ω refers to the average density of the universe, also called the density parameter.
- In astronomy (orbital mechanics), Ω refers to the longitude of the ascending node of an orbit.
In mathematics and computer science:
- In complex analysis, the Omega constant, a solution of Lambert's W function
- In differential geometry, the space of differential forms on a manifold (of a certain degree, usually with a superscript).
- A variable for a 2-dimensional region in calculus, usually corresponding to the domain of a double integral.
- In topos theory, the (codomain of the) subobject classifier of an elementary topos.
- In combinatory logic, the looping combinator, (S I I (S I I))
- In group theory, the omega and agemo subgroups of a p-group, Ω(G) and ℧(G)
- In group theory, Cayley's Ω process as a partial differential operator.
- In statistics, it is used as the symbol for the sample space, or total set of possible outcomes.
- In triangle geometry, Brocard points
- In number theory, Ω(n) is the number of prime divisors of n (counting multiplicity).^[8]
- In notation related to Big O notation to describe the asymptotic behavior of functions.
- Chaitin's constant.
- In set theory, the first uncountable ordinal number, ω₁ or Ω
- The absolute infinite proposed by Georg Cantor.
As part of logo or trademark:
- The logo of Omega Watches SA
- Part of the original Pioneer logo
- Part of the Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
- Part of the mission patch for STS-135, as it was the last mission of the Space Shuttle program
- The logo of the God of War video game series based on Greek mythology. In God of War (2018), it is revealed it stands as the symbol of war in Greece.
- The logo of E-123 Omega, a Sonic the Hedgehog character.
- The logo of the Heroes of Olympus series, based on Greek mythology.
- the logo of the Ultramarines in Warhammer 40,000
- The logo of Primal Groudon, the version mascot of Pokémon Omega Ruby.
- The logo of Darkseid in DC comics
- One of the logos of professional wrestler Kenny Omega
- The logo for Meow Wolf's Omega Mart in Area15, Las Vegas, Nevada
- The logo of Lalaji Memorial Omega International School

Omega-shaped entrance to the Panteón de la Cruz in Aguascalientes, representing the end of life.^[9]

Other:
- In eschatology, the symbol for the end of everything
- In molecular biology, the symbol is used as shorthand to signify a genetic construct introduced by a two-point crossover
- Omega Particle in the Star Trek universe
- The final form of NetNavi bosses in some of the Mega Man Battle Network games
- A secret boss in the Final Fantasy series called Omega ( Ω ) Weapon.
- A character from the series Doctor Who called Omega, believed to be one of the creators of the Time Lords of Gallifrey.
- The symbol for the highest power level of a PSI attack in the Mother/EarthBound games
- A symbol used by U.S. citizens in the 1960s & 1970s to denote resistance to the U.S. war in Viet Nam. Adapted from the SI unit for electrical resistance.^[10]
- It's used along with Alpha in the Alpha and Omega, a Christian symbol.

The symbol ω (lowercase letter)

The minuscule letter ω is used as a symbol:

Biology, biochemistry and chemistry:
- In biochemistry, for one of the RNA polymerase subunits
- In biology, for fitness
- In chemistry, for denoting the carbon atom furthest from the carboxyl group of a fatty acid
- In genomics, as a measure of molecular evolution in protein-coding genes (also denoted as d_N/d_S or K_a/K_s ratio)
Physics:
- Angular velocity or angular frequency
- In computational fluid dynamics, the specific turbulence dissipation rate
- In meteorology, the change of pressure with respect to time of a parcel of air
- In circuit analysis and signal processing to represent angular frequency, related to frequency f by ω = 2πf
- In astronomy, as a ranking of a star's brightness within a constellation
- In orbital mechanics, as designation of the argument of periapsis of an orbit
- In particle physics to represent the omega meson
Computer science:
- In notation related to Big O notation, the asymptotically dominant nature of functions
- In relational database theory to represent NULL, a missing or inapplicable value
- In APL, to represent the right parameter to a function
Mathematics:
- The first and smallest transfinite ordinal number, often identified with the set of natural numbers including 0 (sometimes written $\omega _{0}$ )
- In set theory, ω is the ordinal number^[11]
- A primitive root of unity, like the complex cube roots of 1
- The Wright Omega function
- A generic differential form
- In number theory, ω(n) is the number of distinct prime divisors of n
- In number theory, an arithmetic function
- In combinatory logic, the self-application combinator, (λ x. x x)
- In triangle geometry, a Brocard angle
- Clique number in Graph theory
Finance:
- In finance, the elasticity of options
- In analytical investment management, the tracking error of an investment manager
Other:
- Used in place of ん in Japanese typing shorthand.
- In linguistics, the phonological word
- In textual criticism, the archetype of a manuscript tradition
- In sociology, used to refer to the lowest ranking member of a group^[12]
- In economics (specifically like in general equilibrium theory), the endowments of agents
- In shift_JIS art, used to represent the cat's mouth. (e.g. (´･ω･`) ｼｮﾎﾞｰﾝ)
- In actuarial sciences, used to represent the maximum life span that characterizes a mortality table

Character encodings

Greek omega/Coptic oou

Character information
Preview	Ω		ω		Ⲱ		ⲱ
Unicode name	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA		GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA		COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OOU		COPTIC SMALL LETTER OOU
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	937	U+03A9	969	U+03C9	11440	U+2CB0	11441	U+2CB1
UTF-8	206 169	CE A9	207 137	CF 89	226 178 176	E2 B2 B0	226 178 177	E2 B2 B1
Numeric character reference	Ω	Ω	ω	ω	Ⲱ	Ⲱ	ⲱ	ⲱ
Named character reference	&ohm;, Ω		ω
DOS Greek	151	97	224	E0
DOS Greek-2	213	D5	250	FA
Windows 1253	217	D9	249	F9
TeX	\Omega		\omega

^[13]

Cyrillic omega

Character information
Preview	Ѡ		ѡ		ꙻ
Unicode name	CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER OMEGA		COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER OMEGA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1120	U+0460	1121	U+0461	42619	U+A67B
UTF-8	209 160	D1 A0	209 161	D1 A1	234 153 187	EA 99 BB
Numeric character reference	Ѡ	Ѡ	ѡ	ѡ	ꙻ	ꙻ

Character information
Preview	Ѻ		ѻ		Ꙍ		ꙍ
Unicode name	CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ROUND OMEGA		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUND OMEGA		CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BROAD OMEGA		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BROAD OMEGA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	1146	U+047A	1147	U+047B	42572	U+A64C	42573	U+A64D
UTF-8	209 186	D1 BA	209 187	D1 BB	234 153 140	EA 99 8C	234 153 141	EA 99 8D
Numeric character reference	Ѻ	Ѻ	ѻ	ѻ	Ꙍ	Ꙍ	ꙍ	ꙍ

Latin/IPA omega

Character information
Preview	ɷ		Ꞷ		ꞷ		𐞤
Unicode name	LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OMEGA		LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA		LATIN SMALL LETTER OMEGA		MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CLOSED OMEGA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	631	U+0277	42934	U+A7B6	42935	U+A7B7	67492	U+107A4
UTF-8	201 183	C9 B7	234 158 182	EA 9E B6	234 158 183	EA 9E B7	240 144 158 164	F0 90 9E A4
UTF-16	631	0277	42934	A7B6	42935	A7B7	55297 57252	D801 DFA4
Numeric character reference	ɷ	ɷ	Ꞷ	Ꞷ	ꞷ	ꞷ	𐞤	𐞤

Technical omega symbols

Character information
Preview	⍵		⍹		Ω		℧
Unicode name	APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA		APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA UNDERBAR		OHM SIGN		INVERTED OHM SIGN
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	9077	U+2375	9081	U+2379	8486	U+2126	8487	U+2127
UTF-8	226 141 181	E2 8D B5	226 141 185	E2 8D B9	226 132 166	E2 84 A6	226 132 167	E2 84 A7
Numeric character reference	⍵	⍵	⍹	⍹	Ω	Ω	℧	℧
Named character reference							&mho;

Mathematical omega

Character information
Preview	𝛀		𝛚		𝛺		𝜔		𝜴		𝝎
Unicode name	MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL OMEGA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	120512	U+1D6C0	120538	U+1D6DA	120570	U+1D6FA	120596	U+1D714	120628	U+1D734	120654	U+1D74E
UTF-8	240 157 155 128	F0 9D 9B 80	240 157 155 154	F0 9D 9B 9A	240 157 155 186	F0 9D 9B BA	240 157 156 148	F0 9D 9C 94	240 157 156 180	F0 9D 9C B4	240 157 157 142	F0 9D 9D 8E
UTF-16	55349 57024	D835 DEC0	55349 57050	D835 DEDA	55349 57082	D835 DEFA	55349 57108	D835 DF14	55349 57140	D835 DF34	55349 57166	D835 DF4E
Numeric character reference	𝛀	𝛀	𝛚	𝛚	𝛺	𝛺	𝜔	𝜔	𝜴	𝜴	𝝎	𝝎

Character information
Preview	𝝮		𝞈		𝞨		𝟂
Unicode name	MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL OMEGA		MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL OMEGA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	120686	U+1D76E	120712	U+1D788	120744	U+1D7A8	120770	U+1D7C2
UTF-8	240 157 157 174	F0 9D 9D AE	240 157 158 136	F0 9D 9E 88	240 157 158 168	F0 9D 9E A8	240 157 159 130	F0 9D 9F 82
UTF-16	55349 57198	D835 DF6E	55349 57224	D835 DF88	55349 57256	D835 DFA8	55349 57282	D835 DFC2
Numeric character reference	𝝮	𝝮	𝞈	𝞈	𝞨	𝞨	𝟂	𝟂

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate the style of the text.

References

^ Wells, John C. (2008). "omega". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
^ "The Greek Alphabet".
^ ^a ^b Anne Jeffery (1961), The local scripts of archaic Greece, p.37–38.
^ Herbert Weir Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. §1
^ Edward M. Thompson (1912), Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography, Oxford: Clarendon. p.144
^ Capilla, José E.; Arevalo, Javier Rodriguez; Castaño, Silvino Castaño; Teijeiro, María Fé Díaz; del Moral, Rut Sanchez; Diaz, Javier Heredia (19 September 2012). "Mapping Oxygen-18 in Meteoric Precipitation over Peninsular Spain Using Geostatistical Tools" (PDF). cedex.es. Valencia, Spain: Ninth Conference on Geostatistics for Environmental Applications. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
^ Excerpts from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Prime Factor". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Desde la Revolución hasta el 2020". Gobierno de Aguascalientes. Retrieved 7 August 2024. ...su fachada representa a una omega que simboliza el final de la vida.
^ "Resistance should begin now - Substance News".
^ "first uncountable ordinal in nLab". NCatLab.org. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Definition of Omega Male, BuzzWord from Macmillan Dictionary". macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)

External links

Media related to Omega (letter) at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of ω at Wiktionary

[1] Wells, John C. (2008). "omega". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.

[2] "The Greek Alphabet".

[Jeffery37f-3] Anne Jeffery (1961), The local scripts of archaic Greece, p.37–38.

[4] Herbert Weir Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. §1

[5] Edward M. Thompson (1912), Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography, Oxford: Clarendon. p.144

[geoENV2012-6] Capilla, José E.; Arevalo, Javier Rodriguez; Castaño, Silvino Castaño; Teijeiro, María Fé Díaz; del Moral, Rut Sanchez; Diaz, Javier Heredia (19 September 2012). "Mapping Oxygen-18 in Meteoric Precipitation over Peninsular Spain Using Geostatistical Tools" (PDF). cedex.es. Valencia, Spain: Ninth Conference on Geostatistics for Environmental Applications. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2017.

[7] Excerpts from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Retrieved 11 October 2006.

[8] Weisstein, Eric W. "Prime Factor". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

[9] "Desde la Revolución hasta el 2020". Gobierno de Aguascalientes. Retrieved 7 August 2024. ...su fachada representa a una omega que simboliza el final de la vida.

[10] "Resistance should begin now - Substance News".

[11] "first uncountable ordinal in nLab". NCatLab.org. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

[12] "Definition of Omega Male, BuzzWord from Macmillan Dictionary". macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved 10 February 2021.

[13] Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)

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