Vasili Nikitich Mitrokhin (Russian: Васи́лий Ники́тич Митро́хин, romanized: Vasily Nikitich Mitrokhin; March 3, 1922 – January 23, 2004) was an archivist for the Soviet Union's foreign intelligence service, the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, who defected to the United Kingdom in 1992. Mitrokhin first offered his material to the US' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Latvia but they rejected it as possible fakes.[1] After that, he resorted to the UK's MI6 which arranged his defection from Russia.[2] These notes became known as the Mitrokhin Archives.[3][4]
Vasili Mitrokhin | |
|---|---|
Василий Митрохин | |
 | |
| Born | Vasili Nikitich Mitrokhin 3 March 1922 Yurasovo, Ryazan Oblast, Russian SFSR |
| Died | 23 January 2004 (aged 81) |
| Nationality | Russian, British |
| Education | History and Law |
| Occupation | Military |
| Employer | KGB |
He was co-author with Christopher Andrew of The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, a massive account of Soviet intelligence operations based on copies of material from the archive. The second volume, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB in the World, was published in 2005, soon after Mitrokhin's death.
Education
editMitrokhin was born in Yurasovo, in Central Russia, Ryazan Oblast, Russian SFSR. After leaving school, he entered artillery school, then attended university in Kazakh SSR, graduating with degrees in history and law.
Career
editMilitary
editTowards the end of the second World War, Mitrokhin took a job in prosecutor's office in Kharkiv in the Ukrainian SSR. He entered the MGB as a foreign intelligence officer in 1948. His first foreign posting was in 1952.
During the 1950s, he served on various undercover assignments overseas. In 1956, for example, he accompanied the Soviet team to the Olympic Games in Australia. Later that year, however, after he had apparently mishandled an operational assignment, he was moved from operational duties to the archives of the KGB's First Chief Directorate and told he would never work in the field again.
Disillusionment
editMitrokhin sometimes dated the beginnings of his disillusionment to Nikita Khrushchev's famous speech to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union congress denouncing Joseph Stalin, though it seems he may have been harbouring doubts for some time before that. For years, he had listened to broadcasts on the BBC and Voice of America, noting the gulf between their reports and party propaganda.
However, when he began looking into the archives, he claimed to have been shocked by what he discovered about the KGB's systematic repression of the Soviet people. "I could not believe such evil", he recalled. "It was all planned, prepared, thought out in advance. It was a terrible shock when I read things."[5]
Between 1972 and 1984, he supervised the move of the archive of the First Chief Directorate from the Lubyanka to the new KGB headquarters at Yasenevo. While doing so, he made handwritten copies and immensely detailed notes of documents from the archive. He retired in 1985.
Defection
editDuring the Soviet era, Mitrokhin made no attempts to contact any Western intelligence services. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, he traveled to Latvia with copies of material from the archive and walked into the American embassy in Riga. Central Intelligence Agency officers there did not consider him to be credible, concluding that the copied documents could have been faked.[1]
He then went to the British embassy and a young diplomat there saw his potential. Following a further meeting one month later with representatives of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), operations retrieved the 25,000 pages of files hidden in his house, covering operations from as far back as the 1930s. He and his family were then exfiltrated to the United Kingdom, even though authorities of Yeltsin's Russia were not impeding the free travel abroad of active or retired members of secret services or members of their families. Richard Tomlinson, the MI6 officer imprisoned in 1997 for attempting to publish a book about his career, was one of those involved in retrieving the documents from containers hidden under the floor of the dacha.[6] The notes given by Mitrokhin to the MI6 revealed exposures about some unknown number of Soviet agents, including Melita Norwood.[4] However, Norwood was not charged with an offence.[7]
Mitrokhin Archive
editThese handwritten notes of Mitrokhin are collectively referred to as the Mitrokhin Archives.
- Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, Basic Books (1999), hardcover, ISBN 0-465-00310-9; trade paperback (September 2000), ISBN 0-465-00312-5
- Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books (2005) hardcover, 677 pages ISBN 0-465-00311-7
- Andrew, Christopher; — (27 July 2000). The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West. Allen Lane History. Vol. 1. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028487-7. OCLC 42606302. OL 7352280M – via Internet Archive.
- Vasiliy Mitrokhin, KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officer's Handbook, Frank Cass & Co. Ltd (2002), 451 pages, ISBN 0-7146-5257-1
- "Chekisms", Tales of the Cheka, A KGB Anthology, Compiled and introduced by Vasiliy Mitrokhin. "Чекизмы" The Yurasov Press (2008), 435 pages, ISBN 978-0-10-850709-0. (The book could be obtained from any copyright library).
Other publications
edit- Mitrokhin, Vasiliy Nikitich, The KGB in Afghanistan, English Edition, introduced and edited by Christian F. Ostermann and Odd Arne Westad, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Cold War International History Project, Working Paper No. 40, Washington, D.C., February 2002.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Brennan, S. (2022). The KGB and the Vatican: Secrets of the Mitrokhin Files. Catholic University of America Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-949822-22-9. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
- ^ Smith, J.; Davis, S. (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Cold War. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-4422-8186-8.
- ^ Getty, J. Arch (2001). "Review of The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB". The American Historical Review. 106 (2). Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association: 684–685. doi:10.2307/2651786. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 2651786.
- ^ a b "Shaken and stirred". The Economist. November 12, 2016. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
- ^ "Vasili Mitrokhin". The Telegraph. February 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ "Behind a bittersweet industry". Washington Post. January 30, 2004. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- ^ Knightley, Phillip (September 16, 1999). "Everyone's got it wrong: Mrs Norwood is not a traitor, but a national". The Independent. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
Sources
- The Times, January 29, 2004, obituary[dead link]
- The Daily Telegraph, February 2, 2004
External links
edit- The Mitrokhin Archive from the Cold War International History Project
- Spy Fever Strikes UK at Literature of Intelligence, Muskingum College at the Wayback Machine (archived May 4, 2006)
- BBC News - BRITAIN BETRAYED - Spies who betrayed Britain - Monday, 20 December 1999 at the Wayback Machine (archived January 18, 2000)
- The Papers of Vasiliy Mitrokhin held at Churchill Archives Centre