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Mechanisms of Evolution

There are numerous articles in Wikipedia about evolution that are scientifically flawed; however the flaws are guarded against rectification. Below is a short description about the fundamental issues.

Evolution can not be a haphazard undefined process. Science requires a mechanism for evolutionary processes otherwise it is a hypothesis and purely speculative in nature as it cannot be demonstrated. Scientific articles often fail to draw a clear distinction between evolution (the creation new genetic information) and speciation (the appearance of a new species or phenotype within a genotype). Two different sets of mechanisms are at work for evolution and speciation.

Genotype

All genetic options for the offspring of living organisms, are present in the parent’s genotype. In other words, offspring cannot suddenly develop a new gene not already present in one of the two parents unless something happened. That 'something', is called a mechanism and the only natural mechanism for new gene to appear, is mutation. Mutations happens rarely and by chance. In most cases, if not all, mutations are harmful rather than beneficial, and most often caused by pollution.

However not all the available genetic options, like hair or skin colour, are expressed in offspring. The expression of a gene in offspring (the resulting organism you can see), is called the phenotype.

Phenotype

The phenotype relates to the physical appearance off the offspring. Environmental and other conditions may well favour the expression of a certain gene and the disappearance of another; however genetic drift and natural selection can only operate at the level of the phenotype and not at the level of the genotype. Therefore genetic drift and natural selection can only account for speciation, and not for evolution or a change from one genotype to another.

Evolution vs Speciation

Genetic drift and natural selection is therefore not key mechanisms of evolution, but rather it is a key mechanism of speciation within a genotype. Speciation can thus occur relatively fast. Mutation operates at the level of the genotype and can therefore account for evolution, however in nature it is rare and mostly consist of a scrambling of existing genetic information. In genetic sciences, heredity can therefore be traced back to a common ancestor within the same family tree over hundreds of years despite different races or breeds of offspring.

Why many Evolution Articles are Flawed

Many evolution articles are fundamentally flawed because it does not explain the arrival of new genes, and merely use evidence of speciation as proof of evolution. Speciation (phenotype) cannot serve as scientific proof of evolution.

Harmful Mutation is the only Mechanism

Other than mutation, what other mechanisms are there for evolution if evolution can only occur at the level of the genotype and not at the level of the phenotype? Genetic drift is clearly just a variation in the expression of existing genes and natural selection can only eliminate what is already there. The 'science' of evolution must therefore explain the arrival of a new gene, and not the disappearance of a gene (like the loss of eyesight, limbs or other assets). That is merely speciation, which can also be observed in breeding programmes where unwanted features or genes are removed from a genepool to create a new breed or species.

Complexity of Design

Considering the complexity of body-parts in every living being, it is clear that it requires several genes before a body-part can perform its function; for example the human eye or the wing of a bird. Where did all the genes come from for the body-part to develop and why will the all the right genes evolve in harmony to create a complex body part? An individual gene is useless on its own and cannot create body parts without other mechanisms in place.