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| bgcolor=#E0F8E0 | ''KBL 000''
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Root PKY 000 Prehistory
-800 BCE
Classical Antiquity
800 BCE-300 CE
Late Antiquity
300-600
Middle Ages
600-1500
Early Modern Era
1500-1750
Modern Era
1750-

(interj)
ah (exclamation)
GEM *a
(interj)
ah
KBL 1
GEM *ō
(interj)
oh
KBL 1
*haebVl-
(n)
apple
GEM *apluz
(m, st, u)
apple
KBL 1
GEM *apaldraz
(m, st, a)
apple tree
KBL 1
GEM *apalagrēwaz
(adj)
apple green
KBL 1
GEM *apalaz
(m, st, a)
apple
KBL 1
*abōn
(n)
monkey
GEM *apōn
(m, weak, n)
monkey, ape
KBL 2
*abh
(adj)
swift
GEM *abraz
(adj)
strong, powerful, frightful
KBL 2
GEM *abōn
(m, weak, n)
man
KBL 2
*haed
(prep)
at, to
GEM *at
(prep)
to, by, at
KBL 2
*ad-
(v)
fix
GEM *tilam
(n, st, a)
opportunity
KBL 2
GEM *tilalīkaz
(adj)
good
KBL 2
GEM *tilōn
(v, weak)
strive, try, aim
KBL 2
GEM *tilōn
(m, weak, n)
opportunity
KBL 3
GEM *til
(prep)
to
KBL 3
*h2ed-
(n)
grain, barley
GEM *atiskaz
(m, st, a)
field, farmland
KBL 3
GEM *atiskam
(n, st, a)
field, farmland
KBL 3
*haeǵ-
(v)
drive; fight
GEM *akraz
(m, st, a)
field
KBL 4
GEM *akan
(v, st)
drive, go
KBL 4
GEM *ake
(conj)
but
KBL 4
GEM *ambahtaz
(m, st, a)
follower, servant
KBL 5
GEM *ambahtjaz
(m, st, a)
follower, servant
KBL 5
GEM *andbahtam
(n, st, a)
service
KBL 5
*haeḱs-
(n)
shoulder(-joint); axle
GEM *ahsō
(f, st, ō)
axle
KBL 4
GEM *ahslō
(f, st, ō)
shoulder
KBL 4
GEM *ahsulaz
(st, m, a)
shoulder
KBL 4
GEM *aglujan
(v)
damage, hurt
KBL 4
GEM *ōhsta
(s)
shoulder
KBL 4
*haegwisy(e)ha-
(n)
axe
GEM *akwesjō
(f, st, ō)
axe
KBL 7
GEM *akwesī
(f, weak, n)
axe
KBL 7
*haegh-
(v)
be afraid, be downcast
GEM *agan
(v, st)
be afraid
KBL 7
GEM *agjan
(v, weak)
frighten, scare
KBL 7
GEM *agiz
(m, st, i)
fear, fright
KBL 7
GEM *aglaz
(adj)
exhausting, tiresome
KBL 7
GEM *aglujan
(v)
damage, hurt
KBL 4
GEM *ōgan
(v, st)
be afraid
KBL 7
GEM *ōgjan
(v, weak)
frighten, scare, threaten
KBL 7
GEM *ōgiz
(adj)
terrible, frightening
KBL 7
GEM *agesam
(n, st, a)
fear
KBL 7
GEM *agisōn
(m, weak, n)
fear, fright
KBL 7
GEM *aglaitjam
(n, st, a)
arduousness
KBL 8
GEM *agliþō
(f, st, ō)
distress
KBL 8
*haéǵh
(n)
day
GEM *dagaz
(m, st, a)
day
KBL 7
GEM *dōgiz
(s)
half a day
KBL 8
*haei-
(v)
give
GEM *aikan
(v, weak)
speak, say
KBL 9
*haeidh-
(v)
burn; fire
GEM *aidaz
(m, st, a)
fire
KBL 10
GEM *ailjan
(v, weak)
burn
KBL 11
GEM *ailidaz
(m, st, a)
fire
KBL 11
(*aibhro- > ) GEM *aibraz
(adj)
bitter, sharp
KBL 10
*haeyer-
(adv)
early
GEM *air
(adv)
early
KBL 10
GEM *airistaz
(adj, superl)
earliest, first
KBL 10
*haeyes--
(n)
metal, copper, bronze
GEM *aizam
(n, st, a)
ore
KBL 10
GEM *aizīnaz
(adj)
bronze, iron
KBL 11
GEM *aisōn
(f, weak, n)
fire
KBL 11
*h1óitos
(n)
a going; oath
GEM *aiþaz
(m, st, a)
oath
KBL 11
*aig-
(adj)
out of humour, sick
GEM *aikan
(v, st)
rave
KBL 13
GEM *aikulaz
(adj)
fearful
KBL 13
GEM *inkōn
(m, weak, n)
pain
KBL 13
*haeig-
(n)
oak
GEM *aikō
(f, st, ō)
oak
KBL 13
*h1eig-
(v)
move
GEM *aikwernōn
(m, weak, m)
squirrel
KBL 13
*haeigwhes-
(n)
shame
GEM *aiwiskijan
(v, weak)
bring shame on
KBL 14
GEM *aiwiskjam
(n, st, a)
shame
KBL 14
*haeis-
(v)
wish for, seek out
GEM *aiskōn
(v, weak)
demand, ask, look for
KBL 14
*ais-
(v)
respect
GEM *aistēn
(v, weak)
respect
KBL 15
GEM *aizjan
(v, weak)
treat with care
KBL 15
GEM *aizōn
(v, weak)
treat with care, honour
KBL 15
GEM *aizō
(f, st, ō)
honour, respect
KBL 15
GEM *aiziþō
(f, st, ō)
consideration
KBL 15
*haóyus
(n)
vital force, life, age of vigour
GEM *aiwam
(n, st, a)
eternity
KBL 16
GEM *ajukaz
(adj)
eternal
KBL 17
*ayer-
(n)
tradition, custom
GEM *aiwaz
(m, st, a)
law
KBL 17
*aḱ-
(v)
eat
GEM *ahjan
(v, weak)
graze
KBL 17
GEM *agnam
(n, st, a)
bait
SRC 000
*h2eḱ-
(adj)
sharp, pointed
GEM *ahi
(s)
hook
KBL 18
GEM *ahur
(s)
ear (of corn)
KBL 18
GEM *ahaz
(n, st, az)
ear (of corn)
KBL 18
GEM *ahsam
(n, st, a)
ear (of corn)
KBL 18
GEM *agjō
(f, st, ō)
point, tip, edge
KBL 19
GEM *agiz
(f, st, i)
sharpness
KBL 19
GEM *agjōn
(v)
harrow
KBL 19
GEM *ahanō
(f, st, ō)
chaff
KBL 19
GEM *aganō
(f, st, ō)
chaff
KBL 19
GEM *agilaz
(m, st, a)
awn
KBL 19
GEM *aguraz
(m, st, a)
perch
KBL 19
GEM *agatjō
(f, st, ō)
magpie
KBL 19
GEM *agatjōn
(f, weak, n)
magpie
KBL 19
GEM *agiþō
(f, st, ō)
harrow
KBL 19
GEM *ahilaz
(m, st, a)
awn
KBL 19
GEM *ahiraz
(m, st, a)
maple
KBL 19
GEM *ahuraz
(m, st, a)
maple
KBL 19
GEM *ahurnaz
(m, st, a)
maple
KBL 19
GEM *agalstrōn
(f, weak, n)
magpie
KBL 20
GEM *hainō
(f, st, ō)
grindstone
KBL 20
GEM *hamaraz
(m, st, a)
stone, rock, hammer
KBL 20
GEM *hemilaz
(m, st, a)
cover, sky
KBL 20
GEM *heminaz
(m, st, a)
cover, sky
KBL 20
*(d)h2éḱru
(n)
tear
GEM *trahnuz
(m, st, u)
tear
KBL 22
GEM *tagraz
(m, st, a)
tear, teardrop
KBL 22
GEM *tagruz
(m, st, u)
tear, teardrop
KBL 22
*haekweha
(n)
water
GEM *ahwō
(f, st, ō)
water
KBL 23
GEM *awi
(s)
island
KBL 23
GEM *awjō
(f, st, ō)
water, island
KBL 23
*haelnos
(adv)
beyond, yonder
GEM *ala
(adv)
quite, completely
KBL 23
GEM *aliz
(adj)
other, strange
KBL 24
GEM *allaz
(adj)
all, whole, every
KBL 24
GEM *aljaz
(adj)
other, strange
KBL 24
GEM *al
(adv)
full and whole
KBL 24
*hael-
(v)
grow
GEM *alan
(v, st)
live on, feed on
KBL 24
GEM *ōliz
(adj)
to feed
KBL 24
GEM *aldaz
(adj)
old
KBL 25
GEM *alþjaz
(adj)
old
KBL 25
GEM *aldjan
(v, weak)
grow old
KBL 25
GEM *aldēn
(v, weak)
grow old, age
KBL 25
GEM *aldiz
(f, st, i)
age, era
KBL 25
GEM *aldīn
(f, weak, n)
age, era
KBL 25
GEM *alþīn
(f, weak, n)
age
KBL 25
GEM *aldungaz
(m, st, a)
old man
KBL 25
GEM *aldram
(n, st, a)
age
KBL 25
GEM *aldraz
(m, st, a)
age, life
KBL 25
GEM *alþjaz
(adj)
old
KBL 25
GEM *weraldiz
(f, st, i)
'world', age, era
KBL 25
*hael-
(v)
burn
GEM *aljōn
(f, weak, n)
enthusiasm, zeal
KBL 26
GEM *aljanam
(n, st, a)
enthusiasm, zeal
KBL 26
*h4elbhós
(adj)
white
GEM *albaz
(adj)
white
KBL 27
GEM *albaz
(m, st, a)
elf, fairy
KBL 27
GEM *albiz
(m, st, i)
elf, fairy
KBL 27
GEM *albjō
(f, st, ō)
mountain, mountain pasture
KBL 27
GEM *albjōn
(f, weak, n)
mountain, mountain pasture
KBL 27
GEM *Albī
(s)
The Elbe
KBL 27
GEM *albat
(f)
swan
KBL 27
GEM *alundaz
(m, st, a)
inula
KBL 27
*haelut-
(n)
beer
GEM *aluþ
(n)
beer
KBL 30
GEM *alwaz
(adj)
drunken
KBL 30
*h2entbhi-
(prep)
around, on both sides
GEM *umbi
(prep)
around
KBL 30
GEM *ambahtaz
(m, st, a)
follower, servant
KBL 5
GEM *ambahtjaz
(m, st, a)
follower, servant
KBL 5
GEM *andbahtam
(n, st, a)
service
KBL 5
*haemesl-
(n)
blackbird
GEM *amazōn
(m, weak, n)
blackbird
KBL 31
GEM *amuslōn
(f, weak, n)
blackbird
KBL 31
*h4em-
(n)
mother
GEM *ammōn
(f, weak, n)
mother
KBL 32
*an-
(n)
relatives (both male and female
GEM *anōn
(m, weak, n)
ancestor
KBL 32
GEM *aninkilaz
(m, st, a)
grandchild
KBL 32
*h1en-
(part)
that
GEM *an
(part)
for, because
KBL 32
*h1ónteros
(adj)
other
GEM *anþaraz
(adj)
other
KBL 32
*an
(prep)
on, to, over there
GEM *ana
(adv, prep)
at, on
KBL 32
GEM *anakaz
(adv)
suddenly
KBL 32
GEM *nēhwēn
(v, weak)
approach
KBL 32
GEM *nēhwaz
(adj)
near
KBL 33
GEM *nēhwiz
(adj)
nearer
KBL 33
GEM *anafaltja
(s)
anvil
KBL 33
*h2éndhes-
(n)
±flower
GEM *andurnaz
(m, st, a)
white horehound
KBL 33
*haénh1-
(v)
breathe
GEM *anan
(v, st)
breathe
KBL 33
GEM *andiz
(f, st, i)
breath, life
KBL 34
GEM *andōn
(m, weak, n)
breath
KBL 34
GEM *anþam
(n, st, a)
breath
KBL 34
GEM *uzanþam
(n, st, a)
breath
KBL 34
GEM *anatjan
(v)
force
KBL 34
GEM *nasō
(f)
nose
KBL 34
GEM *nasiz
(f, st, i)
nose, nostril
KBL 34
GEM *nus
(f)
nose
KBL 34
GEM *nasjam
(n, st, a)
promontory
KBL 34
GEM *nustriz
(f, st, i)
nostril
KBL 34
GEM *unstiz
(s)
storm
KBL 35
GEM *ēdmaz
(m, st, a)
breath
KBL 35
*haénsus
(n)
god, spirit
GEM *ansuz
(m, st, u)
god
KBL 34
*han̥hati-
(n)
duck
GEM *anidiz
(f, st, i)
duck
KBL 35
*haenk-
(v)
bend
GEM *ankjōn
(f, weak, n)
ankle
KBL 35
GEM *ankulaz
(m, st, a)
ankle
KBL 35
Root PKY 000 Prehistory
-800 BCE
Classical Antiquity
800 BCE-300 CE
Late Antiquity
300-600
Middle Ages
600-1500
Early Modern Era
1500-1750
Modern Era
1750-
*haenǵhus-
(adj)
narrow
GEM *anguz
(adj)
narrow
KBL 36
GEM *angam
(n, st, a)
sorrow, grief
KBL 36
GEM *angīn
(f, weak, n)
restriction, hardship, suffering
KBL 36
GEM *angiþō
(f, st, ō)
restriction, distress
KBL 36
GEM *angwjan
(v)
restrict
KBL 36
GEM *angustiz
(f, st, i)
restriction, annoyance
KBL 36
*haéngwhis
(n)
snake
GEM *angraz
(m, st, a)
weevil
KBL 37
GEM *egalaz
(m, st, a)
leech
KBL 37
GEM *egulaz
(m, st, a)
leech
KBL 37
*h2enk-
(v)
bend
GEM *angōn
(m, weak, n)
hook, barb, spear, arrow
KBL 38
GEM *angraz
(m, st, a)
bay, curve
KBL 38
GEM *angulaz
(m, st, a)
hook, spine
KBL 39
GEM *ankulaz
(m, st, a)
ankle
KBL 35
GEM *anhulaz
(m, st, a)
shoot, seed
KBL 39
GEM *anhulō
(f, st, ō)
strap, ribbon, band
KBL 39
*ans-
(v)
be well inclined
GEM *anstiz
(f, st, i)
favour, affection
KBL 40
GEM *abundiz
(f, st, i)
envy, resentment
KBL 40
GEM *abunstiz
(f, st, i)
envy, resentment
KBL 40
GEM *unnan
(v, pret-pres)
not begrudge
KBL 40
GEM *unstiz
(f, st, i)
favour, favourable attitude
KBL 40
*haenseha-
(n)
handle
GEM *ansjō
(f, st, ō)
loop, noose
KBL 40
*h2enti
(prep)
in front
GEM *and
(adv, prep)
towards, opposite, away
KBL 41
GEM *andjaz
(adv)
earlier
KBL 41
GEM *und
(prep)
until
KBL 41
GEM *andi
(conj)
and, further
KBL 42
GEM *andjaz
(m, st, a)
end
KBL 42
GEM *anþjam
(n, st, a)
forehead
KBL 42
*apelo-
(n)
strength
GEM *afalaz
(m, st, a)
strength
KBL 44
GEM *afalam
(n, st, a)
strength
KBL 44
*h4epér-
(prep)
back, behind
GEM *afar
(adv, prep)
behind, after
KBL 44
GEM *after
(adv, prep)
behind
KBL 44
GEM *aftra
(adv)
back
KBL 45
GEM *abarōn
(m, weak, n)
descendant
KBL 45
GEM *ōfram
(n, st, a)
bank, shore
KBL 45
*apyo-
(adj)
far
GEM *abjōn
(m, weak, n)
ebb tide, low tide
KBL 45
*h4épo
(prep, adv)
back, behind
GEM *af
(adv, prep)
from, away
KBL 45
GEM *aba
(adv, prep)
from, away
KBL 45
GEM *afta
(adv)
after
KBL 46
GEM *abjōn
(m, weak, n)
ebb tide, low tide
KBL 45
GEM *abundiz
(f, st, i)
envy, resentment
KBL 40
GEM *abunstiz
(f, st, i)
envy, resentment
KBL 40
GEM *abuhaz
(adj)
wrong, wicked
KBL 47
GEM *ofram
(n, st, a)
bank, shore
KBL 47
GEM *fan
(prep)
from
KBL 47
*h2/3osp-
(n)
aspen, poplar
GEM *aspō
(f, st, ō)
aspen
KBL 47
GEM *aspōn
(f, weak, n)
aspen
KBL 47
*haer-
(v)
prepare, put together
GEM *armaz
(m, st, a)
arm
KBL 48
GEM *armjō
(f, st, ō)
sleeve
KBL 48
GEM *radaz
(m, st, a)
advice, means, supply
KBL 48
GEM *rēdiz
(m, st, i)
advice, help
KBL 48
GEM *rēdan
(v, st)
advise
KBL 49
GEM *farrēdan
(v, st)
betray
KBL 49
GEM *rēdaz
(adj)
brave, advisory
KBL 49
GEM *rēdam
(n, st, a)
advice
KBL 49
GEM *rēdingaz
(m, st, a)
adviser
KBL 49
GEM *raþjan
(v, st)
count
KBL 49
GEM *raþjō
(f, st, ō)
account, speech
KBL 49
GEM *raþjōn
(f, weak, n)
account, speech
KBL 49
GEM *radō
(f, st, ō)
row
KBL 50
GEM *rēmēn
(v, weak)
aim
KBL 50
GEM *reiman
(v, st/weak)
count
KBL 50
GEM *rīmam
(n, st, a)
calculation, number
KBL 50
GEM *rōdjan
(v)
speak
KBL 50
GEM *armilausaz
(adj)
sleeveless
KBL 50
*h2érh3ye/o-
(gram)
trans
GEM *arjan
(v, st)
plough
KBL 51
GEM *ariþō
(f, st, ō)
plough
KBL 51
GEM *arþiz
(f, st, i)
ploughing, yield
KBL 51
GEM *arþuz
(m, st, u)
agriculture, farming
KBL 51
GEM *arþraz
(m, st, a)
plough
KBL 51

Prepositions

edit
INE GEM GOT NON ANG OFS ODT OSX GOH GMH DEU
*h1en(i)
in
*en
in
í
in, zwischen, bei
in
in, an, zu, zwischen, während
in
in, an, auf, hinein
in, en
in, an, auf, bei
in
in
*h1énh1u
without
*ēnu, ēnau
ohne
án, ón
ohne
ānu, āne
ohne, außer, neben
āne, ān
ohne, außer
ohne
ohne
*h2entbhi-
around, on both sides
*umbi
um
umb
um
ymb, emb, æmb
um, herum, nahe, gegen, betreffs
umbi
um, an, bei, herum
umbe
um, gegen, herum, für
um
um
PKY 53
off, away
*af
von, weg
PKY 53
off, away
*aba, ab
ab, weg
af
von, aus, fort, weg
æf-, of-
ab-
aba, ab
aus, durch, herab
abe, ab
herab von, herab
ab
ab
PKY 53
off, away
*fan
von?
fona, fonna, fon
von, aus, fern von
von
bei, fern, dadurch
von
von
*h4epér-
back, behind
*after, afteri
hinter
eptir
nach, längs, gemäß, nachher, von neuem
æfter
nach, entlang, hinter, durch; darauf, dann, nachher, später
after
hinter, entlang, über ... hin
after
hinten, hinter, über ... hin
after
after (ält)
*h4epér-
back, behind
*afar
hinter, nach
afur, avur, afar
aber, abermals, doch
aber, aver, afer
wieder, abermals, aber, wiederum
aber
aber
*h4upó
up (from underneath)
*uf-
über, unter
*h4upó
up (from underneath)
*uba
über, unter
of
auf, über, durch
of-, ob-
ob-, über-
oba, ob
auf, über, an, ober, oberhalb, über ... hinaus, hervor-
obe
über, oberhalb, auf
oben
oben
*haed
at, to
*at
zu, bei, an
æt, ot
bei, zu, an, in, mit, bis
az
bei, zu, an, in, vor
*haed
at, to
*til
zu
til
zu
til
bis
PKY 39
on, to, over there
*ana
an
á
an, auf, in
an, on
an, in, auf
ana
an
ane, an
an
an
an
PKY 49
to, towards
*and, anda
entgegen, gegenüber, weg
and-
entgegen
and-, an-, a-; on-; ūþ-
ant-, ent-
int-, in-
ent-
PKY 49
to, towards
*und
bis
unz
bis, bis zu, bis auf, während
unz
bis, bis zu, während
unz
bis (ält)
PKY 181
this (demonstrative stem)
*tō-
zu
tō, te
zu
zuo
zu, in, an, unter
zuo
zu, hinzu
zu
zu
*dwis
twice
*twisko
zwischen
betweox, betweoxn, betwix
zwischen
zwiskēn, zwiscēn
zwischen
zwischen
zwischen
PKY 287
up to
*bi
bei, um, be-
be, bī
bei, an, mit, zu, betreffs
bī, bi
bei, auf, an

bei, an, auf
bei
bei
PKY 287
up to
*eb, ebi
auf
*ken-
fresh
*hindara
hinten, hintere
hindan
hinten, von hinten
*n̥dhés ~ n̥dhero-
under, low
*under
unter, zwischen
undir
unter
under
unter, während, durch
untar
unter, zwischen, in, an
under
unter
unter
unter
*(s)me
middle, among
*med, medi
mit
með, meðr
mit
mid, miþ
mit, durch, mittels, inmitten, bei
mit
mit, bei, unter, vor, nach
mit
mit, samt, bei, neben
mit
mit
*(s)me
middle, among
*meþ
mit
*per-
over, through, about
*for-, fur
vor, für
for-
vor-
for
vor, für, wegen, statt, trotz
fora
vor, für, wegen
vor, vore
vor, vorn, voran, zuvor
vor
vor
*pr̥haéi
in front of, before
*furi
vor, für
fyr
vor, durch, wegen, trotz, für
furi
vor, für, wegen, voraus
vüre, vür
vor, für, voraus, weiter vorwärts
für
für
*terh2-
bring across, overcome, through, above
*þerh, þerh-, þurh-
durch
þerh, þorh, þurh
durch, während, infolge, von
duruh
durch, in, über
durch, dur
durch, hindurch, wegen
durch
durch
*(s)h4upér(i)
over
*uber, uberi
über
yfir
oben, über
ofer, ofor
oben, oberhalb, jenseits, quer
ubar
über, gegenüber, jenseits
über
über
über
über
*witeros
far
*wiþra
wider, gegen, wieder
viðr, við
bei, gegen, wider
wiþ
gegen, neben, zu, mit, bei, nahe
widar
wider, gegen, gegenüber
wider
wider, gegen, entgegen
wider, wieder
wider, wieder