User:Pingnova/sandbox/Concentration camps at Fort Snelling

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Concentration camps at Fort Snelling

Photograph of tipis within a stockade at the Fort Snelling concentration camp in 1862.
Operation
Period	14 November 1862 – May 1863
Location	Fort Snelling territory in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Prisoners
Total	Nearly 1,700 Native Americans (including Dakota and Ho-Chunk)
Deaths	Uncertain, estimated to be between 102 and 203 deaths, not including death marches from other prison camps

The concentration camps at Fort Snelling were a series of temporary encampments to imprison Dakota, Ho-Chunk, and Métis prior to their exile from the Minnesota Territory following the Dakota War of 1862. The largest and longest-standing camp was on Pike Island. At their peak, the camps were thought to hold around 1,700 prisoners. Some scholars note these as the world's first concentration camps.

Background

Notable prisoners

• Cloud Man (Maḣpiya Wic̣aṡṭa) – died in the camp c. 1863, leader of Ḣeyate Otuŋwe and grandfather of Charles Eastman, American physician, writer, and social reformer
• David Weston (Tunkanwanyakapi) – Cloud Man's son who took on the chieftainship after his death
• Winona (Abigail) Crawford (Mazahedwin) - granddaughter of Mdewakanton Chief Tatankamani and mother of Chief Gabriel Renville
• Gabriel Renville (Tiwakan) – later Chief of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate
• Wabasha III
• Passing Hail
• Red Legs
• Simon
• Black Dog
• Wakute
• Taopi
• Good Road
• Eagle Head
• Good Star Woman (Wicahpewastewin)

Camps

Additional camps

Mankato, etc

After the war

References

Citations

• Hyman, Colette A. (2012). Dakota women's work : creativity, culture, and exile. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-850-5.
• Westerman (2012). Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780873518697.
• Monjeau-Marz, Corinne L. (2006). The Dakota Indian Internment at Fort Snelling, 1862 – 1864. Saint Paul: Prairie Smoke Press. ISBN 0-9772718-2-X.

Further reading

• Wilson, Waziyatawin Angela, ed. (2006). In the Footsteps of Our Ancestors: The Dakota Commemorative Marches of the 21st Century. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Living Justice Press. ISBN 0-9721886-2-2.

Page building notes to delete later

• List of concentration and internment camps | Dakota
  • Internment
  • Prisoner-of-war camp (Note: most scholarship notes that the Snelling camp was not a prisoner of war camp)
  • Ukrainian Canadian internment
  • Internment of Japanese Americans
    • Manzanar

Sources to locate

• Haymond, John A. The Infamous Dakota War Trials of 1862: Revenge, Military Law and the Judgement of History. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476665108.
• Lybeck, R. (2018). A Public Pedagogy of White Victimhood: (Im)Moral Facts, Settler Identity, and Genocide Denial in Dakota Homeland. Qualitative Inquiry, 24(8), 543-557. [1]

Bakeman

One of the most prolific white publishers on the subject. Notable bias in interpretation and narration.

• Bakeman, Mary Hawker (January 1, 2008). Trails of Tears: Minnesota's Dakota Indian Exile Begins. Prairie Echoes, Park Genealogical Book. ISBN 1932212248.
• Bakeman, Mary Hawker, ed. (January 2013). "Families beyond the conflict". Minnesota's Heritage: Back to the Sources. 7. Roseville, Minnesota: Minnesota's Heritage. OCLC 828628927.