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User:Lukakov512/sandbox/Spič

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Spič (Spizza) is a historical region in modern-day Bar municipality in Montenegro. It comprises multiple settlements on the Montenegrin coast, mainly the small towns of Sutomore and Šušanj. It currently has approximately 7500 inhabitants as well as a large tourist population during summer.

Spizza originated as a distinct region during medieval times as the surrounding of the Benedictine Ratac Abbey. As the Monastery was burned down, the region was conquered and remained in Ottoman hands until being granted to Austria-Hungary by the Berlin Congress. As part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, it joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and was finally given to Montenegro in 1945. This turbulent history has left the region with a distinct mix of Dalmatian and Montenegrin cultures as well as many traditions pre-dating Slavs or Christianity[1].

Name

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The Serbo-Croatian name Spič as well as the Venetian form Spizza probably came from the latin word 'Hospicium' or 'Hospitium'[2], meaning a place of entertainment or lodgings for strangers[3]. Since the Ratac Abbey was located on the main road from Shkodra and Bar to Kotor, it provided shelter for travellers and pilgrims in the surrounding villages[2]. Furthermore, the Abbey housed a hospital, providing treatment for the poor[4]. With the arrival of the Ottomans, the name was simply transliterated into Spiç. During the Austro-Hungarian period, the Venetian name Spizza was used. Since the coastal town of Sutomore was founded in the 19th century, the name Spizza has often been incorrectly used as an alternative name for Sutomore.

Geography

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The historical region of Spič is a stretch of coast with an area of approximately 40m2[5]. The natural borders of the region are defined by the Adriatic sea to the west and the coastal dinaric mountain chain, consisting of the Sutorman and Sozina mountains to the east. To the south, the border is defined by the Željeznica river and the hill Kufin to the north.

Geology

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The mountains of Spič are part of the coastal chain of the Dinaric Alps, a mountain chain that was formed during the Paleogene period (66-23 million years ago) through the collision of the Adriatic microplate with the Eurasian plate[6]. This led to what was the bottom of the Tethys sea being pushed on top of the other tectonic plate. Because of this, the mountains of the Dinaric Alps are composed of limestone and dolomite, which was formed during the mesozoic period (252 to 66 mya) at the bottom of the Tethys ocean through sedimentation. This layer rests on top of the Adriatic carbonate platform, which is up to 8000m thick and was formed between the permian (300-250 mya) and Eocene (56-34 mya) periods[7].

The coastal mountain chain of the Dinarides can be divided into three zones: The paraautochtonous, the Budva-Cukali and the high karst zone. The territory of Spič lies fully within the Budva-Cukali zone, a thin strip stretching from the mountains around the Bay of Kotor (Orjen and Lovćen) to the coast of Budva and Bar, before disappearing at the Montenegrin-Albanian border and re-emerging at the Cukali-massif east of Shkodra[8]. This zone was stretched over the paraautochtonous along a reverse fault. It consists mostly of mesozoic carbonates (252-66 mya) as well as paleogenic flysch (66-23 mya). Due to it being in the middle of two colliding zones (and two colliding tectonic plates), the Budva-Cukali zone is highly tectonically active[9], which has led to regular earthquakes in the region, such as the 1979 Montenegro earthquake[8].

Mount Sozina and the Sutorman massif are the two main mountains of the region. Like the rest of the coastal mountain chain of the Dinarides, the mountains of Spič run northwest to southeast along the coastline. However in certain areas the thrust fault abandons its strike and continues eastwards[10], as can be seen near the village of Brca[11]. This is not an uncommon phenomenon in the Dinaric Alps, leading to the forming of karst plateaus[12]. On a geological map, the different layers of the Budva-Cukali-zone are well visible, stretching almost the entire length of the Montenegrin Littoral. However, as the region has always been highly tectonically active, lying between two tectonic plates as well as two large geological zones, it is difficult to make concrete statements about the genesis and the tectonics of the terrain[13]. The layers along the coast in the southeast are generally older, mostly from the Triassic, while the further layers in the hinterland to the northeast are younger Tithonian formations. The majority of the surface however is covered in contemporary rubble and sediment mixing together from every layer[14].

The majority of the terrain in Spič consists of limestone and was most likely formed through sedimentation in the Triassic and Jurassic periods (251-145 million years ago)[13]. These formations were created through mixing of different materials at the bottom of the sea, creating varying geological formations throughout the ages. Among others, these are:

  • Werfen Formations, mostly consisting of Dolomite formed through repeated flooding by the tethys sea in the early and middle Triassic[11]
  • Varying types of Muschelkalk, a type of limestone and dolomite formed in landlocked bodies of water. These formations vary in colour (ranging from yellow to green and red), and composition (with sandy or more solid conglomerate types). It is also characterized (and was named for) its high fossil content, mainly consisting of shells.[11]
    • Volcanic conglomerates: during the Ladinian age (242-235 mya) the region was highly volcanically active, as evidenced by the presence of Wengen and San Cassiano Formations[11]. These are conglomerates consisting of alternating layers of limestones (varying in colour) and volcanic rocks (as well as other materials), formed by lava from erupting volcanoes being thrown into a body of water, where the carbonate platform was developing at the time[15][16]. Around these formations, there is some evidence of outpouring of lava, namely Norite, Feldspar and Enstatite Porphyries. These can be found especially around the villages Mišići and Đurmani in northeastern Spič and contain silicic acid as well as small amounts of iron oxides[17]. Furthermore, the bordering dolomite layer contains considerable amounts of Mercury ore and Cinnabar[18].
  • Various Carnian (237-227 mya) formations consisting of Dolomite and limestones varying in form and colour. Furthermore, these formations contain layers of Tuff (petrified volcanic ash) as well as types of Chert (Silicium and Quarz contained in limestone)[11].
  • Norian (227-208 mya) Dolomites and limestones, some of which developed from coral reefs of the Tethys coast (Reef limestone)[11]

Resting on a basis of Carnian and Norian limestones lie multiple diverse layers of much younger Tithonian (152-145 mya) limestones. The oldest of these are alternating breccia and oolithic limestone layers, formed through cementing of large rocks in hardened marl. They vary in colour and hardness, with younger ones being composed of more brittle shale and aptychi rich conglomerates as well as containing Chert. The youngest layer is composed of coral reef as well as oolithic limestone[11]. Certain limestones as young as Cretaceous (145-66 mya) can also be found on the territory of Spizza[19][10].

Apart from limestone, another common material is Flysch, a type of sediment formed during the Eocene (56-34 mya) from mud and sand as well as marl and shale. Additionally, the formations contain many samples of much older rocks that had broken off into rubble and were integrated into the Flysh. Furthermore, evidence of recent seismic and even volcanic activity can be found in the form of quaternary (2.5 mya to present) rubble, sediment and tuff.[11]

Mountains

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Rivers

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Settlements

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Demographics

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Infrastructure

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History

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Culture

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Dialect

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Music

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Traditional music of Spič is generally very similar to that of other parts of the Montenegrin Littoral as well as the hinterland of Old Montenegro[20]. The music is usually sung antiphonally[21] without any instruments. The majority of the songs are in an octosyllabic verse. As well as being some of the largest events in the region, the main occasion for music were weddings, which is reflected in the texts of the songs. Most of them contain themes of love and marriage. Unlike in other parts of Montenegro and the coast, there are very few shepherd's songs due to the fact that animal husbandry was largely abandoned in Spič.[20]

Another occasion for singing were church holidays, especially Christmas. Unlike in orthodox households, catholics of Spič and the Bay of Kotor usually sing church songs during christmas holidays. Many of these were imported from Croatia and simply translated into the local dialects[22]. It is obvious from their melodies that they are not local folk songs.

In the past, another type of singing Pjevanje iz glasa or 'singing from the voice' was practiced. This essentially means very lound singing that can be heard from far away and was mainly in use by female singers. However, since the mid-20th century, it has not been practiced any more. Similar types of singing are however still common especially in the Montenegrin hinterland[22].

Similarly to other regions of Montenegro, Gusle played a significant role in the music of Spič. However, they never held such cultural and societal importance as they did in Old Montenegro[23]. The instrument was used to add background music on many occasions, however it was not, as in the rest of Montenegro, in the centre of attention and would often be overshadowed by conversation[24]

Cuisine

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Folk costumes

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Local traditions

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References

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  1. ^ Kovačević, Milica (2022). Kroz Brvačke pinjate (in Serbo-Croatian). Brca.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b Novaković, Rade (1982). "Drevni manastir Ratac u Spiču". Pravoslavna misao (in Serbo-Croatian). 28 & 29. Belgrade: Savez udruženog pravoslavnog sveštenstva Jugoslavije.
  3. ^ "hospitium", Wiktionary, 2022-07-03, retrieved 2022-07-21
  4. ^ Posebna Izdanja (in Serbian). Belgrade: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. 1980. p. 2.
  5. ^ Die Occupation Bosniens und der Hercegovina durch k.k. Truppen im Jahre 1878 (in German). Kriegsarchiv Wien, Abtheilung für Kriegsgeschichte. 1879.
  6. ^ Korbar, Tvrtko (2009-11-01). "Orogenic evolution of the External Dinarides in the NE Adriatic region: a model constrained by tectonostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene carbonates". Earth-Science Reviews. 96 (4): 296–312. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.07.004. ISSN 0012-8252.
  7. ^ Vlahović, Igor; Tišljar, Josip; Velić, Ivo; Matičec, Dubravko (2005-05-13). "Evolution of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform: Palaeogeography, main events and depositional dynamics". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 220 (3): 333–360. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.01.011. ISSN 0031-0182.
  8. ^ a b "A.3.1. Primorske planine Crne Gore". DINARSKO GORJE. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  9. ^ Antonijević, Radojica; Pavić, Andrija; Karović, Jovan; Dimitrijević, Mara; Radoičić, Rajka; Pejović, Desanka; Pantić, Smiljka; Roksandić, Miodrag (1973). Tumač za listove Kotor i Budva (K34-50 i K34-62) (PDF). Osnovna geološka Karta 1:100000 (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Savezni geološki zavod. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b Bukowski, Gejza (1908). "Über die jurassischen und cretacischen Ablagerungen von Spizza in Süddalmatien". Verhandlungen der k.k. geologischen Reichsanstalt (in German): 48–59. ISSN 0016-7819 – via Geologische Bundesanstalt.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Bukowski, Gejza (1912). Erläuterungen zur Geologischen Detailkarte von Süddalmatien Blatt Spizza (in German). Vienna: K.k. geologische Reichsanstalt.
  12. ^ Cvijić, Jovan (1902). "Forschungsreisen auf der Balkanhalbinsel". Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin (in German): 196–214.
  13. ^ a b Bukowski, Gejza (1894). "Geologische Mitteilungen aus den Gebieten Pastrovicchio und Spizza in Süddalmatien". Verhandlungen der k.k. geologischen Reichsanstalt (in German). 1: 120–129.
  14. ^ Bukowski Gejza (1909). "Geologische Detailkarte von Süddalmatien" (Map). Geologische Detailkarte von Süddalmatien. 1:25.000. Geologische Spezialkarte der im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie (in German). Wien: K.k. geologische Reichsanstalt. § Blatt Spizza, Südhälfte.
  15. ^ "Wengen-Formation". Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias (in German). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  16. ^ "Sankt-Cassian-Formation". Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias (in German). Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  17. ^ von John, Conrad (1894). "Noritporphyrit aus den Gebieten Spizza und Pastrovicchio in Süddalmatien". Verhandlungen der k.k. geologischen Reichsanstalt (in German) (1): 133–135 – via Online Katalog der geologischen Bundesanstalt.
  18. ^ Bukowski, Gejza (1902). "Zur Kenntnis der Quecksilber-Lagerstätten in Spizza (Süddalmatien)". Verhandlungen der k.k. geologischen Reichsanstalt (in German) (1): 477 – via Online Katalog der geologischen Bundesanstalt.
  19. ^ Tietze, Emil (1884). "Geologische Übersicht von Montenegro". Jahrbuch der k.k. geologischen Reichsanstalt (in German). 1 (34). Vienna: 1–231.
  20. ^ a b Jerkov, Slobodan (2018). Svadbene pjesme Spiča (in Serbo-Croatian). Sutomore-Ratac: Muzički centar Crne Gore.
  21. ^ "Montenegro | Forschungszentrum für Europäische Mehrstimmigkeit". www.mdw.ac.at. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  22. ^ a b Marjanović, Zlata (2016). Primorju na veliko znamenje (in Serbian). Beograd-Petrovac na moru: Udruženje Paštrovića i prijatelja Paštrovića u Beogradu 'Drobni pijesak'. ISBN 978-86-908535-4-0.
  23. ^ Marjanovic, Zlata (2016-01-01). "Zlata Marjanović Gusle moje glasovita svirko: pjevanje uz gusle". Primorju na veliko znamenje: odabrani radovi o muzičkoj tradiciji Boke Kotorske, Grblja, Maina, Pobora, Brajića, Budve, Paštrovića i Spiča.
  24. ^ Vuksanović, Matija; Lukšić, Vladimir (2006). Svadbeni običaj u Spiču (in Serbo-Croatian). Sutomore. ISBN 86-908737-0-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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