 | It has been suggested that Annona muricata be merged into this page. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2013. |
 |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 276 kJ (66 kcal) |
16.84 g | |
| Sugars | 13.54 g |
| Dietary fiber | 3.3 g |
0.3 g | |
1 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Thiamine (B1) | 6% 0.07 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 4% 0.05 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 6% 0.9 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 5% 0.253 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 3% 0.059 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 4% 14 μg |
| Choline | 1% 7.6 mg |
| Vitamin C | 23% 20.6 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 1% 14 mg |
| Iron | 3% 0.6 mg |
| Magnesium | 5% 21 mg |
| Phosphorus | 2% 27 mg |
| Potassium | 9% 278 mg |
| Sodium | 1% 14 mg |
| Zinc | 1% 0.1 mg |
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2] | |
Soursop is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree native to Mexico, Cuba, Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America, primarily Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Puerto Rico. Soursop is also produced in some parts of Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific. It is in the same genus as the chirimoya and the same family as the pawpaw.
The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.
Other common names include: Coração de Boi (Mozambique), Evo (Ewe, Volta Region, Ghana), Ekitafeeli (Uganda), Stafeli (Swahili), Aluguntugui (Ga, Greater Accra Region, Ghana), guanábana (Spanish), graviola (Brazilian Portuguese, pronounced [ɡɾɐviˈɔlɐ]), anona (European Portuguese), graviolo (Esperanto), corossol (French), kowosòl (Haitian Creole), කටු අනෝදා (Katu Anoda) (Sinhalese), sorsaka (Papiamento), adunu (Acholi), Brazilian pawpaw, guyabano, guanavana, toge-banreisi, durian benggala, durian belanda, nangka blanda, ทุเรียนเทศ [turi:jen te:k] (Thai), sirsak, zuurzak (Dutch), tomoko (Kiswahili), and nangka londa.[3] In Malayalam, it is called Mullatha, literally thorny custard apple. The other lesser-known Indian names are shul-ram-fal and Lakshmana Phala, and in Harar (Ethiopia) in Harari language known for centuries as Amba Shoukh (Thorny Mango or Thorny Fruit).
The flavour has been described as a combination of strawberry and pineapple, with sour citrus flavour notes contrasting with an underlying creamy flavour reminiscent of coconut or banana.
Soursop is widely promoted (sometimes as "graviola") as an alternative cancer treatment. There is, however, no medical evidence that it is effective.[4]
Cultivation edit
The plant is grown as a commercial herb crop for its 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, prickly, green fruit, which can have a mass of up to 15 lb (6.8 kg),[5] making it probably the second biggest annona after the junglesop.
Away from its native area, some limited production occurs as far north as southern Florida within USDA Zone 10; however, these are mostly garden plantings for local consumption. It is also grown in parts of Southeast Asia and abundant on the Island of Mauritius. The soursop will reportedly fruit as a container specimen, even in temperate climates, if protected from cool temperatures.[citation needed]
Uses edit
The flesh of the fruit consists of an edible, white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible, black seeds. The species is the only member of its genus suitable for processing and preservation.[citation needed]
The pulp is also used to make fruit nectar, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, as well as candies, sorbets, and ice cream flavorings.
Due to the fruit’s widespread cultivation and popularity in parts of Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, soursop and its derivative products are consumed across the world, also via branded food and beverage products available in many countries, including Brazil,[6] Mexico,[7] Canada,[8][9] the United States,[10][11][12] the UK, Ireland and Continental Europe,[11][13][14][15][16] Indonesia,[17] Japan,[18] Malaysia,[19][20] Singapore[21][22] and Vietnam.[23][24]
In Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Harar (Ethiopia), it is a common fruit, often used for dessert as the only ingredient, or as an agua fresca beverage; in Colombia and Venezuela, it is a fruit for juices, mixed with milk. Ice cream and fruit bars made of soursop are also very popular. The seeds are normally left in the preparation, and removed while consuming, unless a blender is used for processing.
In Indonesia, dodol sirsak, a sweetmeat, is made by boiling soursop pulp in water and adding sugar until the mixture hardens. Soursop is also a common ingredient for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by street food vendors. In the Philippines, it is called guyabano, derived from the Spanish guanabana, and is eaten ripe, or used to make juices, smoothies, or ice cream. Sometimes, they use the leaf in tenderizing meat. In Vietnam, this fruit is called mãng cầu Xiêm in the south, or mãng cầu in the north, and is used to make smoothies, or eaten as is. In Cambodia, this fruit is called tearb barung, literally "western custard-apple fruit." In Malaysia, it is known in Malay as durian belanda and in East Malaysia, specifically among the Dusun people of Sabah, it is locally known as lampun. Popularly, it is eaten raw when it ripens, or used as one of the ingredients in Ais Kacang or Ais Batu Campur. Usually the fruits are taken from the tree when they mature and left to ripen in a dark corner, whereby they will be eaten when they are fully ripe. It has a white flower with a very pleasing scent, especially in the morning. While for people in Brunei Darussalam this fruit is popularly known as "Durian Salat", widely available and easily planted.It was most likely brought from Mexico to the Philippines by way of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade.[citation needed]
Properties edit
The fruit contains significant amounts of vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2.[25]
Laboratory and field research suggests that soursop-derived substances may have potential for various future applications, since they have shown antileishmanial and cytotoxic,[26][27] antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory,[28] anti-diabetic[29] and anticancer[30] effects in laboratory experiments. Large-scale studies in humans have not been done.[31]
Health edit
Neurotoxicity edit
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions, "alkaloids extracted from graviola may cause neuronal dysfunction and degeneration leading to symptoms of Parkinson's disease".[31] The compound annonacin, which is contained in the seeds of soursop, is a neurotoxin associated with neurodegenerative disease,[32] and research has suggested a connection between consumption of soursop and atypical forms of Parkinson's disease due to high concentrations of annonacin.[33]
In 2010 the French food safety agency (Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments) concluded that, based on the available research findings, "it is not possible to confirm that the observed cases of atypical Parkinson syndrome […] are linked to the consumption of Annona muricata," calling for further study on potential risks to human health.[34]
Alternative cancer treatment edit
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center lists cancer treatment as one of the "purported uses" of soursop.[31] According to Cancer Research UK, "Many sites on the internet advertise and promote graviola capsules as a cancer cure, but none of them are supported by any reputable scientific cancer organisations" and "there is no evidence to show that graviola works as a cure for cancer" and consequently they do not support its use as a treatment for cancer.[4]
In 2008 a court case relating to the sale in the UK of Triamazon, a soursop product, resulted in the criminal conviction of a man under the terms of the UK Cancer Act for offering to treat people for cancer. A spokesman for the council that instigated the action stated, "it is as important now as it ever was that people are protected from those peddling unproven products with spurious claims as to their effects."[35]
The Federal Trade Commission in the United States determined that there was "no credible scientific evidence" that the extract of soursop sold by Bioque Technologies "can prevent, cure, or treat cancer of any kind."[36]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Graviola (Soursop)". Blackherbals. Retrieved 30 January 2012.[unreliable source?]
- ^ a b "Can graviola cure cancer?". Cancer Research UK.
- ^ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html
- ^ Frutos do Brasil. http://www.frutosdobrasil.com.br/en/produtos/sorvetes/graviolalight. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Jumex. http://www.jumex.com/index.php/en/our-brands/juice-nectars. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Tropical Treets. http://www.tropicaltreets.com. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Sweet ‘n Nice. http://www.sweetnnice.ca/?page_id=10#3. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Jumex. http://www.walmart.com/ip/Jumex-Guanabana-Nectar-11.3-oz-Pack-of-24/17194301. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ a b Goya. http://www.goya.com/english/product_subcategory/Beverages/Nectars-Juices. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Jans Food. http://www.jansfood.com/beverage-sm_beverage.html. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ JUNA. http://www.junafruits.com/range/guanabana. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Rubicon Exotic. http://www.rubiconexotic.com/#/guanabana. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ True Fruits. http://www.true-fruits.com/smoothie-saft/pink/. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Moriba. http://www.moriba.fr/fr/12-jus-de-fruits. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Pokka Indonesia. https://www.facebook.com/PokkaIndonesia. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Tropical Maria. http://www.tropicalmaria.com/. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Pokka Malaysia. http://www.pokka.com.my. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Yeo’s. http://www.yeos.com.my/beverages.php. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ CKL / Sagiko. http://www.chiakhimlee.com/products.html. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Pokka Singapore. http://www.pokka.com.sg. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Rita. http://www.rita.com.vn/index.php/product/index?cid=15&page=2. Accessed: 2013-11-12.
- ^ Wonderfarm. http://www.wonderfarmonline.com/index.php/products/view/wonderfarm#01. Accessed 2013-11-12.
- ^ Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Soursop (Annona muricata)". Fruits of warm climates. Purdue University. pp. 75–80. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ^ Jaramillo, MC; Arango, GJ; González, MC; Robledo, SM; Velez, ID (2000). "Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp". Fitoterapia. 71 (2): 183–6. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00138-0. PMID 10727816.
- ^ Liaw, CC; Chang, FR; Lin, CY; Chou, CJ; Chiu, HF; Wu, MJ; Wu, YC (2002). "New cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata". Journal of Natural Products. 65 (4): 470–5. doi:10.1021/np0105578. PMID 11975482.
- ^ De Sousa OV; Vieira GD; De Jesus RG; De Pinho J; Yamamoto CH; Alves MS. "Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Annona muricata L. Leaves in Animal Models". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2010 May 6:11(5):2067-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20559502.
- ^ Adeyemi DO; Komolafe OA; Adewole OS; Obuotor EM; Adenowo TK. "Anti hyperglycemic activities of Annona muricata (Linn)". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2008 Oct 25:6(1):62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162043.
- ^
- Dai, Y; Hogan, S; Schmelz, EM; Ju, YH; Canning, C; Zhou, K (2011). "Selective growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by soursop fruit extract in vitro and in vivo involving downregulation of EGFR expression". Nutrition and Cancer. 63 (5): 795–801. doi:10.1080/01635581.2011.563027. PMID 21767082. S2CID 205495335.
- Torres, MP; Rachagani, S; Purohit, V; Pandey, P; Joshi, S; Moore, ED; Johansson, SL; Singh, PK; Ganti, AK; Batra, SK (2012). "Graviola: A novel promising natural-derived drug that inhibits tumorigenicity and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through altering cell metabolism". Cancer Letters. 323 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.031. PMC 3371140. PMID 22475682.
- ^ a b c "Graviola". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Retrieved November 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Le Ven, J.; Schmitz-Afonso, I.; Touboul, D.; Buisson, D.; Akagah, B.; Cresteil, T.; Lewin, G.; Champy, P. (2011). "Annonaceae fruits and parkinsonism risk: Metabolisation study of annonacin, a model neurotoxin; evaluation of human exposure". Toxicology Letters. 205: S50–S51. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.197.
- ^
- Lannuzel, A; Michel, P.P; Höglinger, G.U; Champy, P; Jousset, A; Medja, F; Lombès, A; Darios, F; Gleye, C; Laurens, A; Hocquemiller, R; Hirsch, E.C; Ruberg, M (2003). "The mitochondrial complex I inhibitor annonacin is toxic to mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by impairment of energy metabolism". Neuroscience. 121 (2): 287–96. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00441-X. PMID 14521988. S2CID 37873631.
- Champy, Pierre; Melot, Alice; Guérineau Eng, Vincent; Gleye, Christophe; Fall, Djibril; Höglinger, Gunter U.; Ruberg, Merle; Lannuzel, Annie; Laprévote, Olivier; Laurens, Alain; Hocquemiller, Reynald (2005). "Quantification of acetogenins inAnnona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe". Movement Disorders. 20 (12): 1629–33. doi:10.1002/mds.20632. PMID 16078200. S2CID 31508365.
- Lannuzel, A.; Höglinger, G. U.; Champy, P.; Michel, P. P.; Hirsch, E. C.; Ruberg, M. (2006). "Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae?". Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa. 70 (70): 153–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24. ISBN 978-3-211-28927-3. PMID 17017523.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Caparros-Lefebvre, Dominique; Elbaz, Alexis (1999). "Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: A case-control study". The Lancet. 354 (9175): 281–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10166-6. PMID 10440304. S2CID 24204451.
- ^ "Avis de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments relatif aux risques liés à la consommation de corossol et de ses préparations" (PDF). Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments. 28 April 2010. Retrieved August 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Man convicted over cancer 'cure'". BBC News. 10 September 2008.
- ^ "FTC Sweep Stops Peddlers of Bogus Cancer Cures". FTC. 18 September 2008.
External links edit
- Bridg, Hannia. "Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona muricata L."
- (in Portuguese) Correia, M. P., (1984) Dicionário das plantas úteis do Brasil
- Description of soursop from Fruits of Warm Climates (1987, ISBN 0-9610184-1-0)
- Sorting Annona names
- Soursop List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
- PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ANNONA MURICATA: A REVIEW
Category:Alternative cancer treatments Category:Annona Category:Flora of Brazil Category:Flora of Jamaica Category:Fruit Category:Hawaiian cuisine Category:Jamaican cuisine Category:Tropical fruit