Wikipedia

User:HistoryofIran/List of shahanshahs of the Safavid dynasty

< User:HistoryofIran
Shapur I
𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭄𐭧𐭄𐭩
King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians
Coin of Shapur I.
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire
Reign12 April 240 – May 270
PredecessorArdashir I
SuccessorHormizd I
Bornca. 215
Possibly Gor
DiedMay 270 (aged 55)
Bishapur
ConsortKhwarranzem
al-Nadirah
IssueBahram I
Narseh
Hormizd I
Shapur Mishanshah
HouseHouse of Sasan
FatherArdashir I
MotherDenag
ReligionZoroastrianism

Shapur I (Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭄𐭧𐭄𐭩; New Persian: ŰŽŰ§ÙŸÙˆŰ±), also known as Shapur the Great, was the second shahanshah (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire. The dates of his reign are commonly given as 240/42 – 270, but it is likely that he also reigned as co-regent (together with his father) prior to his father's death in 242 (more probably than 240).

Shapur I's rule was marked by successful military and political struggles in the Caucasus, against the Kushan Empire in the east, and two wars with the Roman Empire.

Shapur I's support for Zoroastrianism caused a rise in the position of the clergy, and his religious tolerance accelerated the spread of Manichaeanism and Christianity in Iran. He is also noted in the Jewish tradition.

Etymology edit

The name Shapur combines the words ƥāh (shah or king) and pƫr (son), thus literally meaning the "king's son". The name derives from Old Iranian *xƥāyaΞiyahyā-puΞra-, and appears in Manichaean sources as Shabuhr, while it is attested in Latin sources as Sapores and Sapor, which Shapur is also known by in modern sources.

Background edit

Shapur was the son of Ardashir I and his sister Denag.[1]

Early years edit

 
Coin of Ardashir I and Shapur I

According to al-Tabari, whose work was probably based off Sasanian sources,[2] Ardashir I and Artabanus V agreed to meet in Hormozdgan at the end of the month of Mihr (April).[3] Nonetheless, Ardashir I went to the place before due time to occupy a advantageous spot on the plain.[3] There he dug out a ditch to defend himself and his forces. He also took over a spring at the place.[3] Ardashir I's forces numbered 10,000 cavalry, with some of them wearing flexible chain armor akin to that of the Romans.[4] Artabanus V led a greater number of soldiers, who, however, were less disposed, due to wearing the inconvenient lamellar armor.[4] Shapur, as portrayed in the Sasanian rock reliefs, also took part in the battle.[5] The battle was fought on 28 April 224, with Artabanus V being defeated and killed, marking the end of the Arsacid era and the start of 427-years of Sasanian rule.[4]

The chief secretary of the deceased Arsacid king, Dad-windad, was afterwards executed by Ardashir I.[6] Thenceforth, Ardashir I assumed the title of shahanshah ("King of Kings") and started the conquest of an area which would be called Iranshahr (Ērānshahr).[7] He celebrated his victory in a relief sculptured at his previous capital, Ardashir-Khwarrah (present-day Firuzabad) in his homeland, Pars.[8] On the relief, Ardashir I is portrayed as riding on a horse whilst ousting Artabanus V, who is also mounted. Shapur, also on horseback, is portrayed as impaling Dad-windad with his lance.[4] Ardashir I also had three investiture reliefs carved, which portrayed him accepting the badge of kingship from the Zoroastrian supreme god, Ahura Mazda.[8] Vologases VI was driven out of Mesopotamia by Ardashir I's forces soon after 228.[9][10]

Reign edit

Roman prisoners of war edit

Shapur's campaigns deprived the Roman Empire of resources while restoring and substantially enriching his own treasury, by deporting many Romans from conquered cities to Sasanian provinces like Khuzestan, Asuristan, and Pars. This influx of deported artisans and skilled workers revitalized Iran's domestic commerce.[5]

Constructions edit

Government edit

Governors during his reign edit

 
Relief showing Shapur I on horseback, followed by his sons and nobles

Under Shapur, the Sasanian court, including its territories, were much larger than that of his father. Several governors and vassal-kings are mentioned in his inscriptions; Ardashir, governor of Qom; Varzin, governor of Spahan; Tiyanik, governor of Hamadan; Ardashir, governor of Neriz; Narseh, governor of Rind; Friyek, governor of Gundishapur; Rastak, governor of Veh-Ardashir; Amazasp III, king of Iberia. Under Shapur several of his relatives and sons served as governor of Sasanian provinces; Bahram I, governor of Gilan; Narseh, governor of Sindh, Sakastan and Turan; Ardashir, governor of Kirman; Hormizd I, governor of Armenia; Shapur Mishanshah, governor of Maishan; Ardashir, governor of Adiabene.[11]

Officials during his reign edit

Several names of Shapur's officials are carved on his inscription at Naqsh-e Rustam. Many of these were the offspring of the officials who served Shapur's father. During the reign of Shapur, a certain Papak served as the commander of the royal guard (hazarbed), while Peroz served as the chief of the cavalry (aspbed); Vahunam and Shapur served as the director of the clergy; Kirdisro served as viceroy of the empire (bidakhsh); Vardbad served as the "chief of services"; Hormizd served as the chief scribe; Naduk served as "the chief of the prison"; Papak served as the "gate keeper"; Mihrkhwast served as the treasurer; Shapur served as the commander of the army; Arshtat Mihran served as the secretary; Zik served as the "master of ceremonies".[12]

Religious policy edit

Although admiring the teachings of his own religion and encouraging the Zoroastrian clergy, Shapur I let the Jews, Christians, Buddhists, and Hindus to freely practice their religion.[13] He was also friendly towards the founder of Manichaeism, Mani, whom he allowed to preach freely and even to be an escort in his military expeditions.[13] Shapur I religious practices seems to have been somewhat unusual, with animal sacrifice being made for the soul of the kings and queens of the Sasanian family.[14][15] This presumably seemed "pagan" to a Zoroastrian priest, which may have been the just what the shah's faith was.[14] Kartir, who "abhorred animal sacrifice" was unable to stop Shapur I from doing them.[15]

Coin mints and imperial ideology edit

Death edit

In Bishapur, Shapur died of an illness. His death came in May 270 and he was succeeded by his son, Hormizd I. Two of his other sons, Bahram I and Narseh, would also become kings of the Sasanian Empire; while another son, Shapur Meshanshah, who died before Shapur, sired children who would hold exalted positions within the empire.[5]

Notes edit

References edit

  1. ^ Gignoux 1994, p. 282.
  2. ^ Wiesehöfer 1986, pp. 371–376.
  3. ^ a b c Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 5: p. 13.
  4. ^ a b c d Shahbazi 2004, pp. 469–470.
  5. ^ a b c Shahbazi 2002.
  6. ^ Rajabzadeh 1993, pp. 534–539.
  7. ^ Daryaee 2014, pp. 2–3.
  8. ^ a b Shahbazi 2005.
  9. ^ Chaumont & Schippmann 1988, pp. 574–580.
  10. ^ Schippmann 1986a, pp. 647–650.
  11. ^ Frye 1984, p. 299.
  12. ^ Frye 1984, p. 373.
  13. ^ a b Kia 2016, p. 234.
  14. ^ a b Daryaee 2014, p. 9.
  15. ^ a b Skjérvþ 2011, pp. 608–628.

Sources edit

  • Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-áčŹabarÄ«. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāƥ VI". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580.
  • Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668.
  • Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). The History of Ancient Iran. C.H.Beck. pp. 1–411. ISBN 9783406093975.
  • Gignoux, Philippe (1994). "Dēnag". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 3. p. 282.
  • Rajabzadeh, Hashem (1993). "DabÄ«r". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 5. pp. 534–539.
  • Schippmann, K. (1986a). "Artabanus (Arsacid kings)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6. pp. 647–650.
  • Schippmann, K. (1986b). "Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. pp. 525–536.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). "Hormozdgān". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5. pp. 469–470.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "SASANIAN DYNASTY". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2002). "Ơāpur I". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1989). "BESáčŹÄ€M O BENDƌY". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 2. pp. 180–182. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1988). "Bahrām VI ČƍbÄ«n". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. London et al. pp. 514–522.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). "ArdaĆĄÄ«r I i. History". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 371–376.
HistoryofIran/List of shahanshahs of the Safavid dynasty
Preceded by "King of kings of Iran and Aniran"
240–270 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HistoryofIran/List_of_shahanshahs_of_the_Safavid_dynasty&oldid=1023478346"