Wikipedia

User:Femachisma/sandbox 2

< User:Femachisma

== Article Evaluation of US-Taiwan Business Councils ==

  • When I was reading the main paragraph (introduction) of its wiki, I saw some words that are considerably biased.
    • "generally considered to be one of the most influential organizations...."
  • Most of its sources came from their official website which looks like it has not been updated for a while.
    • One of the newspaper sources were from 2002, and when I click the link, it seems to not work at all.
  • The wiki people involved in the wiki page seem to know every single person invollved in the council. They are particularly on point on who were chosen in the council for every year and so. There were no link indicating the changes of positions
    • In addition, most statements made in the page has little to no links at all.


LGBT Themes in Anime

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LGBT themes include lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans themes in anime. The fluid state of animation allows flexibility of animated characters to perform multiple roles at once. [1]The rise of LGBT in anime and manga came around as a result of fan work of anime fans between two male characters which has created an industry for same-sex intimacy in manga and anime.[2]This include characters or LGBT themes that explores gender and sexuality that goes around hetero-normative norms. In particular, specific genres of anime focused about same-sex intimacy: yaoi, yuri, shoujo-ai, shonen-ai, bara and etc.[3] There are multiple sub genres within the genres to categorize stories for a specific consumers and themes. LGBT-related manga found its origins from fan culture where fans create an "alternative universe" where they paired their favorite characters together. Many of the earliest works of yaoi/yuri traced its origins from their years as dōjinshi.[4] The rise of yaoi and yuri works has also reached drawback as censorship laws in Japan make it extremely hard for mangakas, a Japanese word for manga artists,[5] and other persons creating work related to LGBT themes. Anime that contains elements that would not be appropriate for children was changed to meet international demands. However, publishing companies continued to expand their repertorie to include yuri and yaoi, and conventions were created to form a community and culture for fans of yaoi and yuri work.[6]

History

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In the 1960’s, a group of women mangaka, called the Magnificent 24 or the Year 24 group who heavily influenced the genre of shoujo manga.[4] Their work introduced philosophical and radical ideas including themes of gender and sexuality. Moto Hagio, Yumiko Oshima and Keiko Takemiya were one of the few artists associated with the Magnificent 24 Group.[4]

The Magnificent 24 group referred to women mangaka who were born in the Year 24 Shōwa (1949)  and the exact membership is not defined.[7] The mangaka in this period influenced the sub genres of shoujo manga and they created a space for women artists in manga. [7]These artists challenged the conception about shojo manga adding sci-fi, historical and dramatic elements which would forever change the landscape of how readers consumed shoujo manga.[7] Ryoko Yamagishi’s Shiroi Heya no Futari (白い部屋のふたり) is credited as the first manga to portray a lesbian couple. Conversely, Keiko Takemiya was the first to show a male-male kiss in shojo manga in her 1970 work, “In the Sunroom.”

Many of the earliest works of manga and anime was also inspired by the Takarazuka Revue which was was a Japanese all-female troupe that had some of their actors played as women. [8] Osama Tezuka who grew up in Takarazuka where the Revue was located can be seen to have had impact on his work. [9] In his work, Princess Knight where the main character was found to fluctuate between feminine and masculine identities. The main character is a girl who dresses up as a “boy” to prevent the villain, Duke Duralmin, from inheriting the throne. [9]

Lgbt in Japan

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Same-sex activity was briefly criminalized in Japan’s history between 1872 and 1880[10]. In 2015, some cities offer symbolic “partnership certificates” to recognize the relationships of the same-sex couples.[11] In retrospect, Japan’s culture and major religions did not have hostility against homosexuality but many political parties and popular figures does not openly support or opposed LGBT rights. Many monasteries and temples in Japan accepted pederastic relationship between a monk and most often a young man or an acolyte.[12] It was also customary in samurai class to use pederasty between a young apprentice and an experienced master.[12] During the Edo period, same’s sex relationship were widely presented in the culture of the period in art, literature and on the stage. [12]

Many Japanese authors dating Pre-Meiji had shown homosexuality in text. Ueda Akinari’s short ghost story “Kikka no Chagiri” (Chrysanthemums Tryst”) was published in 1776, and which was a tale between male lovers.

Genres in Anime about Same-Sex Intimacy

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Yaoi

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Homoerotic male/male manga was created primarily by female artists for female consumers and it originated as a sub genre of shoujo.[6] In the 1980’s, Japanese fans began writing male/male homoerotic manga which romantically paired their two favorite male characters together. Yaoi became extremely popular over the course of the 1990’s.[2]

The term “yaoi” was the short term for yama nashi ochi nashi imi nashi,” or “no climax, no ending, no meaning” and was primarily used to describe male/male relationship between two favorite characters.[2] It has become an umbrella term to describe male/male manga.[2]

There are diverse motivations for consuming yaoi:  rejection of the patriarchal norms about sex and gender, affirming or being part of the LGBTQ community, rejecting gender binarism, and enjoying an alternative romance narratives that avoids problematic stereotypes.[2]

Yuri[13]

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In 1971, saw the creation of the first Japanese commercial gay magazine.[14] The editor, Ito Bungaku, included a page for lesbians and in which names lesbians, yurizoku, or lily tribe. Yuri is the Japanese word for “lily” and lily became the de facto symbol for lesbian and lesbian theme.[14]

Censorship and Changes in Anime Distribution

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Under Article 175 of the Criminal Code (1907) in Japan prohibits a person who distributes, sells, or displays in public an obscene document, drawing or other person.[15] This included prohibiting exposure of pubic hair, the adult genitalia and sexual act. However, manga creators developed another ways to depict naked bodies and sex without showing pubic hair. However, the law is rarely applied and the creators and publishers who were fined are few in numbers.[16]

In 1998, negative attention turned to manga and anime after 1989’s “Otaku Serial Killer” where the serial killer believed to possess large amounts of sexually explicit anime and a participant of Comiket, Japan’s largest convention for fan manga.[17]

The aftermath of the killings resulted to confiscating thousands of doujinshis and arrests of several shop owners.[18]

No serious inquiries has been made about “virtual child pornography” in Japan, but it has put doujinshis or fan creators cross hairs with anti-child pornography laws.[19]

Censorship in the United States

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Anime was distributed to the United States in the 1960's because of a demand of enthusiastic fans and college students.[20] Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy (1963) and Speed Racer were the earliest anime series that was shown to the American audience.[20] During at this time, there is an increasing collaboration between American and Japanese companies to market anime to American consumers.[20]

Sailor Moon

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When Sailor Moon was released in the United States, elements of the story was stripped away because Optimum Productions, The Canadian company who produced the English Version of Sailor Moon claimed that the “product is not suitable for children.”[13] Under the standards set out by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commissions, Sailor Moon censored some parts to meet its standards. Here are examples of parts in anime that was censored and altered in the North American version.[13]

  • Zoisite, who is a heterosexual man was in a homosexual relationship with Malachite in the seires.[13] In the English dubbed version, Zoisite is turned into a woman, turning the queer relationship into a heterosexual relationship.[13]
  • The relationship between Sailor Uranus/Hakaru and Neptune/Michiru was depicted as ‘cousins’ who are simply ‘very close.’ The Japanese version, they are depicted as lovers.[13]
  • Fisheye who dressed presented feminine is changed into a woman in the English dub of the anime. Scenes that demonstrated Fisheye signs of masculinity were cropped.[13]
Cardcaptor Sakura
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When Cardcaptor Sakura ran in North America, many of its scenes which feature same-sex initmacy and/or relationship were removed and altered. [21] This includes Tomoya's crush on Sakura and the same-sex intimacy between Touyo, Sakura's older brother, and Yukito.

Examples of LGBT Themes in Anime

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Revolutionary Girl Utena

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The series approach to gender are flexible and according to Bailey's " the categorical definition of masculinity and femininity are limiting and unnecessary."[3] Utena is a character who subverts the assumptions about her sex. The main protagonist, Utena, should be "jumping" on the chance of marrying a prince, but she looks up for him as a role model. At school, she wears an off-shot of the male uniform and competes alongside with male peers in variety of athletic activities.

According to Bailey,[3] Utena does not want to "become" a prince in the literal sense of the word. When she claimed that she wants to become a prince, Utena refers to exhibit the qualities the prince reflected: courage,compassion, strength.[3]

Sailor Moon

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Lesbian characters are introduced halfway through the series, and their relationship was treated the same way as other heterosexual relationship in the show. Haruka and Michiru, who are Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune, are a couple who live and cohabitate with each other. The author has confirmed that they were a couple.[1]

The character, Haruka, express masculine characteristics and she is portrayed in the video wearing the male version of her school's uniform.[3] She is often mistaken as a man, but she often doesn't mind. However, Haruka becomes more feminized when she transformed into her Sailor Uranus's character. While her partner, Michiru, is coded to be more feminine partner and they are often seen with each other.[3]

CLAMP's works

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Numerous works of CLAMP, a Japanese manga artists group, explored themes of relationship with disregard of gender or sex.[22] They began creating manga as dojinshis often exploring same-sex relationships. Many of their works such as Miyuki-chan in Wonderland and Tokyo Babylon has same-sex intimacy as their central themes.[22] In Cardcaptor Sakura, the main protaganist Sakura and Syaoran share a mutual infatuation with androgynous-looking Yukito. [23] Tomoyo, who is the best friend of Sakura, has also shown to hold feelings to Sakura.[24] Cardcaptor also shown same-sex intimacy between Touyo, Sakura's older brother and Yukito. In episode 65, when Yukito's health is weakening due to the weakening of Yue's power (his alter-form), Touyo decided to give up his power to save Yukito from disappearing.[24]

Fandom Culture and Demographics

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Motivations for Consuming Yaoi/Yuri Anime

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Pagliassotti[2] conducted the first research on yaoi viewings/motivations for Anglophone readers outside Japan. According from her research, she found ten motive distinctions, “Pure” love without gender, pro-gay attitude/ forbidden and transgressive love, identification (self-analysis), melodramatic (emotional elements), dislike for standard shoujo romance, a female-oriented romantic/erotic genre, pure escapism/lack of reality, art/ aesthetics,pure entertainment and arousing, sexuality titillating.[2] However, there are also diverse motivations for consuming yaoi manga which is complicated by cultural and legal differences. Other motivations for consuming yaoi manga is looking for media to challenge patriarchal norms and gender binarism.[2]

Accessibility to yaoi and yuri work also depend on international laws which also impact the motivations for consuming anime.[2] For example, an introduction of BL (Boy's Love) to the United State market was less likely to happen because depictions of male/male eroticism and sex in boy's love is met with consternation when comics in United States at that time, were attributed to children.[25]

Among yaoi readers, many of their readers are women, more specifically, teenage girls or young women. [26]Among, yuri readers, there is a divide between men and women readers which depends on the target audience.[26]

In 2010 the yaoi industry alone has an estimated worth of 21.3 billion (over 180 million USD) annually.[27]

Women make the majority of yaoi readers in the West, accounting for 89% and most of the readers are 18-24 accounting 55%.[28]

Among yuri readers in the West, about 46% of the readership identified themselves as heterosexual women.[28]

Fujoshi

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Fujoshi is a reclaimed word to describe female fans who enjoy media or fan works related to romantic relationship of men. It’s a term that has a homonym for a Japanese girl meaning “rotten girls.”[29]  Japanese women who take part of reading yaoi manga are most often heterosexual women for pleasure not it’s not particulalry political. The male-make intimacy provided a space for Japanese women to explore their intimacy in private.[29]

Doujinshi
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Dojinshi refers specifically to written content, typically in the form of manga, novels or magazines. [30] Printing has become inexpressive in the early 1970's which has led to the increase of doujinshi sales.[31] During this period, companies began to publish and sell doujinshi[31]

Imerman's Angels

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1st Source[32]

  • Written by the founder of Imerman's Angel in Huffington Post
  • Transitioning to normal life can be very difficult for cancer patients
  • He made a goal to help fellow fighters like himself
  • The non-profit link cancer patients with cancer survivors for emotional support

2nd Resource[33]

  • August 2012 - Imerman Angels have a database of more than 4,000 cancer survivor mentors.
  • August 2012 - Imerman Angels has made more than 8,000 matches worldwide.

Imerman Angels

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Imerman Angels is a non-profit organization founded in the United States in 2006 that provides one-on-one support, resources, and guidance for cancer fighters and caregivers. Jonny Imerman founded the organization after he was struck by testicular cancer in 2003 and realized the need for one on one mental support. [34]Imerman Angels connects cancer patients with cancer survivors to provide assistance through their journey from having cancer to being cancer-free[32]. Patients are connected with nearby mentors through a database of over 4,000 survivors.[33]

Imerman Angels has a total of 6,000 Mentor Angels throughout 65 different countries and 50 states with a 10,000 matches since its formal beginning. One fifth of these matches are breast cancer survivors. Of those 2000 matches, 1,165 are subscribed as Mentor Angels.[35]

The organization's headquarters is located in Chicago, Illinois on Randolph and Wells street.

Imerman Angels
Formation2006; 18 years ago (2006)
FounderJonny Imerman
Typenon-profit organization
PurposeProviding one-on-one cancer support.
HeadquartersChicago, Illinois, U.S.
Ben Bornstein
Websiteimermanangels.org

Mission

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Imerman Angels is a non-profit which aims to provide personalized connections that enable one-on-one support among cancer fighters, survivors and caregivers. The organization focuses on impacting those touched by cancer, creating awareness and inspiring survivors, creating community, building alliances and raising funds. Their goal is to match anyone with any cancer type who is seeking support with a mentor who has survived the same type of cancer in order to guide them through the treatment and recovery process. Their service is absolutely free and helps anyone who has been affected by any type of cancer, at any cancer stage level, at any age, and living anywhere in the world.[36]

Organizational Structure (Potential mini bio section)

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Jonny Imerman

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Jonny Imerman is the founder of the organization. Imerman was diagnosed with cancer when he realized something was wrong while out shooting pool with friends in Ann Arbor, MI, when a sharp pain doubled him over.[37] Imerman had support from family and friends but hadn't met anyone his age who was a cancer survivor. He wanted to talk to someone just like him, someone who had already faced the same type of cancer. By the age of 29 he had beaten the disease twice and decided to create an organization that provided mental support for cancer patients . Imerman moved from Michigan to Chicago to in order to continue building the morale of other patients by trading stories and attempting to ensure no one fights the disease alone. [38]

Imerman was awarded the LSA Humanitarian Service Award from his works in Imerman Angels.

Imerman now spends his time meeting with patients,angels and donors. He holds and speaks at many events and fundraisers while also living a vegan and alcohol free lifestyle.

History

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Imerman Angels was founded in 2006 by Jonny Imerman after being first diagnosed with cancer. Originally from Michigan, Imerman felt an absence in a support system that provided one-on-one support to cancer patients. After battling cancer, Imerman decided to move to Chicago to create a his vision of a support network that would connect cancer fighters with cancer survivors. [39]

2006-2008

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By 2007, Imerman Angels connected 800 survivors, fighters and caregivers to a support network). The organization hosted over 13 events and attended 4 national conferences in efforts to raise funds. (CITATION IS 2007 IMERMAN FINANCIAL REPORT. In 2008, the amount of yearly connections to support groups grew to 1,300 (2008 FINANCIAL REPORT).

2009-2011

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In 2009, the organization continued to grow its support network and connected 2,500 survivors in all 50 states and approximately 35 countries. (2009 FINANCIAL REPORT)

In 2009, Imerman Angels partnered with Chicago boutique chain, Akira, to host the sixth annual Garden of Eden Fashion show to spread awareness for the cancer support group. [40]

2012-2014

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Since its formal creation Imerman Angels has a database of more than 4,000 Mentor Angels assisting in the process of more than 8,000 matches.[33]

In 2014 Imerman Angels hosted a party at the Birmingham Athletic Club to celebrate its launch in Michigan. The event aims to spread awareness of the significance of Imerman Angels to the cancer community in Detroit. [41]

2015-Current

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In January 2016, Ben Bornstein, a three time cancer survivor, was named the new CEO and executive director of Imerman Angels. This shift in leadership represented the first step in expanding the organization's presence in New York and Los Angeles.

In 2016, Phi Gamma Nu began a partnership with Imerman Angels and Tom Jones Challenger League to fund research for lung cancer, among other things.[42]

During the set of Blade Runner 2, Ryan Gosling partnered with Omaze to benefit three organizations: Enough Project, Imerman Angels, and Hummingbird Foundation.[43][44]

In 2017 Imerman Angels celebrated its fourth annual Wings of Hope Gala at the Four Seasons Hotel in Chicago. It was to raise funds to assist Imerman Angels in their one-on-one support and provide more resources to cancer fighters, survivors and caregivers. [45]

Imerman Angels and MyLifeLine.org, an online support system for cancer patients, have currently partnered to build a support community of family and friends through free, personalized websites. [46]

In 2017, Imerman Angels becomes a beneficiary for @gives back. [47]. @gives back is a Community Foundation that is comprised of agents, employees and people involved with @properties. @gives back partners with its corporate sponsors to cover high medical bills of families.[48] This year @give back has partnered with Imerman Angels to help fundraise money.

Campaigns

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Cancer Support Programs

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Imerman Angels provides one-on-on support to recovering cancer patients or individuals. Imerman Angels also provides financial assistance through fundraising and donations from their donors. Studies suggest that cancer support groups helped to create a positive environment for cancer patients and in some instances, increase longetivity.[49] Online cancer support groups also assist with cancer patients of questions regarding their disease. Online support groups are another alternative for cancer patients unable to get a physical support . [50]

Annotated Bibliography

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Jonny Imerman is the founder of Imerman Angel. He was struck of testicular cancer in October 2001 and recovered and has been cancer-free for about ten years. However, he found that it was difficult to adapt to society even after he recovered from cancer. Thus, he founded a mentor program that directs cancer patients with survivors to assist them to their journey to recovery. He thinks that recovery is more than cancer-free but being able to have the resources to return into their normal lives.[32]

" I've been there. I beat it. And so will you."[33] Jonny Imerman, founder of Imerman's Angel, stated. Imerman's Angel directs cancer patients with cancer survivors to provide assistance through their journey from cancer to being cancer-free. He was struck by testicular cancer at the age of 26 and along his journey to recover, he found cancer patients like him who were struggling with their sickness. He decided to build an organization that connects cancer patients with cancer survivors for guidance and mental support. Imerman's Angel connects patients with mentor who live in the same city using a database of more than 4,000 survivors. [33]

Patients that receive a cancer diagnosis need a good support system to cope. Cancer is a life-changing event, which affects patients differently. Patients experience a variety of symptom: from depression and anxiety to nausea and anorexia because of their cancer and/or treatment. These experiences will often leave patients feeling irritable, in pain and unable to cooperate. For these reasons, nonprofit organizations (and other support agencies) like Imerman’s Angels offer one-on-one support to patients.[51]

Cancer affects young patients (and youths with parents who have cancer) on an intense level. Helping them understand what is happening and what they can expect can be very difficult and requires a clear explanation. The stress of their experiences with cancer can lead to risky or rebellious behavior in youths and is a sign that they may need help. This highlights the importance of support resources like Imerman’s Angels: a group that pairs a cancer patient to a cancer survivor who serves as a mentor.[52]

This source has valuable statistical data that can be added to the wikipedia page. This data pertains to the year 2012 and can be a part of a measuring stick to show the growth of the organization. in 2012, Imerman Angels had a database of more than 4,000 survivor mentors had has made over 8,000 matches in more than 65 countries. [53]

2017 marked the second year of Ben Borstein position as CEO. Ben Borstein is a Harvard Law and Business pedigree who has survived cancer three times. This source also gives hard numbers to the size of the company in terms of employees, mentors and connections made as of 2017. Source also includes various personal information of the organization's CEO but this additional information is not relevant to the overall article. [54]

"Support, through a therapist or a group like Imerman Angels, which offers mentors to survivors, patients and caregivers, is key, experts said." The hardest parts for some patients who are going through chemotherapy are after their last treatment. Often survivors of cancer have a difficult time after surviving cancer. Studies show that the affects of cancer continue to rollover and can cause depression even after a patient has beat cancer. Survivors try to return to their normal lives but cannot seem to feel "normal" again. [55]

Imerman Angels plans to launch a website that is entirely in spanish. By having a spanish website they hope it will help the latino community and their families. Currently, the have their first bilingual supporter, Christina Benaiges. [56]

Annette Sollars, owner of Eye Want, was 45 when she was aware that she carried the breast cancer gene. Ms. Sollars states that “Medicaid paid to have my cancer removed; it would not pay to rebuild me, nor would my Obamacare, You walk out of the office, you’re done. Go figure it out on your own. And that has to be my largest complaint about the whole, entire process.” Sollars has been a Imerman’s angel for the past six years where she served as a mentor to others. Imerman Angels is a local cancer support community that matches cancer patients with survivors and caregivers. Sollars is in the process of opening a modern medicine shop that focuses on post-surgery wear for customers with any condition. [57]

Imerman had great support from his family and friends. This life experience led Imerman to the conclusion that no patient should never have to take this journey alone. By 2006, Imerman Angels was formally launched, with a main focus on one to one support for the cancer community. Imerman Angels is headquartered in Chicago, but has been gaining support in Los Angeles and is working on having full-time presence in New York. Although one-on-one matches was the primary focus, some Angels have more than one patient at a time. Many cancer fighters who beat the disease and have been mentored by Imerman Angels end up becoming Angels themselves. Imerman Angels is a completely free service funded by private and corporate donations.[34]

The article explains how Jonny discovered his disease and how he uses exercise to stay healthy.The article also shows that Imerman Angels has matched 6,000 survivor mentors, or angels, with a patient of the same gender, age and cancer type. The nonprofit has a 10-person staff and a one million dollar budget. [37]

Short video and article talking to Jonny Imerman on why he started the organization and what it does. The info comes from Jonny himself and he explains that he waited too long to see a doctor and encourages others to see one as soon as they think something is wrong. HE puts emphasis on healthy living and holistic healing for cancer patients. [58]

Project Fierce

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Source 1

  • Between 20%-40% of homeless youth in America identify within the LGBTQ spectrum.
  • Homeless LGBTQ youth are twice as likely to be physically assaulted.
  • Project Fierce is a collective of social workers, advocates and community members.
  • The organization recently purchased a home in North Lawndale that will house 10-12 LGBTQ young adults. (April 2017)


Source 2

  • Project Fierce help a online fundraiser on Ingiegogo.
  • The organization aimed to raise $10,000 in order to purchase to make a downpayment on a foreclosed building on either the city's South or West side. (May 2013)

Hola!!!

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Hello, my name is ??? and I love cartoons close enough

  1. ^ Benshoff, Harry M., 1963- (2006). Queer images : a history of gay and lesbian film in America. Griffin, Sean. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Pub. ISBN 978-0-7425-6857-0. OCLC 276105911.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zsila, Ágnes; Pagliassotti, Dru; Urbán, Róbert; Orosz, Gábor; Király, Orsolya; Demetrovics, Zsolt (2018). "Loving the love of boys: Motives for consuming yaoi media". PloS One. 13 (6): e0198895. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198895. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6002055. PMID 29902228.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Bailey, Catherine E. (2017-05-22). "Prince Charming by Day, Superheroine by Night? Subversive Sexualities and Gender Fluidity in Revolutionary Girl Utena and Sailor Moon". doi:10.4225/03/59227cfd65816. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b c "The Magnificent Forty-Niners". rachel-matt-thorn-en (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-11-14.
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  7. ^ a b c Thorn, Rachel. "Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Robertson, Jennifer (1992). "the politics of androgyny in Japan: sexuality and subversion in the theater and beyond". American Ethnologist. 19 (3): 419–442. doi:10.1525/ae.1992.19.3.02a00010. ISSN 1548-1425.
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  10. ^ Walthall, Anne (2000-5), Review of Pflugfelder, Gregory M., Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse 1600-1950, H-Japan, H-Review, retrieved 2019-11-15 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Murai, Shusuke (2015-10-23). "Shibuya Ward to accept applications for certificates to recognize same-sex partnerships". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
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  16. ^ Murai, Shusuke (2015-10-23). "Shibuya Ward to accept applications for certificates to recognize same-sex partnerships". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
  17. ^ "The censorship problems faced by anime and manga fans – Organization for Transformative Works". Retrieved 2019-11-21.
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  20. ^ a b c Otmazgin, Nissim (2014). "Anime in the US: The Entrepreneurial Dimensions of Globalized Culture". Pacific Affairs. 87 (1): 53–69. ISSN 0030-851X.
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