Col. Billie Mayfield (né William Nicholas Mayfield II; 26 September 1875 Burton, Texas – 14 April 1963 Brenham, Texas) was a Texas newspaper journalist who had been an exponent of the Ku Klux Klan. In the 1910s and 1920s, he was a reporter for the Houston Chronicle. From 1922 to 1924, he published and edited his own pro-Ku Klux Klan newspaper, Billie Mayfield's Weekly – variously called Col. Billy Mayfield's Weekly, and Col. Billy's Fiery Cross. Billy Mayfield was not related to to Earle Mayfield (1881–1964), a Klansman who became a Texas (1907–1913) and U.S. Senator (1923–1929).
Runs for public office
editAttempted arrest of C.V. Sanders
editOn August 30, 1920, Col. Billie Mayfield attempted to arrest C.V. Mayfield, editor of the Houston Press. Mayfield was accused of overstepping an imposed Marshall Law was charged under 96th Article of War (see Uniform Code of Military Justice) "for conspiracy to commit an act tending to bring the military service into disrepute," through the attempted arrest of G.V. Sanders, editor of the Houston Press at the Houston Country Club.
In a court-martial trial, on September 8, 1920, he signed a statement accepting full responsibility for the mishap.[1]
- San Antonio Express (September 9, 1920). "Mayfield Accepts Responsibility for Sanders Episode". Vol. 55, no. 253. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Portal to Texas History.
- §1: Putative Articles. Article 96: General Article. Articles of War. (on June 4, 1920, Congress enacted 121 Articles of War that went into effect on February 4, 1921, except for Articles 2, 23, and 45, which became effective immediately). Article 96 remained.
- Note: In 1916, Congress, for the first time, explicitly authorized peacetime court-martial jurisdiction for specific non-capital offenses.[2] (a non-capital offense is a crime that is not punishable by death).
- ARTICLE. 96. GENERAL ARTICLE. – Though not mentioned in these articles, all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the military service, and all crimes or offenses not capital, of which persons subject to military law may be guilty, are to be taken cognizance of by a general or special or summary court-martial, according to the nature and degree of the offense, and punished at the discretion of the court.
- Rarick, John Richard (1924–2009), U.S. Representative for Louisiana (June 9, 1969). "Extensions of Remarks: Justice Douglas – A Clear and Present Danger" → "[No. 646—October term, 1968, Supreme Court of the United States] James F. O'Callahan v J[acob] J. Parker, Warden [U.S. Penitentiary, Lewisburg] – On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. [June 2, 1969]". United States Congressional Record – Proceedings and Debates of the 91st Congress – First Session (footnote #4). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 15253–15259. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Google Books. Vol. 15, Part II. May 27, 1969, to June 9, 1969 → see 91st U.S. Congress.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Career
editMayfield, beginning around 1942, was editor of the Coleman County Chronicle, while Milton Robert Autry (1915–1998) served in the Armed Forces. Roy Allen Autry, Sr. (1892–1965) was owner-manager. Mayfield resigned January 1, 1943.
- Note: Before editing Billie Mayfield's Weekly, he had been a reporter for the Houston Chronicle. Mayfield was a friend of George W. Armstrong. link → another clip another clip on racism
- From Cameron's dissertation: "former colonel in the Texas National Guard, filled his paper with religious and racial bigotry and targeted African Americans, Mexican Americans, Catholics, Jews, and Anglos who did not conform to Klan ideals.31 It was through the pages of Colonel Mayfield’s Weekly that the Klan’s push for political dominance became entangled in white Houston Baptists’ role as the custodians of morality in the city."[3]
Colonel Mayfield's Weekly
edit- Colonel Mayfield's Weekly, Houston, 1921–1925. Billie Mayfield, Jr. (ed.) LCCN sn86089397, OCLC 14291433 (all editions). (Mayfield was publisher from inception until he sold it to Charles K. Diggs of San Antonio in September 1924). Also, a member from San Antonio was Charles K. Diggs, publisher of the weekly Klan paper, American Forum,[4] who purchased Colonel Mayfield's Weekly from Houstonian Billie Mayfield, a veteran of World War I and the Spanish-American War.[5]
- The American Forum. LCCN sn86089551 , OCLC 14341219 (all editions).
- "Billie Mayfield, Jr., Chroniclings of Billie" (Houston: Southwestern Press, 1916).
Galveston longshoreman's strike
editHe had formerly been a Colonel in the Texas National Guard and a veteran of the Spanish-American War and World War I. Col. Mayfield, in 1920, had been appointed by Governor Hobby to enforce the imposed martial law in Galveston where he attempted to arrest the editor of the Galveston News.
Lieutenant Governor Willard Arnold Johnson (1862–1923) opposed what he regarded as autocracy. Brig. Gen. Jacob Franklin Wolters (1871–1935) – whose brother, Edmund Theodore Wolters (1875–1942), was a Klansman from Lane City[6] – commanded more than one thousand Texas National Guardsmen during a four-month occupation of Galveston. Col. Mayfield was appointed Provost Marshall.
Re: Stumble for overstepping his authority as Provost Marshall in the arrest of G.V. Sanders,[7][8][a] editor of the Houston Press, for opining, "Governor Hobby has been led into a number of bonehead plays during his administration, but his declaration of martial law is by far the worst of all.[9]
Quote from G.V. Sanders
- G. V. Sanders, editor of the Houston Press, opined, "Governor Hobby has been led into a number of bonehead plays during his administration, but his declaration of martial law is by far the worst of all."[9] In Galveston, an anonymous "large businessman" stated that 90 percent of the city's employers were satisfied with their workers and opposed the open shop. They had no desire to stir up labor trouble. Even some of the national guardsmen appeared to be dissatisfied with Hobby's decision. In Houston, officials issued arrest warrants for forty-nine soldiers who refused to report for duty in Galveston. When asked why, many of the men stated they had signed up to fight overseas, not against strikers in their own state.[10][11]
- Houston Press (June 7, 1920). "n.t.".
- Houston Press (June 11, 1920). "n.t.".
From Maroney's article
- "In September, the Houston Labor Journal charged Colonel Billie Mayfield of the Texas National Guard with attempting to kidnap the editor of the Houston Press, G.V. Sanders, at the Houston Country Club, some fifty miles away from the Galveston military zone. Sanders allegedly had published articles which Mayfield claimed might incite Galveston residents to riot. According to the Labor Journal, a subsequent military court-martial acquitted Mayfield. Several labor papers made countercharges, contending that Wolters and Mayfield staged a fake riot with troops impersonating union longshoremen, while uniformed guardsmen rushed in with fixed bayonets to crush 'a great riot' as motion pictures were taken of the whole scene."[12][13]
- From the Cameron Herald – "Brigadier General Jacob F. Wolters, the Guard commander, was sarcastically nicknamed 'King Jake' and 'General Dissappointement'. A thin-skinned National Guard officer ordered the arrest of The Press editor, G.V. Sanders. The result was a bizzar episode staight out of slap-stick comedy".[14][15]
- Fort Worth Star-Telegram (September 19, 1920). "Galveston Provost Marshall Freed on Charge of Ordering Kidnapping of Houston Editor". Vol. 40, no. 230 (Home ed.). p. 1. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
Bibliography
editAnnotations
edit- ^ G.V. Sanders (né Gold Viron Gribble Sanders; aka Gold Vernon Sanders; 1891–1975) never used his first name, "Gold," until retirement. (Henderson, January 28, 1976)
Notes
edit- ^ San Antonio Express, September 9, 1920.
- ^ Rarick, June 9, 1969, p. 15259.
- ^ Cameron, August 2017. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFCameron,_August2017 (help)
- ^ Mock, 1997, p. 105.
- ^ Bryan Eagle, September 13, 1924. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFBryan_Eagle,_September_13,1924 (help)
- ^ Walters, May 2018, p. 115. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFWalters,_May2018 (help)
- ^ Henderson, January 28, 1976. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFHenderson,_January_28,1976 (help)
- ^ Fort Worth Star-Telegram, March 21, 1964. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFFort_Worth_Star-Telegram,_March_21,1964 (help)
- ^ a b Houston Press, June 7, 1920.
- ^ Houston Press, June 11, 1920.
- ^ Abel, January 2007, p. 331. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFAbel,_January2007 (help)
- ^ Weekly Dispatch, et al. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFWeekly_Dispatch,_et_al. (help)
- ^ Maroney, March 1978, p. 37. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFMaroney,_March1978 (help)
- ^ Fort Worth Star-Telegram, September 19, 1920.
- ^ Haile, June 1, 1986. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFHaile,_June_1,1986 (help)
References
edit- Abel, Joseph (January 2007). "The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike of 1920–1921". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 110 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 316–347. JSTOR 30240451. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 5542879310, 5183556509, 4639686261.
- Abel, Joseph (December 2004). Opening the Closed Shop: The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike, 1920–1921 (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis: History). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 60552656, 748906550.
- Autry, Mahan Blair (1881–1971) (2001) [1964]. The Family and Descendants of Captain John Autry – The Autry Family of the Southern States and Texas, 1745–1963. Boston: Higginson Book Co. (originally published in Corsicana, Texas, 1964).
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 52568058 (all editions), OCLC 1048539410 (all editions).
- Bryan Morning Eagle (September 13, 1924). "American Forum Purchases Mayfield Weekly – Combined". Vol. 28, no. 54. Bryan, Texas. p. 5. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn86-88652, OCLC 14148229 (all editions).
- Cameron, David Jeffrey (August 2017). "Race and Religion in the Bayou City: Latino/A, African American, and Anglo Baptists in Houston's Long Civil Rights Movement" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- Henderson, Nat, Jr. (1923–1986) (January 28, 1976). "Centex Scene". The Austin American-Statesman (tribute to G.V. Sanders). Vol. 105, no. 129. p. 38. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Maroney, James C[arrington] (1984). "Labor's Struggle for Acceptance: The Houston Worker in a Changing Society, 1900–1929" (PDF). The Houston Review (journal). 6 (1). Houston Public Library: 5–24. Retrieved May 10, 2021 "In Texas, the Red Scare atmosphere became apparent in Colonel Billie Mayfield's use of the race issue and the question of unionism to increase the size of the Texas National Guard. Mayfield's circular letter, a follow-up to an appeal for one hundred dollar contributions by General Jacob F. Wolters of the 7th Cavalry regiment in Houston, proposed to explain in detail the need for additional troops in Houston. Mayfield claimed 'a great feeling of unrest [existed] among the negroes of this country accentuated by the returning A.E.F. negroes' and IWW agitation."
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 0272-4030, OCLC 5298290 (all editions).
- Stone, Bryan Edward (May 2003). "West of Center: Jews on the Real and Imagined Frontiers of Texas" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 847283445.
- Watson, Dwight [David], PhD (August 2004). "In the Name of Progress and Decency: The Response of Houston's Civic Leaders to the Lynching of Robert Powell in 1928" (PDF). Houston Review of History and Culture (journal). 1 (2). University of Houston, Center for Public History: 26–30. Retrieved May 10, 2021 "Colonel Billie Mayfield led the growth of the Klan in Houston."
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 1550-493X, OCLC 54401105 (all editions).
- Walters, Katherine Kuehler (née Katherine Kennis Kuehler) (May 2018). "The 1920s Texas Ku Klux Klan Revisited: White Supremacy and Structural Power in a Rural County" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Bar, Peaked Hill; Mayfield, John Simon (1904–1983) (October 1960). "Eugene O'Neill and the Senator From Texas". The Yale University Library Gazette. 35 (2). New Haven: Yale University Library: 87–93. JSTOR 40857880. Retrieved May 10, 2021 (Col. Billy Mayfield, editor of The Fiery Cross, variously called Col. Billy Mayfield's Weekly, and Col. Billy's Fiery Cross – the Col. is no relation to Earle Mayfield).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 0044-0175 (publication), OCLC 6878366, 47912818, 5543312069 (article).
References – Longshoremen's strike of 1920
edit
- Fort Worth Star-Telegram (March 21, 1964). "Houston Press Ends Operation After Purchase by Chronicle" (AP). Vol. 84, no. 50 (Morning ed.). p. 5 (section 3). Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- Haile, [Roy] Bartee (born 1945) (June 1, 1986). "This Week in Texas History" ... "Governor Cracks Down on Dock Strike". The Cameron Herald. Vol. 128, no. 28. Cameron, Texas. p. 1. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Maroney, James C[arrington] (March 1978). "The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike of 1920" (PDF). East Texas Historical Journal. Article 8. 16 (1). Nacogdoches: Stephen F. Austin State University. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via CORE.
- San Antonio, Weekly Dispatch, October 2, 1920; Houston, Labor Journal, August 28, September 11, 25, 1920; El Paso, Labor Advocate, September 3, 1920. "W.E. Carroll [Secretary of the Houston Labor and Trades Council, from about 1918 to about 1924] to Hon. W.B. Wilson [U.S. Secretary of Labor], August 31, 1920". file 17/1253. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, Records (Record Group 280, NARA)
{{cite news}}
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,|lay-url=
, and|lay-source=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- Labor Journal. OCLC 19039604 (all editions).
- Weekly Dispatch. LCCN sn86089535 , OCLC 14395782, 1235544918, 18827574, 421363114.
- Labor Advocate. OCLC 14643117 (all editions).
Bibliography
editAnnotations
editNotes
editReferences
edit- Abel, Joseph (January 2007). "The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike of 1920–1921". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 110 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 316–347. JSTOR 30240451. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 5542879310, 5183556509, 4639686261.
- Abel, Joseph (December 2004). Opening the Closed Shop: The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike, 1920–1921 (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis: History). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 60552656, 748906550.
- Autry, Mahan Blair (1881–1971) (2001) [1964]. The Family and Descendants of Captain John Autry – The Autry Family of the Southern States and Texas, 1745–1963. Boston: Higginson Book Co. (originally published in Corsicana, Texas, 1964).
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 52568058 (all editions), OCLC 1048539410 (all editions).
- Bryan Morning Eagle (September 13, 1924). "American Forum Purchases Mayfield Weekly – Combined". Vol. 28, no. 54. Bryan, Texas. p. 5. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn86-88652, OCLC 14148229 (all editions).
- Cameron, David Jeffrey (August 2017). "Race and Religion in the Bayou City: Latino/A, African American, and Anglo Baptists in Houston's Long Civil Rights Movement" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- Henderson, Nat, Jr. (1923–1986) (January 28, 1976). "Centex Scene". The Austin American-Statesman (tribute to G.V. Sanders). Vol. 105, no. 129. p. 38. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Maroney, James C[arrington] (1984). "Labor's Struggle for Acceptance: The Houston Worker in a Changing Society, 1900–1929" (PDF). The Houston Review (journal). 6 (1). Houston Public Library: 5–24. Retrieved May 10, 2021 "In Texas, the Red Scare atmosphere became apparent in Colonel Billie Mayfield's use of the race issue and the question of unionism to increase the size of the Texas National Guard. Mayfield's circular letter, a follow-up to an appeal for one hundred dollar contributions by General Jacob F. Wolters of the 7th Cavalry regiment in Houston, proposed to explain in detail the need for additional troops in Houston. Mayfield claimed 'a great feeling of unrest [existed] among the negroes of this country accentuated by the returning A.E.F. negroes' and IWW agitation."
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 0272-4030, OCLC 5298290 (all editions).
- Mock, Shirley Boteler (1997). "Chapter 5 – San Antonio, Texas, 1900–1940: A Period of Mutual Aid". In Fox, Anne A.; Renner, Marcie; Hard, Robert J. (eds.). Archaeology at the Alamodome: Investigations of a San Antonio Neighborhood in Transition – Volume I – "Historical, Architectural, and Oral History Research" (PDF). San Antonio: Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, Archaeological Survey Report, No. 236. OCLC 808889039. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- Stone, Bryan Edward (May 2003). "West of Center: Jews on the Real and Imagined Frontiers of Texas" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 847283445.
- Watson, Dwight [David], PhD (August 2004). "In the Name of Progress and Decency: The Response of Houston's Civic Leaders to the Lynching of Robert Powell in 1928" (PDF). Houston Review of History and Culture (journal). 1 (2). University of Houston, Center for Public History: 26–30. Retrieved May 10, 2021 "Colonel Billie Mayfield led the growth of the Klan in Houston."
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 1550-493X, OCLC 54401105 (all editions).
- Walters, Katherine Kuehler (née Katherine Kennis Kuehler) (May 2018). "The 1920s Texas Ku Klux Klan Revisited: White Supremacy and Structural Power in a Rural County" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Bar, Peaked Hill; Mayfield, John Simon (1904–1983) (October 1960). "Eugene O'Neill and the Senator From Texas". The Yale University Library Gazette. 35 (2). New Haven: Yale University Library: 87–93. JSTOR 40857880. Retrieved May 10, 2021 (Col. Billy Mayfield, editor of The Fiery Cross, variously called Col. Billy Mayfield's Weekly, and Col. Billy's Fiery Cross – the Col. is no relation to Earle Mayfield).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 0044-0175 (publication), OCLC 6878366, 47912818, 5543312069 (article).
References – Longshoremen's strike of 1920
edit
- Fort Worth Star-Telegram (March 21, 1964). "Houston Press Ends Operation After Purchase by Chronicle" (AP). Vol. 84, no. 50 (Morning ed.). p. 5 (section 3). Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- Haile, [Roy] Bartee (born 1945) (June 1, 1986). "This Week in Texas History" ... "Governor Cracks Down on Dock Strike". The Cameron Herald. Vol. 128, no. 28. Cameron, Texas. p. 1. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Maroney, James C[arrington] (March 1978). "The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike of 1920" (PDF). East Texas Historical Journal. Article 8. 16 (1). Nacogdoches: Stephen F. Austin State University. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via CORE.
- San Antonio, Weekly Dispatch, October 2, 1920; Houston, Labor Journal, August 28, September 11, 25, 1920; El Paso, Labor Advocate, September 3, 1920. "W.E. Carroll [Secretary of the Houston Labor and Trades Council, from about 1918 to about 1924] to Hon. W.B. Wilson [U.S. Secretary of Labor], August 31, 1920". file 17/1253. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, Records (Record Group 280, NARA)
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|lay-date=
,|lay-url=
, and|lay-source=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- Labor Journal. OCLC 19039604 (all editions).
- Weekly Dispatch. LCCN sn86089535 , OCLC 14395782, 1235544918, 18827574, 421363114.
- Labor Advocate. OCLC 14643117 (all editions).
Test[1]
Bibliography
editAnnotations
editNotes
editReferences
edit- Abel, Joseph (January 2007). "The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike of 1920–1921". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 110 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 316–347. JSTOR 30240451. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 5542879310, 5183556509, 4639686261.
- Abel, Joseph (December 2004). Opening the Closed Shop: The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike, 1920–1921 (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis: History). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 60552656, 748906550.
- Autry, Mahan Blair (1881–1971) (2001) [1964]. The Family and Descendants of Captain John Autry – The Autry Family of the Southern States and Texas, 1745–1963. Boston: Higginson Book Co. (originally published in Corsicana, Texas, 1964).
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 52568058 (all editions), OCLC 1048539410 (all editions).
- Bryan Morning Eagle (September 13, 1924). "American Forum Purchases Mayfield Weekly – Combined". Vol. 28, no. 54. Bryan, Texas. p. 5. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn86-88652, OCLC 14148229 (all editions).
- Cameron, David Jeffrey (August 2017). "Race and Religion in the Bayou City: Latino/A, African American, and Anglo Baptists in Houston's Long Civil Rights Movement" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- Henderson, Nat, Jr. (1923–1986) (January 28, 1976). "Centex Scene". The Austin American-Statesman (tribute to G.V. Sanders). Vol. 105, no. 129. p. 38. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Maroney, James C[arrington] (1984). "Labor's Struggle for Acceptance: The Houston Worker in a Changing Society, 1900–1929" (PDF). The Houston Review (journal). 6 (1). Houston Public Library: 5–24. Retrieved May 10, 2021 "In Texas, the Red Scare atmosphere became apparent in Colonel Billie Mayfield's use of the race issue and the question of unionism to increase the size of the Texas National Guard. Mayfield's circular letter, a follow-up to an appeal for one hundred dollar contributions by General Jacob F. Wolters of the 7th Cavalry regiment in Houston, proposed to explain in detail the need for additional troops in Houston. Mayfield claimed 'a great feeling of unrest [existed] among the negroes of this country accentuated by the returning A.E.F. negroes' and IWW agitation."
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 0272-4030, OCLC 5298290 (all editions).
- Stone, Bryan Edward (May 2003). "West of Center: Jews on the Real and Imagined Frontiers of Texas" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved May 10, 2021. OCLC 847283445.
- Watson, Dwight [David], PhD (August 2004). "In the Name of Progress and Decency: The Response of Houston's Civic Leaders to the Lynching of Robert Powell in 1928" (PDF). Houston Review of History and Culture (journal). 1 (2). University of Houston, Center for Public History: 26–30. Retrieved May 10, 2021 "Colonel Billie Mayfield led the growth of the Klan in Houston."
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 1550-493X, OCLC 54401105 (all editions).
- Walters, Katherine Kuehler (née Katherine Kennis Kuehler) (May 2018). "The 1920s Texas Ku Klux Klan Revisited: White Supremacy and Structural Power in a Rural County" (PDF) (PhD dissertation). College Station: Texas A&M University. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Bar, Peaked Hill; Mayfield, John Simon (1904–1983) (October 1960). "Eugene O'Neill and the Senator From Texas". The Yale University Library Gazette. 35 (2). New Haven: Yale University Library: 87–93. JSTOR 40857880. Retrieved May 10, 2021 (Col. Billy Mayfield, editor of The Fiery Cross, variously called Col. Billy Mayfield's Weekly, and Col. Billy's Fiery Cross – the Col. is no relation to Earle Mayfield).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 0044-0175 (publication), OCLC 6878366, 47912818, 5543312069 (article).
References – Longshoremen's strike of 1920
edit
- Fort Worth Star-Telegram (March 21, 1964). "Houston Press Ends Operation After Purchase by Chronicle" (AP). Vol. 84, no. 50 (Morning ed.). p. 5 (section 3). Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- Haile, [Roy] Bartee (born 1945) (June 1, 1986). "This Week in Texas History" ... "Governor Cracks Down on Dock Strike". The Cameron Herald. Vol. 128, no. 28. Cameron, Texas. p. 1. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- Maroney, James C[arrington] (March 1978). "The Galveston Longshoremen's Strike of 1920" (PDF). East Texas Historical Journal. Article 8. 16 (1). Nacogdoches: Stephen F. Austin State University. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via CORE.
- San Antonio, Weekly Dispatch, October 2, 1920; Houston, Labor Journal, August 28, September 11, 25, 1920; El Paso, Labor Advocate, September 3, 1920. "W.E. Carroll [Secretary of the Houston Labor and Trades Council, from about 1918 to about 1924] to Hon. W.B. Wilson [U.S. Secretary of Labor], August 31, 1920". file 17/1253. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, Records (Record Group 280, NARA)
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|lay-date=
,|lay-url=
, and|lay-source=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- Labor Journal. OCLC 19039604 (all editions).
- Weekly Dispatch. LCCN sn86089535 , OCLC 14395782, 1235544918, 18827574, 421363114.
- Labor Advocate. OCLC 14643117 (all editions).
Klansmen
edit- ^ New York Times, The (August 11, 1924). "Klan in Southwest Faces Another Test – Hopes to Nominate Its Candidate for Governor in Arkansas Primary Tomorrow". Vol. 73, no. 24306. p. 2 (column 3 of 8). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2021 – via TimesMachine. LCCN sn78-4456, ISSN 0362-4331 (via ProQuest),OCLC 1645522 (all editions), 858655519 (via ProQuest, 7764137 (microfilm), 69647843 (microfilm, International ed.).