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List of World War II aces from Czechia

This is a list of fighter aces in World War II from Czechia [1]. For other countries see List of World War II aces by country


B

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Bobek, Ladislav "Lada" 5

C

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Chábera, František 5
Čížek, Evžen 5 KIA 26 November 1940
Cukr, Václav alias "Cooper" 9 Croix de Guerre, Médaille militaire, Légion d'honneur, Distinguished Flying Cross

D

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Doležal, František "Dolly" 6 KIA 4 October 1945
Dygrýn-Ligotický, Josef D 5 KIA 4 June 1942

F

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Fechtner, Emil 5 Distinguished Flying Cross KIA 29 October 1940
Fejfar, Stanislav B 8 KIA 17 May 1942
František, Josef 17 Distinguished Flying Medal KIA 8 October 1940
Furst, Bohumil 6

H

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Hanuš, Josef Jan 5 Distinguished Flying Cross

J

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Janouch, Svatopluk 5
Jícha, Václav 7 KIFA 1 February 1945

K

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Klan, Jan 5
Kratkoruký, Bedřich 5 MIA 15 January 1943
Kučera, Jiří V 5
Kučera, Otmar 7
Kuttelwascher, Karel Miroslav "Kut" 20 Distinguished Flying Cross, Croix de Guerre

M

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Mansfeld, Miroslav Jan 12

P

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Peřina, František 12 Croix de Guerre
Plzák, Stanislav 6 MIA 7 August 1941
Prchal, Eduard 6
Příhoda, Josef 5 MIA 6 March 1943
Půda, Rajmund 5

S

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Šrom, Leopold 8
Stehlík, Josef 10 Croix de Guerre, Czechoslovak War Cross
Svetlík, Ladislav 5

V

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Name Kills Awards Notes
Vašátko, Alois 14 Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross KIA 3 June 1942
Vybíral, Tomáš 7


References

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  1. ^ Czech Republic Central Military Archives: Vojenský Ústřední Archiv (VUA) - in Czech

Czechoslovakia World War II flying aces






Czechia - the name dispute

The dispute about the name Czechia does NOT exist AT ALL, as is obvious in references :-) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
[10] Therefore, my article about it was deleted by illuminated Wikipedia admins with justification :-)))))


  1. ^ The Independent: What's in a name? Czech Republic mulls shock rebranding as Czechia [1]
  2. ^ Prague Monitor: Czechia is good name for Czech Republic, experts say [2]
  3. ^ Czechia - it is not anything new, say linguists (Czechia? To není novinka, říkají jazykovědci) - in Czech [3]
  4. ^ President’s expression of common sense: simply Czechia (Zemanův projev zdravého rozumu: Prostě Česko) - in Czech [4]
  5. ^ Czech or Czechia - what is right ? (Czech nebo Czechia – jak je to správně?) - in Czech [5]
  6. ^ Goodbye Czech Republic, hello Czechia ?(Rzeczpospolita - in Polish) [6]
  7. ^ Aktuality SK (in Slovak)[7]
  8. ^ Foreign Policy: The Czech President Would Like You to Call His Country by a New Name [8]
  9. ^ Vivat Czechia (in Czech) [9]
  10. ^ Czechia [10]

Czechia - the name dispute

“Czechia” (ˈtʃɛki.ə), the English short-form and geographical name of the Czech Republic has been disputed since the founding of the new Czech state, which was formed on January 1, 1993 with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Although Czechia has been occasionally used in the media and scholarly circles[1], the contemporary Czech state is the only one among the European countries without a widely used short name in English, while having its official equivalents practically in all other languages. Due to the unclear statements of Czech representatives to institutionalize the name, by restricting the denomination of the country only to the political name of the contemporary state “the Czech Republic”, Czechia remains lesser known in the general public and sometimes is substituted by the grammatically incorrect and practically confusing adjectival form “Czech.” This situation complicates a clear resolution of the Czech state in a historical context, both in general and particular levels of understanding the differences in the names[2].

The history and origin of the problem

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A map of parts of the country

The Czech state consists of three historical lands: Bohemia (Čechy /ˈtʃɛxi./ in Czech) - the western part, Moravia (Morava) - the eastern part, and Czech Silesia (Slezsko) - the north-eastern part (see the map). Due to the fact that the Bohemian part of the country had a higher hierarchical status in medieval times, the three lands were for centuries together called the "Bohemian Kingdom," "Lands of the Bohemian crown" or simply “Bohemia” (Čechy) in a broader meaning. This is why the name Czechia, as well as "Česko" [ˈtʃɛskɔ] in Czech, has been felt, for some inhabitants of the eastern part of the country, as more favourable for the Bohemian section, though these names in English, as in Czech, have always been proposed as a denomination for all the Czech lands, that is, for the entire country[3]. This problem actually did not exist during the existence of Czechoslovakia (1918-1989) nor before, although the status of the individual parts of the land were changed several times throughout history. With the dissolution of the Czechoslovak state during the German occupation and the annexation of Slovaks into the Nazi regime "Slovak State" between 1939 and 1945, the country was called under German pressure "Bohemia and Moravia"[4], however for a short time in the beginning of the so called "protectorate", the area was mentioned as "Czechia" in the press of English speaking countries[5]. The problem with the denomination of the Czech state emerged in 1993, at first merely as a linguistic or quasi-aesthetic question, but later also as some local (in this case Moravian - see e.g. Moravané)) reflection of the manifestation of general nationalistic or even separatist tendencies in post-communist countries (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia).


The dispute course

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Early in 1993, the name Czechia was naturally installed and incorporated into the United Nations´ list of geographical names[6] but, soon after, became a subject of discussion among Czech politicians and specialists, above all linguists and geographers., Primarily, however, the problem lied in different opinions of adopting the country´s appropriate one-word name in Czech language, i.e. “[ˈtʃɛskɔ]”, which was rejected by some authorities and also by a part of the population. Since there were no other reasonable options, the problem was not solved conclusively but simply abandoned without any definitive official decision. As a result, general usage has been limited to the political name only, i.e.,"Česká republika" in Czech, “the Czech Republic” in English, despite some recommendations in favour of Czechia issued by the The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport[7] in 1990´s.

After years of hesitation, the Czechs are finally getting accustomed to the country´s one-word name in their mother tongue, but the problem with its English form persists until today. Unfortunately, "Czechia" is currently not widespread, even though representatives of English-language countries repeatedly confirmed their preparedness to adopt it[8], and emphasized the fact that the decision depends on the Czech officials.

Unlike "Česko", its English equivalent "Czechia" can responsibly be discussed by specialists (geographers, linguists) and/or people with advanced knowledge of the English language. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of the Czech population has an opinion on the matter, regardless of their education or knowledge of the English language; only a minimum of the persons questionned do not have any opinion on the issue. English speakers involved in the problem are also diversified. They usually focus on aspects of practical usage, such as pronounciation, whereas Czech participants are more concerned with other attributes including historical and economic reasons but also special problems of understanding the meaning of Česko / Czechia in relation to the names of the "historical lands".

Czech politicians seldom participate in the discussion. They do so only on demand and possibly on official request, otherwise they commonly ignore it. They are permanently unwilling to make an official decision, partly because they are accustomed to use solely the political name, partly for fear of promoting some separatist tendencies in the state. The problem of the name appears in Czech media only sporadically and without any substantial general impact.

The results of the ambivalent attitude of Czech institutions is documented by the appellation of the country in a contemporary "Index of countries" of the Czech Statistical Office from 2012, where - besides the political name "the Czech Republic," - the short-form name is grotesquely given as "Czech republic (the)"[9]......

Throughout history, the status of many states change over time, including long-term loss of independence of the country. This seems to be one of the substantial reasons for the problem with the standardization of the Czech short name of the country, which was transported to English language in the circumvention of appellation by Czechs. The result of this confusion in English speakers (not only native), includes, among others, obvious tendencies to call Czech state throughout the history "the Czech republic", which is the blunder (including Wikipedia), because the republican system in the state did not exist until 1918. Probably the most obvious nonsense in Wikipedia can be found in the category "Centuries in the Czech Republic"[10].

Arguments

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In the current dispute, the common reasons for or against using Czechia remain the same for years, despite concrete practical issues and inconsistancy with actual facts which have been continuously brought up. The ongoing inability to find a resolution despite its being constantly discussed has its origin and history in the English name itself: its linguistic form, pronunciation, meaning and various particular problems, the overwhelming majority of which arouse due to diverse explanations of the two names (both Czechia and Česko) in various parts of the Czech lands.


Comparative list of opinions, myths and statements

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Issue Sort of problem Czechia opponents Czechia followers
General Acquaintance the name is not well known the name is not well known because it has not been promoted by appropriate institutions as was recommended[11]
Usage the name is not commonly used the name is not used because it has not been spread by appropriate institutions as was recommended
Institutionalization the name is not official, because its Czech equivalent is not included in the constitution of the Czech Republic the history of everything related to the area (in geographical and national sense) inhabited by Czechs knows many names since Samo's empire (the same applies to many other countries). All of them belong to Czech history, so it is necessary to use a unifying name for them (as many other countries do). Btw. also the name Czechoslovakia was not mentioned in the constitution. Simplification in basic denominations is necessary, otherwise the common recipient is lost in the mess.
Linguistics Origin the name is a neoplasm or neologism the first evidence of the name comes from the 17th century in original Latin denomination, and appeared in English for the first time in the 19th century[12]
Form the name is not originally English the name is a common English derivative from Latin[13], as well as Austria, Australia, Indonesia, Croatia, etc.
Pronunciation the word Czechia can be pronounced as ˈtʃɛtʃiə[14] the same problem can be in pronunciation of “Czech” as ˈtʃɛtʃ instead of ˈtʃɛk. Moreover, there are enough words in English with similar pronunciation, e.g.architect, archive, Achilles, Wallachia, etc.[15]
(quasi)-Aesthetics the word sounds weird in English it can sound weird as well as many other names of non-English speaking countries or many names in English speaking areas, which came from another origin (Idaho, Utah, Massachussets, etc., etc.)[16]
History Continuity the Czech state had different names in the past, therefore Czechia cannot be used in historical context the name can be considered as neutral, it is able of describing the state in its historical borders, therefore it can serve as a historical denomination. Example: Germany was united as late as 19th century but the name is commonly used in broader historical context[17].
Relation to political name Description the short-form name is not needed, the political name is sufficient political name cannot substitute common (short, geographical) name, having transient character, ignoring the continuity of the country in historical and cultural context and making its description from this point of view unpractical and confusing[18]
Usage using only political name is not anything exceptional, some countries also use only it, e.g. Dominican Republic or Central African Republic the history of Czech state is much longer than the history of republican state system, that's why the country needs standard denomination, understandable in any context[19].
Specific Mixing up The name can be mixed up with Chechnya[20]

• Chechnya can be mixed up with “Czech Republic” as well, as was proved in the case of ”Boston Marathon bombing” in 2013[21].
• There are more countries with similar names (Austria / Australia, Slovakia / Slovenia, Colombia / Columbia, even Georgia / Georgia, etc.). Unsufficient education cannot be any reason for changing the name[22]

Meaning Czechia means only Bohemian part of the country, ev. the name ignores Moravian (Moravian-Silesian) part of Czech lands Czechia means all Czech lands together, that is, Czechia = Bohemia + Moravia + Silesia[23]. The political name does not solve that seeming problem either.
Dignity of the name The name arose from the German denomination “Tschechei”, which was thought out and used by Hitler in pejorative sense the name origin is much oldier, than former German “Tschechei”; in addtition, the usage of it by German people is much oldier[24], than Hitler's and does not have any pejorative undertone, being still commonly used by some oldier German people, living close to the Czech borders

Other names

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In some discussions, the expressions “Czechland”[25] or “Czechlands,”[26] were mentioned as possible candidates to the country´s short name but this form has never been officially discussed. It is barely used, sometimes it occurs as the collocation "Czech lands."

The usage of the adjectival form “Czech” is relatively frequent in the general public, but it has never been officially accepted and it was completely rejected by specialists, regardless of their opinion on using Czechia. The reasons consist predominantly in grammatical incorrectness and impractical usage: it is a linguistic error where the nationality and adjective are interchanged with the name of the country, which is a rare case, if not non-existent case in English. The argument is documented usually in examples of a sentences like e.g. :”The usage of the word in Czech is not common,” from which it is not clear if the term refers to the language or country and subsequently, it all has to be explained by another sentence, or an example from some tourist guide “Beauties of Czech,” which evokes a connotation with the same characteristics of some person or language.

References

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  1. ^ Pavlínek P., Ženka J.: The 2008–2009 automotive industry crisis and regional unemployment in Central Europe (Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy & Society) [11]
  2. ^ Czechia, Czech lands or the Czech Republic (Interview with linguist Jiří Felix, opinion poll and discussion) - in Czech [12]
  3. ^ Krejčí P.: The Study on the problem of diferentiation of the terms Čechy and Česko in the Slavonic languages. [13]
  4. ^ The New York Times, March 16, 1939: Bohemia and Moravia likely to retain names [14]
  5. ^ Soviet Note to Germany, The New York Times, March 20, 1939 [15]
  6. ^ Jeleček, L.: Czechia. In: Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. Eds. S. Krech III, J. R. McNeill, C. Merchant, Vol.I., A Berkshire Reference Works, Routledge, New York &, London, pp. 279–280
  7. ^ Recommendation of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (1999) [16]
  8. ^ Statement of British Embassy in Prague [17]
  9. ^ Czech Statistical Office: Index of countries 2012 (Číselník zemí ČSÚ - CZEM), see Excel table below [18]
  10. ^ Wikipedia : Centuries in the Czech Republic [19]
  11. ^ Recommendation of Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1998) [20]
  12. ^ The Mercury, July 21, 1866: Latest from Prussia [21]
  13. ^ Horová E.: “Where are you from?“ - “I am from Czechia. [22]
  14. ^ Hubálek Z.: Czechia, nebo Czechland(s)? [23]
  15. ^ Horová E.: Record of Proceedings of the 7th Public Hearing of the Senate, May 11, 2004 (Czech)
  16. ^ Hirsch V.: Czechia - is this name really so big problem for English speakers ?[24]
  17. ^ Mathesius V.: The Czech and general linguistics, 1947, s.159: In this connection, Czech supporters of the name "Czechia" usually cite linguist Vilém Mathesius: "A confusing wealth of facts is necessary to simplify to obtain such a system of knowledge, which is clear in itself and with which can be further to work“
  18. ^ The example of an error: "Czech may refer to anything from or related to the Czech Republic" [25]
  19. ^ Jeleček, Leoš (2009). Geografické rozhledy. 19. 1 (Jméno Česko/Czechia po šestnácti letech): 19-21. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help): citation: "The question should not be WHETHER to use Czechia OR the Czech Republic - both are equally right - but we only need to distinguish WHEN and WHERE to use the first and (when and where) the second one"
  20. ^ Rechcigl.M: Usage of the Term "Czechia" or NNDB Rewrites the History [26]
  21. ^ Foreign Policy: Czech ambassador clarifies that Czech Republic is not Chechnya [27]
  22. ^ Krejčí P.: Don't be afraid of Czechia, it needs your help! (2008) [28]
  23. ^ Munzar J., Drápela M.V.: Czechia = Bohemia + Moravia + Silesia (Moravian Geographical Report. Brno: Ústav Geoniky, 1999. s. 58-61. Moravian Geographical Report, sv. 7, č. 2.)
  24. ^ CZECHIA - the name of the Czech Republic / History [29]
  25. ^ Hubálek Z.: West Nile fever in Czechland [30]
  26. ^ Jeleček L.: On the geographic name of the Czech Republic [31]

See also

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• Name of the Czech Republic
• Civic initiative Czechia

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