Parmelia sulcata is a foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is very tolerant of pollution and has a cosmopolitan distribution, making it one of the most common lichens. It harbours a unicellular Trebouxia green algal symbiont.
| Parmelia sulcata | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | Parmelia |
| Species: | P. sulcata
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| Binomial name | |
| Parmelia sulcata Taylor (1836)
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Taxonomy edit
First described by Thomas Taylor in 1836 under its current name, Parmelia sulcata has a large number of named varieties and forms, but no subspecies despite its extensive range. Most taxonomists have left the species in the genus to which Taylor originally assigned it, though mycologist Maurice Choisy assigned it to the genus Parmotrema in 1952.[2]
The genus name Parmelia is a compound of two Greek words: parme, meaning "fruit bowl" and -eileo, meaning "enclosed". This likely refers to the lecanorine apothecia of species belonging to the genus.[3] The specific epithet sulcata is derived from sulcatus, meaning "grooved" or "furrowed".[4] The species is known by a number of colloquial names, including hammered shield lichen,[5] cracked-shield lichen,[6] powdered crottle,[7] furrowed shield lichen, powdered shield, and waxpaper lichen.[8]
Description edit
Parmelia sulcata is a foliose lichen with a generally circular thallus that can range in color from glaucous white to gray on the upper cortex; the lower surface is black. The thallus is broadly lobed.[9] Each lobe measures between 2–5 mm (0.08–0.20 in) in width,[5] and lobes are overlapping.[9]
The lichen's medulla and soredia react positively with potassium hydroxide (K), turning red-orange. They react positively with para-phenylenediamene (Pd) as well, also turning orange. The lichen does not fluoresce in ultraviolet light.[9]
Distribution and habitat edit
Parmelia sulcata is a common species throughout much of the world, found from temperate to cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.[10]
Ecology edit
This species can be used to make dyes, producing a reddish-brown color.[11] Indigenous people in North America used the lichen medicinally. The Métis peoples rubbed it on the gums of teething babies, while the Saanich peoples used it for a variety of ailments, with the medicinal qualities depending on what type of tree it was harvested from.[12]
It often grows in lichen communities with other species. In the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, for example, it regularly occurs with Lobaria pulmonaria and various Nephroma species.[13]
References edit
- ^ "Synonymy: Parmelia sulcata Taylor, in Mackay, Fl. Hibern. 2: 145 (1836)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "Parmelia sulcata". MycoBank. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Hinds, James W. "Lichen Flora of Eastern North America: The Genus Parmelia Sensu Stricto". New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Stearn, William Thomas (1992). Botanical Latin: History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-7153-9901-9.
- ^ a b Brodo, Irwin W.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press. p. 484. ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4.
- ^ Houck, Michael C.; Cody, Mary Jane (2000). Wild in the City: A Guide to Portland's Natural Areas. Portland, OR, US: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-87595-273-4.
- ^ "Lichens of Welsh Atlantic Woodlands" (PDF). plantlife.org. Plantlife International. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Qian, Hong; Klinka, Karel (1998). Plants of British Columbia: Scientific and Common Names of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Lichens. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press. pp. 485, 504, 520. ISBN 978-0-7748-0652-7.
- ^ a b c Dobson, Frank S. (2011). Lichens: An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species. Slough, UK: Richmond Publishing. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-85546-315-1.
- ^ Amo de Paz, Guillermo; Cubas, Paloma; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Crespo, Ana (December 2011). "Origin and Diversification of Major Clades in Parmelioid Lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) during the Paleogene Inferred by Bayesian Analysis". PLOS ONE. 6 (12): e28161. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...628161A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028161. PMC 3234259. PMID 22174775.
- ^ Casselman, Karen Diadick (2001). Lichen Dyes: The New Source Book. Mineola, NY, US: Dover Publications. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-486-41231-3.
- ^ Ranković, Branislav, ed. (2015). Lichen Secondary Metabolites: Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential. Switzerland: Springer Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-3-319-13373-7.
- ^ Werth, S.; Wagner, H. H.; Gugerli, F.; Holderegger, R.; Csencsics, D.; Kalwij, J. M.; Scheidegger, C. (April 2006). "Epiphytic Lichen". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 87 (2): 105. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2006)87[105:el]2.0.co;2. JSTOR bullecosociamer.87.2.10.