List of shipwrecks in June 1861

The list of shipwrecks in June 1861 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during June 1861.

1 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 1 June 1861
Ship State Description
Bondinella   Italy The ship was run down and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) north west of Capen Senas, Beylik of Tunis with the loss of four of her crew.[1]
Endeavour   United Kingdom The ship collided with another vessel and sank off Europa Point, Gibraltar with the loss of two of her crew. She was on a voyage from Sulina, Ottoman Empire to Queenstown, County Cork.[2]
Lord Hungerford   United Kingdom The ship foundered. Her crew were rescued.[3]

2 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 2 June 1861
Ship State Description
Bullfinch   United Kingdom The full-rigged ship was destroyed by fire at Morant Bay, Jamaica. She was on a voyage from Jamaica to London.[4][5]
Concord   United Kingdom The ship ran aground on the Horsen Bank, off Texel, North Holland, Netherlands.[2]
Endeavour   United Kingdom The ship collided with another vessel and foundered off Europa Point, Gibraltar with the loss of two of her crew. Survivors were rescued by the brig Fortuna (  Spain). Endeavour was on a voyage from Sulina, Ottoman Empire to Queenstown, County Cork.[6]
Sylph   United Kingdom The barque foundered in the Bay of Bengal. Her crew were rescued by Indiana (  United States).[7][8]
William Henry   Confederate States of America The 95-ton sternwheel paddle steamer struck a snag and sank on the Arkansas River at Fort Smith, Arkansas.[9]

3 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 3 June 1861
Ship State Description
Demerara   United Kingdom The brig foundered in the Atlantic Ocean 100 nautical miles (190 km) east of Jamaica. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Havana, Cuba.[4][5]
Quadruple   Bermuda The schooner was wrecked at the mouth of the Ozame River, Saint Domingo.[10][11]

4 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 4 June 1861
Ship State Description
Canadian   United Kingdom The passenger steamer struck an iceberg and sank in the Strait of Belle Isle 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) north of Cape Bauld, Newfoundland, with the loss of 35 lives. Her 266 survivors were rescued by four French fishing vessels.
Nestor   United Kingdom The brigantine was wrecked on the Haisborough Sands, in the North Sea off the coast of Norfolk. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from South Shields, County Durham to Rochester, Kent.[12][2]
Paragon   United Kingdom The barque ran aground in the Strait of Malacca. She was on a voyage from Singapore, Straits Settlements to Mauritius. She was refloated and put back to Singapore in a leaky condition.[13]

5 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 5 June 1861
Ship State Description
Elizabeth   United Kingdom The brig ran aground on the East Scar Rock, on the coast of Yorkshire. She was on a voyage from Sunderland, County Durham to Hamburg. She was refloated and resumed her voyage.[14]

6 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 6 June 1861
Ship State Description
Emily Farnum   United Kingdom The ship ran aground and was damaged on the Catuama Reefs, 30 nautical miles (56 km) north of Pernambuco, Brazil. She was on a voyage from The Downs to Calcutta, India. She was refloated with assistance from the tug Camaragibe (  Brazil and towed in to Pernambuco.[15]
Greenville   United States The 105-ton sternwheel paddle steamer struck a snag and sank in the Wabash River at Terre Haute, Indiana.[16]
J. S. Parsons   Confederate States of America The full-rigged ship was abandoned in the Pass A L'Outre. She was on a voyage from New Orleans, Louisiana to Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom.[17]
Mamaranack   Confederate States of America The full-rigged ship was abandoned in the Pass A L'Outre. She was on a voyage from New Orleans to Liverpool.[17]
Thomas Mahony   United Kingdom The ship ran aground at Dungarvan, County Waterford. She was on a voyage from Dungarvan to Liverpool, Lancashire.[18]

8 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 8 June 1861
Ship State Description
Jaffa   United Kingdom The ship was wrecked near Nantucket, Massachusetts. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Sydney, Nova Scotia, British North America to New York.[19]
Merlin   United Kingdom The ship foundered off Cape Horn, Chile. Her crew were rescued by Coquimbo (  United Kingdom). Merlin was on a voyage from Valparaíso, Chile to Plymouth, Devon.[20]
Queen of the Wave   United Kingdom The ship was wrecked at Ganjam, India. She was on a voyage from Madras to Ganjam.[21]
Somerset Unknown American Civil War, Union blockade: The schooner, a blockade runner, was captured in Breton's Bay on the Maryland side of the Potomac River and burned on the Virginia shore by the armed screw steamer USS Resolute (  United States Navy).[22][23]

9 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 9 June 1861
Ship State Description
Glynn   United Kingdom The ship foundered off the Longships Lighthouse. She was on a voyage from Newport, Monmouthshire to San Sebastián, Spain.[18]

10 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 10 June 1861
Ship State Description
HMS Hydra   Royal Navy The Hydra-class sloop ran aground in the West Indies. Subsequently refloated, repaired and returned to service.[24]

11 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 11 June 1861
Ship State Description
Berse   France The brigfoundered in the Atlantic Ocean (41°14′N 10°04′W / 41.233°N 10.067°W / 41.233; -10.067). Her crew were rescued by Delia (  United Kingdom). Berse was on a voyage from Swansea, Glamorgan, United Kingdom to Barcelona, Spain.[25][26]
Osprey   United Kingdom The steamship was wrecked off Porth Neigwl, Caernarfonshire.[27]
Trois Maries   United Kingdom The schooner foundered in the North Sea off Orfordness, Suffolk, United Kingdom. Her crew were rescued.[28][29]

12 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 12 June 1861
Ship State Description
Jane   United Kingdom The barque was run down and sunk in the River Foyle by the schooner Moggie Lorimer. Her crew were rescued by the schooner.[30]
Sandwich Bay   United Kingdom The ship ran aground on the Filla Till Rocks, on the coast of Yorkshire. She was on a voyage from the River Tyne to Beer, Devon.[29]

13 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 13 June 1861
Ship State Description
Amalia   United Kingdom The ship ran aground on the Goodwin Sands, Kent. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Narva, Russia. She was refloated on 15 June and assisted in to Ramsgate, Kent.[30]
Celerity   United Kingdom The sloop ran aground on the Foreness Rock, off Margate, Kent.[31]
New Friendship   United Kingdom The schooner struck a rock and sank at the mouth of the Rance. She was on a voyage from London to Dinan, Côtes-du-Nord, France.[30][32]

15 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 15 June 1861
Ship State Description
Alarm   United Kingdom The tug suffered a boiler explosion at Bristol, Gloucestershire and sank with the loss of one of her crew.[33]
Christiana Kean   United States American Civil War: The schooner was run aground, boarded, and burned by Confederate forces in rowboats one-half mile (0.8 km) from the Virginian bank of the Potomac River off Machodoc Creek, below Mathias Point opposite Cedar Point.[34]
Guadalete   United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore at Deal, Kent. She was on a voyage from London to Constantinople, Ottoman Empire. She was refloated the next day and taken in tow for London.[30]
Hersilia   United Kingdom The ship was wrecked at "Poondy", India. She was on a voyage from London to Calcutta, India.[35]
John Fowler   United Kingdom The brig ran aground on the Walpole Rocks, on the Kent coast. She was refloated and taken in to Ramsgate, Kent.[30][29]
Lawson   United Kingdom The ship caught fire at Toulon, Var, France.[36]
Swallow   United Kingdom The ship was run down and sunk in the North Sea off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire by the steamship Lord Raglan (  United Kingdom) with the loss of a crew member. Survivors were rescued by Lord Raglan. Swallow was on a voyage from North Shields, County Durham to Havre de Grâce, Seine-Inférieure.[29][37]
Therese   France The schooner was driven ashore at Mundesley, Norfolk. United Kingdom.[30]
Zarah   United Kingdom The ship ran aground in the River Thames at Rosherville, Kent. She was on a voyage from London to the Clyde. She was refloated and resumed her voyage.[30]

16 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 16 June 1861
Ship State Description
Berenica   United Kingdom The barque was wrecked on Robben Island, Cape Colony with the loss of seven lives. She was on a voyage from an English port to Cape Town, Cape Colony.[38]
Bittern   United Kingdom The steamship ran aground on the Westplaat, in the North Sea off the Dutch coast. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands.[30] She was refloated and completed her voyage.[39]
Cataract   United States The 393-ton screw steamer burned at Erie, Pennsylvania, with the loss of four lives.[40]
Luigi   Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia The ship ran aground on the Corton Sands, in the North Sea off the coast of Suffolk, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Antwerp, Belgium to Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, United Kingdom. She was refloated with assistance and taken in to Lowestoft, Suffolk.[30]
Old England   United Kingdom The Mersey Flat was holed by her anchor and sank at Flint. Shew as on a voyage from Liverpool to Saltney, Cheshire.[19]

17 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 17 June 1861
Ship State Description
Eagle Speed   United States The full-rigged ship was wrecked on the Orestes Shoal, at the mouth of the Bassein River. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Bassein, India to Falmouth, Cornwall, United Kingdom.[21]
Thorbeke   Dantzic The schooner was driven ashore south of Landskrona, Sweden. She was on a voyage from Dantzic to Leith, Lothian, United Kingdom. She was refloated on 19 June and taken in to Landskrona for repairs.[26]

18 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 18 June 1861
Ship State Description
Agatha Maria   Netherlands The barque was wrecked on the Carang Bolang Rocks, off Tilatjap, Netherlands East Indies. All on board were rescued. She was on a voyage from Tilatjap to Amsterdam, North Holland.[21]
Asiatic   United Kingdom The ship foundered in Algoa Bay with the loss of fifteen of her 24 crew.[41][42] She was on a voyage from Akyab, Burma to Falmouth, Cornwall.[43]
Cora Anderson   Confederate States of America The 658-ton sidewheel paddle steamer struck a snag and sank in Lake Providence.[44]
Livingstone   United Kingdom The ship was wrecked at Saint John's, Newfoundland, British North America.[19]

19 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 19 June 1861
Ship State Description
Francis   United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on Mallorca, Spain. She was on a voyage from Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy to Bristol, Gloucestershire.[45]

22 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 22 June 1861
Ship State Description
Fieval   Netherlands The schooner ran aground at Narva, Russia.[17]
Maria   Russian Empire The lighter ran aground at Narva.[17]
Port Mulgrave   United Kingdom The steamship was driven ashore north of Staithes, Yorkshire. She was refloated the next day and put back to Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland.[37]
Sarah and Eliza   United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore at Bridlington, Yorkshire. She was on a voyage from Hull, Yorkshire to Newcastle upon Tyne. She was refloated and taken in to Bridlington.[37]

23 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 23 June 1861
Ship State Description
John Smith   United Kingdom The ship ran aground at Bolderāja, Russia. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Bolderāja.[17]
Traveller   United Kingdom The smack sank 8 nautical miles (15 km) south of Methil, Fife. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Leith, Lothian to Montrose, Forfarshire.[26]
Traviata   Brazil The barque was severely damaged by an onboard explosion at Cardiff, Glamorgan, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Cardiff to Lisbon, Portugal.[46][47]

24 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 24 June 1861
Ship State Description
Baltic   United Kingdom The steamship was wrecked on Veckmansground, off Dagö, Russia. All 26 people on board survived. She was on a voyage from Hull, Yorkshire to Reval, Russia.[26][48]
Fantome   United Kingdom The barque struck the Billyrock, off Port William, Falkland Islands. She was refloated and taken in to Stanley in a severely leaky condition.[49]
Gloria Deo   Denmark The ship was wrecked on Dagö. She was on a voyage from Palermo, Sicily, Italy to Cronstadt, Russia.[26]
Jessie   United Kingdom The ship ran aground in the Tigris. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland to Lisbon. She was later refloated.[50]
Keystone   Confederate States of America American Civil War: The 69-ton sidewheel paddle steamer was burned on the Mississippi River at Arkansas City, Arkansas.[51]
Senator   United Kingdom The ship was destroyed by fire in the River Thames, at Millwall, Essex.[52]
Traveller   United Kingdom The ship sank in the North Sea off Methil, Fife. Her crew survived.[53]
Workington   United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on "New Island", County Antrim.[52]

25 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 25 June 1861
Ship State Description
Commerce   United Kingdom The whaler was crushed by ice and sank in the Davis Straits.[54] Her crew survived.[55]

28 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 28 June 1861
Ship State Description
Lochnagar   United Kingdom The ship ran aground on the Red Island Reef. She was on a voyage from Gibraltar to Quebec City, Province of Canada, British North America. She broke up on 19 July.[11]
Susan Hincks   United States The ship ran aground on the Brake Sand, off the coast of Kent, United Kingdom She was refloated and towed in to The Downs.[56]

29 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 29 June 1861
Ship State Description
Hanno   Portugal The ship was wrecked 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) south of Pernambuco, Brazil. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Lisbon to Pernambuco.[10]
Louisa   France The ship capsized in the English Channel 10 nautical miles (19 km) south west of Hastings, Sussex, United Kingdom. Her six crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Sunderland, County Durham to Les Sables-d'Olonne, Vendée.[56]
Prince of Wales   United Kingdom The ship was wrecked 70 nautical miles (130 km) south of Pernambuco with the loss of all hands. She was on a voyage from the Clyde to Montevideo, Uruguay.[10]

30 June

edit
List of shipwrecks: 30 June 1861
Ship State Description
Passenger Unknown American Civil War: The sloop sank in the Potomac River, but other details are unclear. Sources disagree on whether she was a Confederate vessel captured and destroyed by the screw steamer USS Resolute (  United States Navy), with Resolute capturing one person aboard her, or a Union vessel that capsized, with Resolute rescuing one survivor.[22][23]

Unknown date

edit
List of shipwrecks: Unknown date June 1861
Ship State Description
Baltic   United Kingdom The steamship was wrecked on Veckman's Ground, off Hiiumaa, Russia. All on board were rescued. She was on a voyage from Hull, Yorkshire to Cronstadt, Russia.[57]
Baton Rouge   Confederate States of America The 65-ton sternwheel paddle steamer burned on the Tennessee River in Tennessee.[58]
Bedouin   United Kingdom The ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean before 13 June. She was on a voyage from New York, United States to Galway.[17]
Carl   Norway The ship was driven ashore near "Kloven". She was on a voyage from the River Tyne to Tromsø. She was refloated.[56]
Chieftain   United Kingdom The steamship was wrecked on a rock off Coll, Inner Hebrides before 15 June.[59]
Coronet   United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore on Hunting Island, South Carolina, Confederate States of America. She was on a voyage from Savannah, Georgia, Confederate States of America to Liverpool, Lancashire.[1]
Elizabeth Wilhelmine   Sweden The ship capsized in Sutton Pool. She was on a voyage from Stockholm to Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom.[18]
Gambia   United Kingdom The steamship was driven ashore at Lowestoft, Suffolk before 22 June.[47]
Hubet   Norway The brig became waterlogged at "Margum", Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, British North America between 4 and 13 June.[17]
Josepha   United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore at Garrucha, Spain. She was consequently condemned.[29]
Lord Raglan   United Kingdom The ship sprang a leak and was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her crew were rescued.[60]
Mary Fry   United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore in the Saint Lawrence River at Richelieu, Province of Canada, British North America. She was on a voyage from Montreal, Province of Canada to Liverpool.[1]
New Friendship   United Kingdom The ship struck a rock and sank in the Rance before 17 June. She was on a voyage from London to Dinan, Côtes-du-Nord, France.[61]
Parsee   United Kingdom The ship ran aground on the Bognor Rocks, in the English Channel off the coast of Sussex. She was on a voyage from London to Poti, Russia.[18]
Rollo   United States The fishing schooner left Halifax, Nova Scotia in mid June for the Seal Island Grounds and vanished. Lost with all 8 crew.[62][63][64]
Sparrow   United Kingdom The barque was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean before 6 June. Her crew were rescued by Allendale (  United Kingdom.[14]
Sympathy   United Kingdom The sloop ran aground on the Hauxley Sand, on the coast of Northumberland and sank. She was on a voyage from Goole, Yorkshire to Alnmouth, Northumberland.[2]
Unidentified vessel   Confederate States of America American Civil War: Confederate forces scuttled the vessel in the Warwick River in Virginia.[65]

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ a b c "Shipping Intelligence". Morning Post. No. 27294. London. 11 June 1861. p. 7.
  2. ^ a b c d "Marine Intelligence". Newcastle Courant. No. 9728. Newcastle upon Tyne. 7 June 1861.
  3. ^ "The West India and Pacific Mails". The Times. No. 24024. London. 29 August 1861. col A, p. 9.
  4. ^ a b "The West India and Pacific Mails". The Times. No. 23970. London. 27 June 1861. col A, p. 12.
  5. ^ a b "Shipping Intelligence". The Times. No. 23971. London. 27 June 1861. col E, p. 10.
  6. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 23950. London. 4 June 1861. col E, p. 12.
  7. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 24032. London. 7 September 1861. col F, p. 9.
  8. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Glasgow Herald. No. 6761. Glasgow. 12 September 1861.
  9. ^ Gaines, p. 12.
  10. ^ a b c "Ship News". The Times. No. 24001. London. 2 August 1861. col B, p. 11.
  11. ^ a b "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11537. London. 2 August 1861. p. 7.
  12. ^ "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11488. London. 6 June 1861. p. 7.
  13. ^ "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11524. London. 18 July 1861. p. 7.
  14. ^ a b "Marine Intelligence". Newcastle Courant. No. 9729. Newcastle upon Tyne. 14 June 1861.
  15. ^ "Naval Intelligence". The Times. No. 23976. London. 4 July 1861. col F, p. 10.
  16. ^ Gaines, p. 53.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 4171. Liverpool. 25 June 1861.
  18. ^ a b c d "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 4160. Liverpool. 12 June 1861.
  19. ^ a b c "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 4173. Liverpool. 27 June 1861.
  20. ^ "Plymouth, Sept. 2". Morning Post. No. 29532. London. 3 September 1861.
  21. ^ a b c "Shipping Intelligence". Morning Post. No. 27351. London. 16 August 1861. p. 7.
  22. ^ a b usnlp.org Navy Chronology of the Civil War, January-June 1861
  23. ^ a b Gaines, p. 79.
  24. ^ "Naval Disasters Since 1860". Hampshire Telegraph. No. 4250. Portsmouth. 10 May 1873.
  25. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Daily News. No. 4720. London. 27 June 1861.
  26. ^ a b c d e "Shipping Intelligence". Glasgow Herald. No. 6695. Glasgow. 27 June 1861.
  27. ^ "Llangian". North Wales Chronicle. No. 1783. Bangor. 15 June 1861.
  28. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 23958. London. 13 June 1861. col D, p. 12.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Marine Intelligence". Newcastle Courant. No. 9730. Newcastle upon Tyne. 21 June 1861.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11498. London. 18 June 1861. p. 7.
  31. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 4161. Liverpool. 13 June 1861.
  32. ^ "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11500. London. 20 June 1861. p. 7.
  33. ^ "The Late Fatal Steamboat Explsion on the Grove". Bristol Mercury. No. 3718. Bristol. 22 June 1861.
  34. ^ Gaines, p. 176.
  35. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 24023. London. 28 August 1861. col F, p. 9.
  36. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Morning Post. No. 27300. London. 18 June 1861.
  37. ^ a b c "Marine Intelligence". Newcastle Courant. No. 9731. Newcastle upon Tyne. 28 June 1861.
  38. ^ "The Cape of Good Hope Mail". The Times. No. 23999. London. 31 July 1861. col A, p. 9.
  39. ^ "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11499. London. 19 June 1861. p. 7.
  40. ^ Gaines, p. 55.
  41. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Glasgow Herald. No. 6749. Glasgow. 28 August 1861.
  42. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Morning Post. No. 27362. London. 29 August 1861. p. 7.
  43. ^ "Miscellaneous". York Herald. No. 4636. York. 7 September 1861. p. 9.
  44. ^ Gaines, p. 62.
  45. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Daily News. No. 4724. London. 2 July 1861.
  46. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mercury. No. 4170. Liverpool. 24 June 1861.
  47. ^ a b "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 11503. London. 24 June 1861. p. 7.
  48. ^ "Loss of the Steamer Baltic, of Hull". Morning Post. No. 27308. London. 27 June 1861. p. 5.
  49. ^ "Mercantile Ship News". The Standard. No. 10564. London. 3 September 1861. p. 7.
  50. ^ "Marine Intelligence". Newcastle Courant. No. 9735. Newcastle upon Tyne. 26 July 1861.
  51. ^ Gaines, p. 98.
  52. ^ a b "Ship News". The Times. No. 239. London. June 1861.
  53. ^ "Montrose Vessels Lost in 1861". Dundee Courier. No. 2628. Dundee. 13 January 1862.
  54. ^ "The Loss of the Anne, of Hull". Hull Packet. No. 4003. Hull. 4 October 1861.
  55. ^ "Marine Intelligenece". Newcastle Courant. No. 9748. Newcastle upon Tyne. 25 October 1861.
  56. ^ a b c "Marine Intelligence". Newcastle Courant. No. 9732. Newcastle upon Tyne. 5 July 1861.
  57. ^ "Loss of a Hull and Cronstadt Steamer". The Times. No. 23971. London. 28 June 1861. col D, p. 9.
  58. ^ Gaines, p. 159.
  59. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Glasgow Herald. No. 6686. Glasgow. 17 June 1861.
  60. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 23981. London. 10 July 1861. col F, p. 10.
  61. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 23964. London. 20 June 1861. col D, p. 12.
  62. ^ "Lost at sea". gloucester-ma.gov. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  63. ^ "Rollo (+1861)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  64. ^ "The Rollo". downtosea.com. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  65. ^ Gaines, p. 193.

Bibliography

edit