Gunbarlang, or Kunbarlang, is an Australian Aboriginal language in northern Australia with multiple dialects. Other names are Gungalang and Warlang. Speakers are multilingual in Kunwinjku and Mawng. Most of the Gunbarlang people now speak Kunwinjku.[4]
| Gunbarlang | |
|---|---|
| Warlang | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Arnhem Land |
| Ethnicity | Gambalang |
| Extinct | by 2016[1] |
Arnhem
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wlg |
| Glottolog | kunb1251 |
| AIATSIS[3] | N69 |
| ELP | Kunbarlang |
The language is part of a language revival project, as a critically endangered language.
Classification edit
Gunbarlang has been proposed to be included into the marne group of Gunwinyguan family,[5] making its closest relatives the Central Gunwinyguan languages Bininj Kunwok and Dalabon. The label marne refers to the phonological shape of the benefactive applicative affix common to all three languages (as opposed to the bak languages to the east, e.g. Rembarrnga, Ngandi and Wubuy/Nunggubuyu).[6]
Geographic distribution edit
Some Gunbarlang speakers live in Warruwi on South Goulburn Island and Maningrida. Historically, it was also spoken in Gunbalanya.[7]
Phonology edit
Consonants edit
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
| tense | pː | tː | ʈː | cː | kː | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | |||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | ɻ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
/ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r].
Vowels edit
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Grammar edit
Gunbarlang is a polysynthetic language with complex verb morphology. It includes polypersonal agreement, incorporation, and a number of derivational affixes. Word order in a (transitive) clause is SVO or SOV.[8][9]
Morphosyntax edit
Morphology is primarily agglutinating. Verbal morphology (rather than case marking or syntax) encodes a significant part of grammatical relations.
Verbal edit
The verb includes obligatory agreement with its core arguments in the form of bound pronouns. The subject/agent prefix precedes the object prefix. Subject prefixes form four mood series: positive indicative, "non-performative", future/intentional, and potential.[10]
The verb features derivational affixes, such as benefactive, directional, and TAM.
Nominal edit
Case in not marked on nouns and free pronouns, but bound pronouns follow nominative-accusative alignment.[11]
Gunbarlang distinguishes five noun classes on demonstratives (M, F, plants, body-parts, and inanimate), but only four on other constituents (collapsing the latter two).[12][13]
Language revival edit
As of 2020[update], Kunbarlang is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".[14]
Notes edit
- ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. xl
- ^ N69 Gunbarlang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Gunbarlang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Evans, N. (2003). Bininj Gun-Wok: A Pan-Dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune. ANU. p. 33. hdl:1885/53188.
- ^ Alpher, B., Evans, N. & Harvey, M. 2003. "Proto Gunwinyguan verb suffixes." In Nicholas Evans (ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, 305-352. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- ^ Harris 1969
- ^ Coleman 1982
- ^ Kapitonov 2019
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. 338
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. 350
- ^ Coleman 1982
- ^ Dixon 2002, p. 478
- ^ "Priority Languages Support Project". First Languages Australia. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
References edit
- Coleman, C. (1982). A Grammar of Gunbalang with Special Reference to Grammatical Relations.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press.
- Harris, Joy Kinslow (1969). "Preliminary grammar of Gunbalang". In Joy Kinslow Harris; Stephen A. Wurm; Donald C. Laycock (eds.). Papers in Australian linguistics no. 4 (PDF). Pacific Linguistics, Series A 17. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–49. doi:10.15144/PL-A17. hdl:1885/144554.
- Kapitonov, I. (2019). A Grammar of Kunbarlang (PDF) (PhD thesis). The University of Melbourne. hdl:11343/225743.
- Kapitonov, Ivan (2021). A grammar of Kunbarlang. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.