Idlib (Arabic: إِدْلِب, romanized: ʾIdlib, pronounced [ʔid.lib]; also spelt Idleb or Edlib) is a city in northwestern Syria, and is the capital of the Idlib Governorate. It has an elevation of nearly 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level, and is 59 kilometers (37 mi) southwest of Aleppo. The city was taken over by Syrian revolution at the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, and by 2017 was the seat of the Syrian Salvation Government.
Idlib
إِدْلِب | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Idlib's skyline in 1983 | |
  Idlib Location of Idlib within Syria | |
| Coordinates: 35°56′N 36°38′E / 35.933°N 36.633°E | |
| Country |  Syria |
| Governorate | Idlib |
| District | Idlib |
| Subdistrict | Idlib |
| Control |  Syrian Salvation Government |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Atef Ghanem al-Naddaf |
| Area | |
| • Total | 23 km2 (9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 500 m (1,600 ft) |
| Population (2010 census[1]) | |
| • Total | 165,000 |
| Demonym(s) | English: Idlibian Arabic: إدلبي, romanized: Idlibi |
| Area code | 23 |
| Geocode | C3871 |
| Climate | Csa |
| Website | eIdleb |
Demographics
editIn the 2004 census by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Syria, Idlib had a population of 98,791 and in 2010 the population was around 165,000. The inhabitants are mostly Sunni Muslim,[2] although there was previously a significant Christian minority, but by 2022 there was only a single elderly Christian man left in the city.[3][4][5] Idlib is divided into six main districts: Ashrafiyah (the most populous), Hittin, Hejaz, Downtown, Hurriyah, and al-Qusour.
History
editClassical Antiquity
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Idlib, along with the rest of Syria were conquered by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great, and incorporated in the Armenian Empire, only to be later conquered by the Roman Pompey the Great around 64 BC. The city was never of much significance, belonging to the province of Roman Syria under the Roman Empire, and later to the Eastern Roman province of Syria Secunda before being conquered by the Arabs around the middle of the seventh century. Not much remains from Roman and Byzantine times in the city, except in its museum. North of the city are the Dead Cities, a collection of important archaeological sites from the Byzantine era.
Ottoman era
editDuring early Ottoman rule in Syria, beginning in 1516, Idlib was a small timar (fief). The village of Idlib was founded by Fadil Ahmed Pasha, the son of Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (r. 1656–1661) who appointed him governor of Damascus Eyalet. In later years, it developed as a town with markets, bathhouses and caravanserais, including Khan Abi Ali and Khan al-Ruz.[8]
From the Köprülü period, Idlib was a center of olive production.[9] which in turn gave way to a prosperous olive-based soap industry. Although the major markets for Idlib's soap were at Aleppo, Antioch, and Hama,[10] the product was exported as far as the Ottoman capital of Istanbul. Idlib was also a major producer of cotton fabrics.[11] Western traveler Josias Leslie Porter noted that Idlib was "encompassed in olive groves, rare in this bleak region",[10] and remarked that its olive groves were larger than those of Damascus, Beirut, or Gaza. In the mid-19th-century, the town had an estimated population of 8,000, including 500 Christians.[10] In the late 19th century, Idlib was "flourishing" and still contained a number of Christian families, according to German orientalist Albert Socin.[12]
Syrian civil war and HTS takeover
edit
During the uprising since 2011, Idlib was the focus of protests and fighting in the early phase of the Syrian war. As the uprising descended into armed conflict, Idlib became the focus of a rebel campaign, which temporarily captured the city and the governorate, prior to a government offensive in April 2012. After this, government forces retook the city and the rebel-controlled province after a month of fighting, prior to the attempted enforcement of the ceasefire proposed by Kofi Annan. After the 2015 Idlib offensive in March, the rebel alliance Army of Conquest, led by the al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham, succeeded in the Second Battle of Idlib and captured the city,[13] as well as besieging the Shi'a-majority towns of Al-Fu'ah and Kafriya to the north of Idlib city.[14] In April 2015, the interim seat of the Syrian opposition's Syrian Interim Government was proposed to be Idlib,[15] in Idlib Governorate. On 23 July 2017, Tahrir al-Sham, the successor to the al-Nusra Front, expelled the remaining forces of Ahrar al-Sham from Idlib, capturing the entire city.[16]
Climate
editKöppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa).[17] Summers are hot and rainless, while winters are rainy and cool.
The all-time record high temperature was 44 °C (111 °F) on June 16, 2012.[18]
| Climate data for Idlib | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20 (68) |
21 (70) |
26 (79) |
35 (95) |
37 (99) |
44 (111) |
42 (108) |
39 (102) |
38 (100) |
37 (99) |
29 (84) |
24 (75) |
44 (111) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.2 (52.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
31.2 (88.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
23.3 (74.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
4.1 (39.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5 (23) |
−5 (23) |
1 (34) |
1 (34) |
8 (46) |
15 (59) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
13 (55) |
3 (37) |
−4 (25) |
−5 (23) |
−5 (23) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 63 (2.5) |
55 (2.2) |
43 (1.7) |
27 (1.1) |
19 (0.7) |
4 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
5 (0.2) |
21 (0.8) |
35 (1.4) |
62 (2.4) |
334 (13.2) |
| Source 1: Climate-Data.org (1991-2021 altitude: 432m)[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Voodoo Skies for record temperatures[18] | |||||||||||||
Economy
edit
Idlib is a major production center for olives, cotton, wheat and fruits, particularly cherries.[19] Other principal crops include almonds, sesame seeds, figs, grapes and tomatoes.[20] In 1995 there were roughly 300 hectares planted with various citrus crop.[21] Olive oil pressing and textiles are some of the city's local industries.[20] The nearby city of Aleppo has an important economic presence in Idlib.[19]
Idlib is a major agricultural center of Syria, the Idlib area is also historically significant, containing many "dead cities" and tells.
Because of the rapidly declining value of the Syrian pound, the Turkish lira became widespread in use in Idlib and was adopted as legal tender in the city on 15 June 2020.[22]
Culture
editThe Idlib Regional Museum in the city contains over 17,000 of the Ebla tablets and serves as Idlib's main tourist attraction, excluding the nearby ancient site of Ebla itself. Under the Technical and Financial Cooperation Agreement between the governments of Italy and Syria, the museum was to undergo a restoration and renovation project starting in 2010.[23][needs update]
Sports
editOmayya SC, founded in 1972, is the most popular football team in the city. The club played in the Syrian Premier League for the 2011-2012 season. Idlib Municipal Stadium is the main football venue in the city. 35°56′N 36°38′E / 35.933°N 36.633°E[citation needed]
Refugee and parathlete Dima Aktaa is from the city.[24]
References
edit- ^ "مدينة إدلب السورية". aljazeera.net. Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
- ^ Mroue, Bassem. "Syrian forces capture rebel stronghold near Turkey" Archived 2013-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. The Salt Lake Tribune. Associated Press. 2012-03-13. Retrieved on 2012-03-13.
- ^ "Christian evacuees mourn Idlib". Al-Monitor. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ^ Saad, Hwaida (23 January 2022). "'Now There is No One': The Lament of One of the Last Christians in a Syrian City". The New York Times.
- ^ "'Al-Hajji' Michel Boutros: The last Syrian Christian of Idlib".
- ^ Steiner, Margarete Laura; Killebrew, Ann E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-921297-2.
- ^ Timothy P. Harrison, Edward B. Banning (17 September 2015). Walls of the Prince: Egyptian Interactions with Southwest Asia in Antiquity: Essays in Honour of John S. Holladay, Jr. BRILL. p. 76. ISBN 9789004302563. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- ^ Bakhit 2010, p. 60.
- ^ "İdlib, meşhur sadrazam Köprülü Mehmed Paşa'nın en büyük vakıflarından birinin merkezi idi". haberturk.com (in Turkish). 9 September 2018.
- ^ a b c Porter, 1868, p. 580.
- ^ Inalcik, 1997, p.501.
- ^ Baedeker, 1912, p.376.
- ^ "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest". Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ Sherlock, Ruth (29 March 2015). "Thousands flee Syrian city Idlib after rebel capture". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "Will Syrian opposition move interim government to Idlib? - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
- ^ "Following the renewed fighting … Ahrar Al-Sham and Tahrir Al-Sham reconcile". SOHR. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Climate: Idlib - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
- ^ a b "Idlib, Syria". Voodoo Skies. Archived from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
- ^ a b Casule, 2008, p.56.
- ^ a b Idlib, Syria Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2012. Retrieved on 2012-03-11.
- ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1996, p. 147.
- ^ DAILY SABAH WITH AGENCIES (2020-06-16). "Idlib follows suit in adopting Turkish lira to shield region from plummeting Syrian pound". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ Ferrari, 2009, p. 522.
- ^ Speare-Cole, Rebecca (2020-06-14). "Disabled Syrian refugee helps raise £70k to protect camps from virus". Evening Standard. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
Bibliography
edit- Baedeker, Karl (1912), Palestine and Syria, with routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia and the island of Cyprus: handbook for travellers, K. Baedeker
- Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan (2010). "Abdul-Karim Rafeq, Friend and Colleague". In Sluglett, Peter; Weber, Stefan (eds.). Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul-Karim Rafeq. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 59–64. ISBN 978-90-04-18193-9.
- Casule, F. (2008), Art and History Syria, Casa Editrice Bonechi, ISBN 978-8847601192
- Angelo, Ferrari (2009), Proceedings 4th International Congress on "Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin", vol. 1, Angelo Ferrari-CNR, Institute of Chemical Methodologies, ISBN 978-8896680315
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1996). Citrus Pest Problems and Their Control in the Near East. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 9251033013.
- Inalcik, Halil (1997), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521574552
- Porter, Josias Leslie (1858). A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine. Vol. 1. Murray.
External links
editNews and events
edit- eIdleb The first complete website for Idleb news and services
Governmental services
edit