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Evgenii Eduardovich Bertels


Evgenii Eduardovich Bertels or Berthels (Russian: Евге́ний Эдуа́рдович Берте́льс, romanized: Evgeniĭ Ėduardovich Bertel's; December 25,[A] 1890—October 7, 1957);[1][B][C] was a Soviet-Russian Orientalist, Iranologist and Turkologist, born in a family of Russian free professionals of Danish ancestry.[2] Professor of the Leningrad State University, correspondent member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939), Academy of Persian Language and Literature (1944), Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan (1951), and Arab Academy of Damascus (1955).[3] In the 1930s–1950s, he was the Head of the Soviet School of Persian and Central Asian Turkic Studies.[4] In 1942, during World War II, or the Great Patriotic War, and the Siege of Leningrad, Bertels was evacuated with the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences from Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) to Tashkent, and later to Moscow, and Bertels moved to permanent residence in Moscow until his death.[5]

Evgenii Eduardovich Bertels
Bertels, the latter part of his life
Born(1890-12-25)25 December 1890
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died7 October 1957(1957-10-07) (aged 66)
Moscow, Soviet Union
Resting placeNovodevichy Cemetery
NationalityRussian
 Soviet Union
Occupation(s)Orientalist, Professor of Persian language and literature at the Leningrad State University
SpouseVera Vasilievna
ChildrenDmitrii Evgenievich · Andrei Evgenievich
AwardsOrder of Lenin Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Further information
Academic background
Alma materSaint Petersburg Imperial University · Petrograd Conservatory · Petrograd State University
Academic work
InstitutionsAsiatic Museum, later the Institute of Oriental Studies of USSR Academy of Sciences
Main interestsPersian literature · Turkic literature · Sufism and Sufi literature · Islamic Studies

Life and Education

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After a short-lived interest in Entomology, Bertels went into Legal Studies, graduating from the Saint Petersburg Imperial University, Faculty of Law (1914),[4] and in 1918 he received a higher musical education at Petrograd Conservatory, graduating in 1920.[6] But his genuine interest was Oriental Studies, so he taught himself Persian and Turkic languages, and in 1918 he became a student of the Oriental Department of the Petrograd State University—later renamed as Leningrad State University, where his teachers were Aleksandr A. Romaskevich, Alexander Freiman, Vasily Bartold, and Sergey Oldenburg.[6] Bertels first academic appointment, in 1920, was at the Asiatic Museum, later the Institute of Oriental Studies of USSR Academy of Sciences, where he worked till his death.[7] Bertels was arrested in 1925 after allegations that he was a French spy, he was released due to the mediation of his colleagues. But psychologically Bertels was broken, and it seems he was forced to collaborate with the GPU by providing them with information about his colleagues.[8]

In 1928, on Bartold's recommendation, he became a professor of Persian language and literature at the Leningrad State University—[9] former Petrograd State University, and during the 1930s–1950s, he was the mentor of most Soviet Union,[4] and Azerbaijanian researchers of Persian and Muslim Turkic literature, his renowned Azerbaijanian disciple was Azada Rustamova (1932–2005) who later became leading Azerbaijanian orientalists and Turkologists.[10][D] He was arrested again in 1941 along with his son, Dmitrii, for anti-Soviet activities. However, Bertels was then suddenly released, and he was later awarded several Soviet decorations.[8] After the death of Stalin, Bertels became one of the first Soviet Orientalists to participate in conferences and to publish abroad.[4] He died in 1957,[11][12] and is buried in Novodevichy Cemetery.

Like most Orientalists, nothing is known about his personal life, he married Vera Vasilievna (1892–1969) before 1917,[E] and they had two sons, the Arabist and Iranist Dmitrii Evgenievich (1917–2005),[F] he was arrested in 1941 along with his father, for anti-Soviet activities,[8] and in 1949 he was behind bars but was later released,[4] and Andrei Evgenievich (1928–1995), also an Orientalist,[13][G] who after his father's death, published Bertels' "Selected Writings" (Izbrannye trudy).[14][H]

Achievement and Works

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Bertels started his career by partial translations of Persian Classical Literature into Russian his first published work was a selected translation of Sadi's Gulistan in 1922,[15] in 1923 selected translation of the works of Attar's Bulbul-nama and Nizami Ganjavi's Haft Peykar, latter translated parts of Nasir Khusraw's Safarnama, and a complete translation of Sanai's Sayr al-‛Ibād Ilā’l-Ma‛ād, among many other translations.[16] Bertels was one of the authors of the first edition of Encyclopaedia of Islam (1913–1938), and wrote many articles on Islamic literature and culture in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.[17] From 1923 through 1929 Bertels published twenty-seven articles in the field of Sufi studies (republished in the III volume of his "Selected Writings"),[18] his works on Sufism are regarded as classics in the studies of Sufism in Russia, although, he is not among the greats like Hellmut Ritter, Louis Massignon or Henry Corbin.[19]

 
Ferdowsi Millenary Congress, Tehran 1934. From right to left, Second row (seated), 5th person is Bertels.[20]

In 1934, on the occasion of the Ferdowsi Millennial Celebration, held in Persia, the Soviet Union sent the largest delegation,[21] Bertels delivered a lecture in Persian,[22] on Yazdan (i.e., God, or a divine entity) and Ahriman (i.e., Satan, or a demonic entity) in Shahnameh.[23][I] In 1935, he wrote a small popular monograph on Ferdowsi (Abu-l-Kasim Ferdovsi i Ego Tvorchestovo; "Firdowsi and His Poetry"),[4] translated into Persian by S. Izadi.[24][J] His monograph on Nizami was published originally as articles, and treatises, between 1939 and 1956, and in its entirety five years after Bertels' death,[25][K] his last visit to Persia was on the occasion of Avicenna Millenary Congress, 21–30 April 1954.[26] Bertels' chief achievements was introducing Persian classics to Russian readers, the editor's preface to the first volume of Bertels' Selected Writings states: "Bertels literally lived by the creations of the luminaries of Persian poetry, and over 150 of his 295 works were related to Persian literature or language."[27]

Bertel's preparation of a new critical edition of Nizami's Panj Ganj, and his critical edition of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, must also be mentioned. Bertels and a group of collaborators began preparing a critical edition of Nizami's works in 1941, a critical text of the Iskandarnameh was published in 1947 in two parts: Sharafnameh, for which Berthels and A.A. Alizada were awarded the State Stalin Prize,[28] and Eqbalnameh; no other critical text was published during Bertels' lifetime.[29] His critical edition of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh had the same faith, he edited two volumes, both published after his death in 1960 and 1962, the whole nine-volume edition was completed in 1971 under the editorship of Abdolhossein Noushin,[30] and became the standard edition of Shahnameh, prior to Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh edition (1990–2008).[31][L]

After his death, his son Andrei provided his father's papers for publication,[14] and a group of Bertels' former colleagues and students edited and organized Bertels' Selected Writings (Izbrannye trudy), it was supposed to be published in VI volumes,[4] but ended in V volumes, as follows: [I] Istoriya persidsko-tadzhikskoĭ literatury (History of Persian–Tajik Literature),[M] this volume was translated into Persian by S. Izadi, in two parts.[N] [II] Nizami i Fuzuli (On Nizami and Fuzuli), [III] Sufizm i sifiĭskaya literatura (Sufism and Sufi Literature), was also translated into Persian by S. Izadi.[32] [IV] Navoi i Dzhami (On Navai and Jami). [V] Istoriya literatury i kultury Irana (History of Persian Literature and Culture). Volumes I-IV appeared in 1960–1965,[4] volume V, published 1988. Bertels was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in 1945,[33] the Order of Lenin, and a medal.[1]

See also

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Citation

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "In 1918, after the Revolution, Lenin raised the question of calendar reform and, after an investigation of the subject, published a decree directing the adoption of the Gregorian style "for the purpose of being in harmony with all the civilized countries of the world" → Achelis, Elisabeth (1954). "Russia's Difficulties". Home Page for Calendar Reform. Rick McCarty. Retrieved 2 May 2023. Therefore, some sources give Bertels's day of birth as the 13th of December, according to Julian calendar.
  2. ^ The variant of his first name, that one finds on the internet, is either due to literate pronunciation, or different languages and dialects, e.g.: Eugene (Ukrainian), Evgeny (Kazakhian), Yevgani (Persian), Yevgeni (Azerbaijanian), Yevgeniy (Armenian) ... etc.; the preference of his name—given above, is based on Romanization of his name, Osmanov 1970–1979 and Zand 1989.
  3. ^ He signed his articles in the first edition of Encyclopaedia of Islam as "E. Berthels," perhaps due to his Germanic ancestry; e.g. → Berthels, E. (1913–1936). "Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn Ṭabīb". In Martijn Theodoor Houtsma; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (1st ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1124a–1125a. doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3681. ISBN 90-04-08265-4.; Zand 1989 give the same surname. The preference of his surname is based on Romanization and Osmanov 1970–1979.
  4. ^ A brief biography of Azade Rustamova, is on the "Azerbaijan National Academy of Science" webpage.
  5. ^ There is no official record of the date of their marriage, but their first son was born in 1917.
  6. ^ A brief bio–bibliographical note on Dmitrii, in Russian, is available at orientalstudies.ru.
  7. ^ One of his works, Nasir Khusraw and Ismailism (Nasir-i Khosrov i Ismailizm), was translated into Persian → Bertels, A.Y. (1968). Nasir Khusraw va Esmailiyan (ناصر خسرو و اسماعیلیان). Translated by Yahya Aryanpour. Tehran: Bonyade Farhange Iran.  : at CiNii, this book is incorrectly listed among E.E. Bertels works.
  8. ^ Under a photograph of Bertels' gravestone, at novodevichiynecropol, the name and date of the birth and death of his wife and son—Andrei, who are buried alongside him—is written.
  9. ^ Sahab personally attended Bertels' lecture, according to him, Bertels spoke Persian well, clearly, and fluently.
  10. ^ Izadi, Sirus (1990). Ferdowsi va Surudehayash (فردوسی و سروده هایش). Tehran: Entesharate Hirmand.
  11. ^ For Bertels' extensive studies on Nizami Ganjavi, that were to serve the ideological standards governing USSR → Bagirov 2020, passim; Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria (ed.). On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi (PDF). Yerevan: Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. ISBN 978-99930-69-74-4.
  12. ^ Khaleghi-Motlagh's second revised edition, in 12 volumes, was published in Tehran (2018).
  13. ^ Read: History of Greater Persia Literature, many of them neither lived in the present day Iran nor Tajikistan, e.g., Unsuri, or Sanai.
  14. ^ Part I: Izadi, Sirus (1995). Tarikh Adabiyate Farsi (تاریخ ادبیات فارسی / History of Persian Literature). Tehran: Entesharate Hirmand. ISBN 964-5521-50-5.; Part II: Izadi, Sirus (1996). Tarikh Adabiyate Farsi: Az Doran Ferdowsi Ta Ahde Saljuqian (تاریخ ادبیات فارسی: از دوران فردوسی تا عهد سلجوقیان / History of Persian Literature: From Ferdowsi's Time till Seljuk Era). Tehran: Entesharate Hirmand.

References

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  1. ^ a b Osmanov 1970–1979.
  2. ^ Keyvani 2002, p. 672a; Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 201b; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 3a–b; Zand 1989.
  3. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 202a; Osmanov 1970–1979.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Zand 1989.
  5. ^ Bagirov 2020, p. 734; Zand 1989.
  6. ^ a b Keyvani 2002, p. 672a; Zand 1989.
  7. ^ Izadi 1977, pp. xi–xii; Keyvani 2002, p. 672a; Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 201b; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 3a–b.
  8. ^ a b c Rodionov 2011, p. 55.
  9. ^ Bagirov 2020, p. 734; Keyvani 2002, p. 672a; Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 201b; Zand 1989.
  10. ^ Bagirov 2020, p. 734.
  11. ^ Izadi 1977, pp. xi–xii; Keyvani 2002, p. 672a; Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 201b.
  12. ^ Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 3b; Zand 1989.
  13. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 199a–201a, provide a list of his works, and give his date of birth as 1926.
  14. ^ a b Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 212a.
  15. ^ Keyvani 2002, p. 672a; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 3b; Zand 1989, praises his translation.
  16. ^ Keyvani 2002, p. 672a; Meshkin-nedjad 2003, pp. 202b–216a, provides a comprehensive list; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 3b.
  17. ^ Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 4a.
  18. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, pp. 202b–205b; Zand 1989.
  19. ^ Keyvani 2002, p. 672b; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 3b; Tabatabaie 1997, pp. 143–147, criticize Bertels works on the subject, and points out the odd mistakes.
  20. ^ Shahbazi 2012, provide the names of all participants, in this picture.
  21. ^ Shahbazi 2012.
  22. ^ Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 3b.
  23. ^ Sahab 1978, pp. 64–65.
  24. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 206b.
  25. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, pp. 207a–211a; Zand 1989.
  26. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 202a.
  27. ^ Bagirov 2020, pp. 636–637.
  28. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 214a; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 4a; Zand 1989.
  29. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 202a; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 4a; Zand 1989.
  30. ^ Keyvani 2002, p. 673a; Muslmani Ghobadiani 1997, p. 4a; Zand 1989.
  31. ^ Davis, Dick (1995). "Review: The Shahnameh by Abul-Qasem Ferdowsi, Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh". International Journal of Middle East Studies. XXVII (3): 393–395. doi:10.1017/S0020743800062413. JSTOR 176284. S2CID 162740442.; Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1991). "Review: Abu'l-Qasem Ferdowsi, the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), vol. I. by Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh". Journal of the American Oriental Society. CXI (1): 154–155. doi:10.2307/603776. JSTOR 603776.
  32. ^ Izadi 1977.
  33. ^ Meshkin-nedjad 2003, p. 214a.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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