Wikipedia

Draft:Gerard Gertoux

Gerard Gertoux
Gerard Gertoux in 2014
Born
Gérard Marcel Laurent Gertoux

(1955-03-19) March 19, 1955 (age 69)
7th arrondissement of Lyon
NationalityFrench
Occupation(s)Historian and Chronologist
Years active1995–present
EmployerFrench Ministry of National Education (1983–2014)
SpouseBrigitte Gertoux
Academic background
EducationPhD student, Master in Archaeology and History of Ancient Worlds.
Alma materLumière University Lyon 2
ThesisLes conjonctions astronomiques dans l'antiquité comme les éclipses ou les levers sothiaques: approches d'une chronologie absolue. (2007)
Doctoral advisorPierre Villard, Daniel Bodi
Other advisorsYves Roman, Michel Debidour
Academic work
DisciplineOld Testament scholar, Ancient Near Eastern chronologist
Sub-disciplineHebrew, Cuneiform script
Main interestsAncient Middle East and Tetragrammaton.
Notable worksUn Historique du nom divin: Un Nom Encens (in French)
The Name of God Y.eH.oW.aH Which is Pronounced as it is Written I_Eh_oU_Ah. It Story
Notable ideasPronunciation of the Tetragrammaton Jehovah, and timelines of the ancient world.

Gerard Gertoux (born on March 19, 1955 in Lyon) is a French chronologist,[1][2] historian and researcher in the field of Near Eastern archaeology[3] and Ancient History,[4] particularly Egyptian,[5] Assyrian,[6] Jewish, and research on the Tetragrammaton YHWH.[7]

With his research on the name of God YHWH, Gertoux is one of the leading albeit minority who defended that one of the several ancient vocalizations of the tetragrammaton was Yehowah,[8] contra the mainstream consensus that it was only Yahweh.[9][10] According to Hermann Hunger Gertoux's chronologies of ancient history have also refuted and offered new conclusions.[11]

Life

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Gérard Gertoux was born on March 19, 1955[4] in the 7th arrondissement of Lyon.[12]

At the age of 24, on July 6, 1979, Gertoux graduated Engineering physics from the École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs électriciens de Grenoble (I.N.P.G.),[13][14] and studied physical spectrometry at the laboratory of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), as a D.E.A. student under the tutelage of professors Yves Ayant and Élie Belorizky with the thesis: études expérimentales et théoriques par spectrométrie RMN de composés magnétiques de terres rares.[15] Gertoux continued his studies and obtained the Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré (CAPES) in Physics to become a certified professor. In 1982, Gertoux joined the Sacred Name Movement.[16][17] In 1983, he began teaching at the French Ministry of Education.[13]

As an independent scholar, Gertoux began to conduct in-depth academic research on the Tetragrammaton.[13][7] He frequented the specialists of the Sources Chrétiennes of Lyon and those of CATAB (Centre d'Analyse et de Traitement Automatique de la Bible à Villeurbanne), and after years of research, Gertoux conclusions were in line with those of most of the specialists: the vocalization Yahweh, although uncertain, seemed the most probable. However, some scholars such as Philippe Cassuto told him that they did not agree that the vowels of adonay (a, o, a) give rise to those of Jehovah (e, o, a) by grammatical rule, although this false theory is written everywhere.[18] To facilitate access to biblical manuscripts preserved in ancient collections, Gertoux created the Association Biblique de Recherche d'Anciens Manuscrits in 1991.[19][20] To deepen his research and ancient languages, Gertoux used to consult Christian Amphoux for Greek, Ursula Schattner-Rieser for Aramaic, Jean-Claude Haelewyck for masoretic Hebrew, Georges Bohas for the Semitic language, and also Joseph Trinquet and Henri Cazelles helped him.[21] Gertoux studied Hebrew at the Académie des langues anciennes with Élie Cohen in 1992. The following year, 1993, Gertoux studied at the Sessions des Langues Bibliques with Jean Margain (one of its founders along with Christian Amphoux).[22]

Other specialists provided comments to Gertoux: on the Ugaritic André Caquot, on the Old Babylonian Jean Bottéro, on the lack of foundation of the pronunciation Yahweh David N. Freedman, on the faithfulness of the masoretic text Bernard Barc, on the prejudices and taboos concerning the vocalization of the name Jean Margain, on the fact that the qeré of the tetragram was SHeMa and not 'aDoNaY Thomas Römer, on the fact that the divine name was pronounced Iaô in the 1st century BCE Dominique Barthélemy, on some erroneous references Étienne Nodet, on the plurality of vocalizations of the tetragram Colette Sirat, on the vocalization Y(e)houa of the tetragram written in hieroglyphics Jean-Claude Goyon which should be transcribed yh-w3 Jean Leclant, on the phonetic variations of ancient Hebrew Ziony Zevit, on Sumerian Florence Malbran-Labat, on the dating of Christian papyri Christian Amphoux, on the antiquity of the Septuagint Claude Tresmontant, on the fact that the inscription: eu-wa te-o-se in Cypriot syllabary may correspond to Yehowa Théos Pierre Grelot, etc.[21]

After years of research into the name of God, in 1995 Gertoux completed his work Un nom incens: un historique du nom divin de son origine à sa reconstitution.[23] Two years later, in 1997, he completed his second work יהוה: an aim to incense: a historical record of the divine Name.[24] In 1998, Henri Cazelles submitted Gertoux's third thesis entitled יהוה in Fame Only: A historical record of the divine name to the library of the Institut catholique de Paris (Bibliothèque oecuménique et scientifique d'études bibliques BOSEB), under the acronym T594GER.[25][26][27] After receiving comments for his thesis on the name of God by André Chouraqui, Edward Lipiński, Shelomo Morag, Daniel Faivre, Mireille Hadas-Lebel, Marguerite Harl, Jacques Duquesne, and Josy Eisenberg,[28] Gertoux decided to publish his findings formally in a book, which was entitled: Un Historique du nom divin: Un Nom Encens, by Editions L'Harmattan in 1999.[29] Gertoux studied Hebrew again in 2001 at the Institut des Langues Anciennes of the École normale supérieure de Lyon with Jean-Claude Haelewyck and Georges Bohas. Gertoux received further comments of his research from Ernest John Revell, Elizabeth Livingstone, Takamitsu Muraoka, Bruce M. Metzger, Pierre Grelot, Dan Jaffé, Jean Delumeau, George Wesley Buchanan, Guy Rachet, Charles Perrot, Alfred Kuen, Nehemia Gordon, etc.[21][30] Un Historique du nom divin: Un Nom Encens was translated into English as The Name of God Y.eH.oW.aH Which is pronounced as it is Written I_Eh_oU_Ah. Its Story, published in 2002 by the University Press of America, with minor updates and an expanded appendix.[31][32][33]

In 2004, Gertoux obtained a Master's degree in Archaeology and History of Ancient Worlds from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée (MOM),Lumière University Lyon 2, with a dissertation entitled L'œil de l'histoire: la chronologie. Les éclipses dans l'antiquité: approche scientifique d'une chronologie absolue under the supervision of professors Yves Roman and Michel Debidour.[34] In 2004, he also studied Hebrew at the Laboratoire Histoire et Sources des Mondes Antiques (HISOMA) with professor Dominique Gonnet. In 2005,[35] Gertoux continued his doctoral studies in archaeology and history of the ancient world at the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Université Lumière-Lyon-II,[36][37] with his thesis Les conjonctions dans l'antiquité comme les éclipses: approche scientifique d'une chronologie absolue (HCL TM 104 at the MOM library) under the supervision of Pierre Villard,[38][39] and the defense of the dissertation with the six jurors was scheduled for December 2007.

In September 2007 the defense was canceled, when the university becomes aware of Gertoux's religious affiliation.[40] Some of the jury didn't even want to talk to him anymore, but Pierre Villard tried to support him by personally recommending his thesis for transfer to another university, and Daniel Bodi of the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (INALCO) agreed to supervise his thesis, but in 2009,[41] the INALCO refused to accept him as a transfer, even though he received the agreement of a research director and two of his original jurors.[42] The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Coordination des Associations & Particuliers pour la Liberté de Conscience and Human Rights Without Frontiers reported that "on 10 February 2011 the Administrative Court of Paris (Dossier n°: 0918003/7-3) refused to validate his complaint to religious discrimination".[43][42] Gertoux says that the "MIVILUDES has indoctrinated everyone against minority movements" and he is on the black list.[42]

The dissertation was rejected, but Gertoux has been invited to present his proposals at different conferences: in 2011 Gertoux presented at the University of Edinburgh on the topic A New Achaemenid King: Darius B, owing to Synchronized Chronology.[44] In 2012, Gertoux retired from French national teaching and, in the same year, became a member of the International Association for Assyriology, where he presented his doctoral thesis.[45] At the University of Oxford, he presented his article Assyrian and biblical chronologies: are they reliable? in 2015.[46] In the same year, he gave a presentation at the University of Geneva on Dating the Reigns of Xerxes and Artaxerxes, which was published in volume 40 of Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Archaeologica series.[47] In 2019, Dominique Charpin has invited Gertoux to the 65th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at the Collège de France to present a summary of his doctoral thesis.[48] Also in 2019, Jonathan Rosenbaum has invited Gertoux to the 2019 annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) in the session: Archaeology and Biblical Studies to give a lecture of his thesis.[49]

From 2019 to 2021, Gertoux has published articles in the journal Nouvelles Assyriologiques Bréves et Utilitaires (NABU), published by the Société pour l'étude du Proche-Orient (SÉPOA).[50][51][52][53]

Reception

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The name YHWH

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Main article: Tetragrammaton

Gertoux's book The Name of God Y.eH.oW.aH Which is Pronounced as it is Written I_Eh_oU_Ah. It Story, is cited in reference works such as The Encyclopedia of Christianity,[9] the Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity[54] and the Μεγάλη Ορθόδοξη Χριστιανική Εγυκλοπαίδεια (ΜΟΧΕ) [Great Orthodox Christian Encyclopedia][55].

Robert J. Wilkinson says that Gertoux has strong views on the pronunciation and meaning of the Tetragrammaton.[56] George W. Buchanan agrees with Gertoux that the divine name is arbitrarily pronounced as Jehovah on the basis of the data.[27] Aviv Schoenfeld says that he adopts "the (albeit minority) view that one of its ancient vocalizations was yəhōwɔ̄ (Gertoux 2015), contra the mainstream consensus that it was only yahwɛ".[57] Bruce M. Metzger says that Gertoux's website contains "scholarly information on the origins of sacred names".[58] François Bœspflug states that Gertoux's research provided him with valuable information.[59] Daniel Faivre wrote that Gertoux's work is a more comprehensive study.[60] Antonio Macaya Pascual points out that Gertoux provides ample evidence that the name YHWH was actually pronounced until the 2nd century AD.[61] Jean Vernette at the beginning of his book on Cults explained that 'Jehovah' was a barbarism, but already in the sixth and last edition of his book (January 2002) he withdrew the explanations used to defend Yahweh, and wrote that it is clear that some people defend the pronunciation of Jehovah, quoting Gertoux in a footnote.[62] P. D. Vasileiadis also considers the work of G. Gertoux as a source that presents an overview of the long-standing efforts to translate the Tetragrammaton into Greek.[63] Roberto Guidotti says that others, such as the scholar Gérard Gertoux, argue convincingly that the correct pronunciation is Jehovah.[64] Didier Fontaine says that "Gertoux gives more than twenty 'explanations' (p.64) that make you think".[65] Charles Perrot told him in a letter that "the remarks on the pronunciation of YHWH seem to me very pertinent, even if, at present, it is in practice a little difficult to 'back off'".[66]

Book Reviews

Brigitte Sion says that the Gertoux study invites you to think about it.[29] John Gee is of the opinion that Egyptian and Akkadian evidence is ignored, that the Masoretic vowels have a later pronunciation and that the letter method is not applicable.[67] Gertoux responds, and says that Gee did not even read the book, and his unsubstantiated claims are not explained in his criticism.[68] Won W. Lee affirm: "this detailed treatment of the Name is useful for those who are interested in the history of its translation of the centuries".[31] Philippe Barbey considers Gertoux's research to be a comprehensive work.[69]

Ancient history

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Gertoux created Egyptian, Assyrian and biblical chronologies which, according to Hermann Hunger,[70] Gertoux "offers new conclusions or refutes chronologies proposed by other scholars". Gertoux have integrated astronomical synchronization into their chronologies.[71]

The Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology mentions that Gertoux's research presents a remarkable body of evidence for the historicity of the book of Esther, and even the historicity of Queen Esther.[72] Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones disagrees: "Esther is not a history book and it does not contain history per se (in spite of the valiant effort by Gérard Gertoux (2015) to fix Esther's narrative precisely in time)."[73] Albertus Pretorius is of the opinion that Gertoux created a reliable chronology of the life of Jesus.[74] Paul Finch believes that Gertoux has provided excellent evidence that Carthage was founded in 870 BC.[75] Kenneth C. Griffith and Darrell K. White considers "Gertoux's chronology of the Kings of Aram to be the most accurate".[76] Egiptologist Claude Obsomer mentions that Gertoux sent him valuable information.[5] For Nicholas P. Lunn, Gertoux's article "Dating the Two Censuses of P. Sulpicius Quirinius" is convincing.[77] Ola Wikander says that "A recent publication supporting the identification with Tudḫula (which ultimately goes back to T. G. Pinches in 1897) is Gérard Gertoux, Abraham and Chedorlaomer: Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence (sineloco,2015), 34 (etpassim). One may note with some interest that Sayce actually suggests identifying Tudḫaliya with the Tudḫula of the Spartoli tablet sin his early comment (or Tudghula, as he writes the latter), and indeed uses that purported identification as a step in arguing the connection between the Hittite name and Genesis 14!"[78] David A. Fiensy recommends the list of dates compiled by Gertoux in his book Dating Shoshenq's Campaign.[79]

According to Giuseppe Veneziano "the dating of Herod's death has become the center of a sometimes heated academic controversy".[80] G. Veneziano describes several views by different scholars in which they propose that Herod's death was in 4 BCE or 1 BCE.[80] G. Veneziano continues and claims that in 1 BCE "is supported, inter alia, by W. E. Filmer (Filmer 1966), A. E. Steinmann (Steinmann 2009), and by Gerard Gertoux (Gertoux s.d.)", and he adds: "however, Josephus himself, although very precise in describing the events, is a little less precise in their chronological framework and - as G. Gertoux (Gertoux 2010) recalls - provides us with at least a dozen information that contribute to making it inadequate or doubtful this date".[80] Then G. Veneziano follows to A. Steinmann and G. Gertoux: "this and other anachronisms, widely discussed by Gertoux and by Steinmann in their writings (complete with schematics), would seem to demonstrate how the date of 1 BC it is more coherent than that which places Herod's death in 4 BC. However, without preconceptions, we now evaluate both hypotheses also from an astronomical and biblical point of view".[81]

Works

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Theses
  • Gertoux, Gerard (1979). Études expérimentales et théoriques par spectrométrie RMN de composés magnétiques de terres rares (Thesis) (in French).
  • ——————— (1995). Un nom encens : un historique du nom divin de son origine à sa reconstitution (BOSEB ICP: Institut Catholique de Paris) (in French).
  • ——————— (1997). יהוה : an aim to incense : a historical record of the divine Name (BOSEB ICP: Institut Catholique de Paris) (in French).
  • ——————— (1998). יהוה : in fame only ? : a historical record of the divine name (Res T 594 GER. BOSEB ICP: Institut Catholique de Paris) (in French).
  • ——————— (2004-10-01). L'œil de l'histoire: la chronologie. Les éclipses dans l'antiquité: approche scientifique d'une chronologie absolue (Master thesis (HCL TM 104 at the MOM library), MOM - Bibliothèque de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée University of Lyon II) (in French). Lyon.
  • ——————— (2007). Les conjonctions dans l'antiquité comme les éclipses: approche scientifique d'une chronologie absolue (PhD diss., MOM - Bibliothèque de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée University of Lyon II) (in French).
  • ——————— (2009). The Astronomical Conjunctions in Antiquity such as Eclipses or Sothiac Rises: Approach to an Absolute Chronology (PhD diss., INALCO).
Books
Articles
  • Gertoux, Gerard (2013-09-11). Dating the fall of Babylon and Ur thanks to Astronomical Events. arXiv:1309.2758.
  • ——————— (2019d). "Dating the Reigns of Xerxes and Artaxerxes". Nouvelles Assyriologiques Bréves et Utilitaires. 4: 179. ISSN 0989-5671.
  • ——————— (2020a). "Biography of Themistocles: 536–471 BCE or 524–459 BCE?". Nouvelles Assyriologiques Bréves et Utilitaires. 3. Société pour l'étude du Proche-Orient: 199–200. ISSN 0989-5671.
  • ——————— (2020b). "Intercalations during the co-regency of Xerxes with Darius I". Nouvelles Assyriologiques Bréves et Utilitaires. 4. Société pour l'étude du Proche-Orient: 273–279. ISSN 0989-5671.
  • ——————— (2021-10-15). "Mesopotamian chronology over the period 2340-539 BCE through astronomically dated synchronisms and comparison with carbon-14 dating". Nouvelles Assyriologiques Bréves et Utilitaires. 3: 171–172. ISSN 0989-5671.
Video documentaries
Conferences

References

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  1. ^ Finch 2023, p. 638: "Fortunately, thanks to one honest chronological researcher, Gérard Gertoux, his research completely dovetails with the conclusion of the present author had already determined. Indeed, he has persented an excellent testimony from other notable ancient historians that Carthage was indeed founded exactly where the Bible places it, right around the year of 870 BCE."
  2. ^ Pretorius 2022, p. 42: "Gertoux, who compiled a credible chronology of Jesus's life, also places his baptism in AD29, although he calculated that Jesus was baptized during August."
  3. ^ Tompsett 2023, p. 83: "Gertoux, a French academic and researcher concerned with Near Eastern archaeology."
  4. ^ a b O'Connell 2022: "Gérard Gertoux (1955–) is a French academic who is best known for his book The name of God Y.eH.oW.aH. However, most of his prodigious output is concerned with ancient chronology."
  5. ^ a b Obsomer 2020, p. 241.
  6. ^ Piper 2023, pp. 51.
  7. ^ a b Adams 2017: "Gerard Gertoux of the University of Lyon, has specialised on the Tetragrammaton. His works are recommended reading for a detailed study on the topic of the Tetragrammaton"
  8. ^ Schoenfeld 2020, pp. 80: "I adopt the (albeit minority) view that one of its ancient vocalizations was yəhōwɔ̄ (Gertoux 2015), contra the mainstream consensus that it was only yahwɛ."
  9. ^ a b Fahlbusch et al. 2008, p. 854
  10. ^ Kurian & Lamport 2016, p. 2003: "Against the consensus that God's name was ponounced 'Yahweh', Gérard Gertoux has defended 'Yehowah' (i.e., Jehovah)."
  11. ^ Hunger 2015: "I have read the manuscript "Basic astronomy for historians to get a chronology" of Gerard Gertoux and found it a well-informed and informative introduction to this complicated subject. It clearly explains what is required from a historian who wants to establish the chronology of historical events. The author shows by examples how different chronologies can be evaluated or refuted. He also explains the astronomical phenomena that can be used for dating events, and the pitfalls in using ancient calendars. For some cases, he offers new conclusions or refutes chronologies proposed by other scholars. The manuscript forces the reader to be very attentive, but this attention is well worth it".
  12. ^ Net1901 2023: "Gertoux Gérard, né à Lyon 7e, le 19 mars 1955, de nationalité française"
  13. ^ a b c Thomas 2017: "Gerard Gertoux is the second expert. He is a physical engineer, teaching in the French secondary education system, whose interest in God's name led him to pursue academic research in the subject in which he is now an expert"
  14. ^ Gee 2004: "In the book under review, Gérard Gertoux, a French engineer, takes issue with the current consensus and contends that it is incorrect"
  15. ^ Gertoux 1979.
  16. ^ Walsh 2010, pp. 5–6.
  17. ^ Kurian & Lamport 2016, p. 2003.
  18. ^ Gertoux 2015: "Mais il m'a simplement répondu: Eh bien c'est faux, même si c'est marqué partout!"
  19. ^ JOAFE 2021.
  20. ^ Net1901 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Gertoux 2015.
  22. ^ Boudignon 2018.
  23. ^ Gertoux 1995.
  24. ^ Gertoux 1997.
  25. ^ Gertoux 1998.
  26. ^ Gertoux 1999, p. 7 : Henri Cazelles (Directeur de l'Institut catholique de Paris) "Je vous remercie vivement de m'avoir envoyé votre 'ln Fame only?' d'une grande richesse de documentation. Je vais le déposer à la Bibliothèque Biblique pour le plus grand profit des chercheurs... Avec mes félicitations et remerciements".
  27. ^ a b Buchanan 2005, p. 12.
  28. ^ Gertoux 1999, p. 7–8.
  29. ^ a b Sion 2000, p. 24.
  30. ^ Gertoux 2002, p. 7–8.
  31. ^ a b Lee 2003, p. 285.
  32. ^ Gee 2004, pp. 1–4.
  33. ^ Lind 2004.
  34. ^ Frantiq. Fédération et Ressources sur L'antiquté.
  35. ^ Bernard 2018, p. 24: "Dans une étude de 2005 le doctorant en archéologie Gérard Gertoux de l'Université de Lyon 2"
  36. ^ Reclame.
  37. ^ Lombard 2010, p. 7, 124.
  38. ^ MOM 2007.
  39. ^ Gertoux 2007.
  40. ^ TMR 2012.
  41. ^ ABES 2016.
  42. ^ a b c CAP LC 2011.
  43. ^ Human Rights Without Frontiers 2015.
  44. ^ Gertoux 2011.
  45. ^ Boardmember XY 2014.
  46. ^ OPCA 2015.
  47. ^ Gertoux 2015c.
  48. ^ Gertoux 2019b.
  49. ^ Gertoux 2019c.
  50. ^ Gertoux 2019d.
  51. ^ Gertoux 2020a.
  52. ^ Gertoux 2020b.
  53. ^ Gertoux 2021.
  54. ^ Ramelli 2014, p. 686.
  55. ^ Βασιλειάδης 2011, p. 216.
  56. ^ Wilkinson 2015, pp. 38.
  57. ^ Schoenfeld 2020, p. 80.
  58. ^ Metzger 2003.
  59. ^ Boespflug 2007, p. 74.
  60. ^ Faivre 2007, p. 13.
  61. ^ Macaya Pascual 2020, p. 370.
  62. ^ Vernette 2002, p. 42.
  63. ^ Vasileiadis 2019, p. 36.
  64. ^ Guidotti 2021.
  65. ^ Fontaine 2015.
  66. ^ CAP LC.
  67. ^ Gee 2004.
  68. ^ Gertoux 2016, p. 93–94.
  69. ^ Barbey 2003, p. 18.
  70. ^ Hunger 2015: I have read the manuscript "Basic astronomy for historians to get a chronology" of Gerard Gertoux and found it a well-informed and informative introduction to this complicated subject. It clearly explains what is required from a historian who wants to establish the chronology of historical events. The author shows by examples how different chronologies can be evaluated or refuted. He also explains the astronomical phenomena that can be used for dating events, and the pitfalls in using ancient calendars. For some cases, he offers new conclusions or refutes chronologies proposed by other scholars. The manuscript forces the reader to be very attentive, but this attention is well worth it.
  71. ^ Courgeau 2022: "He obtained by synchronization with astronomical data and events occurring among other peoples."
  72. ^ Eames 2022: "As for the overall historicity of the book—despite widespread dismissal from skeptics—there is likewise a remarkable body of evidence for it, including the historical identity of Queen Esther herself. For more on this, read a thorough investigation by Gerard Gertoux here."
  73. ^ Llewellyn-Jones 2023, p. 4.
  74. ^ Pretorius 2022, p. 42.
  75. ^ Finch 2023, p. 638.
  76. ^ Griffith & White 2024, p. 29.
  77. ^ Lunn 2023, p. 272.
  78. ^ Wikander 2019, p. 125-166.
  79. ^ Fiensy 2017.
  80. ^ a b c Veneziano 2015, p. 20.
  81. ^ Veneziano 2015, p. 21.
  82. ^ Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig (2011), "Die Affäre Max Planck", die es nie gegeben hat: wiss. Sachbuch, MV-Verlag, p. 11, ISBN 978-3-86991-419-0
Sources

Other websites

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Category:French people Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:Independent scholars Category:French biblical scholars Category:Semiticists Category:French Hebraists Category:French Assyriologists Category:French Egyptologists Category:French historians Category:French archaeologists Category:Tetragrammaton Category:Political repression in France Category:Discrimination in France Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in France Category:Antisemitism in France Category:Human rights abuses in France Category:European Court of Human Rights cases involving France Category:Fascism in France Category:Religious discrimination Category:Government opposition to new religious movements

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