The men's 100 metres sprint event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 15 and 16 August at the Beijing National Stadium.[1] Eighty athletes from 64 nations competed.[2] Each nation was limited to 3 athletes per rules in force since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The final was won by Jamaican Usain Bolt in a world record time of 9.69 seconds. It was Jamaica's first title in the event, and first medal in the event since 1976. Jamaica became the first country to join the men's 100 metre winners since Trinidad and Tobago, also in 1976; Richard Thompson won that country's fourth overall medal in the event with his silver.
| Men's 100 metres at the Games of the XXIX Olympiad | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Bolt after winning the 100m final | ||||||||||
| Venue | Beijing National Stadium | |||||||||
| Dates | 15 August (heats and quarterfinals) 16 August (semifinals and final) | |||||||||
| Competitors | 80 from 64 nations | |||||||||
| Winning time | 9.69 WR | |||||||||
| Medalists | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
Holding a considerable lead 70 metres into the race, Bolt opened his arms in celebration before slapping his chest. British athlete and television presenter Kriss Akabusi criticized this gesture as showboating, noting that it cost Bolt an even faster record time.[3] IOC president Jacques Rogge also criticized Bolt's actions as disrespectful.[4][5] Bolt denied that this was the purpose of his mid-race celebration by saying "I wasn't bragging. When I saw I wasn't covered, I was just happy."[6]
Summary edit
Prior to the 2008 season, Usain Bolt was known as a 200-metre sprinter, having set the world youth best in the event four years earlier. He only dabbled in the 100 metres the year before with a one-off race in Rethymno. While people were impressed with his 10.03,[7] it didn't strike fear in the 9.9 sprinters around the world. In early May, he talked his coach into letting him try the 100 again, his 9.76 was the second fastest in history, only .02 behind fellow Jamaican Asafa Powell's world record.[8] At the end of the month he entered another 100 metres at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York City. The result was a new world record 9.72.
While Bolt's slow starts were seen as a liability, once he got moving, nobody seemed able to match his top end speed. He easily had the fastest times in both the quarterfinal and semi-final rounds, while injured Gay and Obikwelu were eliminated. The center lanes of the final, reserved for the fastest qualifiers, included Bolt, Powell, Dix and another collegiate phenom from LSU, Richard Thompson.
In the final, the third Jamaican in the race, Michael Frater got the best start, along with Thompson and Darvis Patton. 30 metres into the race, Bolt was into his full running position and had pulled even with the leader, Thompson. By the next 20 metres, Bolt was simply pulling away, with Thompson breaking up a Jamaican sweep of Frater and Powell. 20 metres before the finish, already with a 3-metre lead, Bolt held out his arms in celebration. Behind him, Dix and Churandy Martina were making a late rush to pick off Frater and Powell. Turning to look back at his vanquished competition, Bolt crossed the finish line sideways, still with the "showboating" and lack of form, his time was a new world record, 9.69. Thompson later said "I could see him slowing down ahead as I was still pumping away."[9]
Background edit
This was the twenty-sixth time the event was held, having appeared at every Olympics since the first in 1896. Four finalists from 2004 returned: silver medalist Francis Obikwelu of Portugal, fifth-place finisher Asafa Powell of Jamaica, sixth-place finisher Kim Collins of Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Aziz Zakari of Ghana, who had been unable to finish the final. Collins and Zakari had also been to the final in 2000. Defending gold medalist Justin Gatlin was banned at the time for failing a second drugs test, testing positive for testosterone.[10]
In Gatlin's absence, the United States team was led by Tyson Gay, the reigning world champion, but who had suffered a hamstring injury at the U.S. trials. An ascendant Jamaican team included Powell, who had held the world record from 2005 to 2008, and Usain Bolt, who had taken the world record in May 2008.[2]
The Czech Republic, the Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu appeared in the event for the first time. The United States made its 25rd appearance in the event, most of any country, having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games.
Qualification edit
Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) was able to enter up to three entrants providing they had met the A qualifying standard (10.21) in the qualifying period (1 January 2007 to 23 July 2008). NOCs were also permitted to enter one athlete providing he had met the B standard (10.28) in the same qualifying period.[11]
Competition format edit
The event retained the same basic four round format introduced in 1920: heats, quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final. The "fastest loser" system, introduced in 1968, was used again to ensure that the quarterfinals and subsequent rounds had exactly 8 runners per heat; this time, the system was used in both the heats and quarterfinals.
The first round consisted of 10 heats, each with 8 or 9 athletes. The top three runners in each heat advanced, along with the next ten fastest runners overall. This made 40 quarterfinalists, who were divided into 5 heats of 8 runners. The top three runners in each quarterfinal advanced, with one "fastest loser" place. The 16 semifinalists competed in two heats of 8, with the top four in each semifinal advancing to the eight-man final.[2]
Records edit
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows:
| World record |  Usain Bolt (JAM) |
9.72 s | New York City, United States | 31 May 2008 |
| Olympic record |  Donovan Bailey (CAN) |
9.84 s | Atlanta, United States | 27 July 1996 |
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
| Date | Event | Athlete | Time | OR | WR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 August | Final |  Usain Bolt (JAM) |
9.69 s | OR | WR |
Schedule edit
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+8)
| Date | Time | Round |
|---|---|---|
| Friday, 15 August 2008 | 09:45 19:45 |
Heats Quarterfinals |
| Saturday, 16 August 2008 | 20:00 22:30 |
Semifinals Final |
Disqualification edit
Eight years after the event, the IOC reanalyzed doping samples and disqualified Samuel Francis for having stanozolol in his sample.[12]
Results edit
Heats edit
The first round was held on 15 August. The first three runners of each heat plus the next ten overall fastest runners qualified for the second round.
Heat 1 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | Usain Bolt | Jamaica |
0.186 | 10.20 | Q | |
| 2 | 9 | Daniel Bailey |  Antigua and Barbuda |
0.198 | 10.24 | Q | |
| 3 | 6 | Vicente de Lima |  Brazil |
0.168 | 10.26 | Q, SB | |
| 4 | 2 | Henry Vizcaíno |  Cuba |
0.157 | 10.28 | q | |
| 5 | 4 | Fabio Cerutti |  Italy |
0.136 | 10.49 | ||
| 6 | 5 | Jurgen Themen |  Suriname |
0.179 | 10.61 | PB | |
| 7 | 8 | Moses Kamut |  Vanuatu |
0.181 | 10.81 | ||
| 8 | 7 | Francis Manioru |  Solomon Islands |
0.197 | 11.09 | ||
| Wind: -0.2 m/s | |||||||
Heat 2 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | Asafa Powell | Jamaica |
0.142 | 10.16 | Q | |
| 2 | 3 | Kim Collins |  Saint Kitts and Nevis |
0.162 | 10.17 | Q | |
| 3 | 7 | Craig Pickering |  Great Britain |
0.174 | 10.21 | Q | |
| 4 | 2 | Daniel Grueso |  Colombia |
0.178 | 10.35 | q | |
| 5 | 9 | Dariusz Kuć |  Poland |
0.144 | 10.44 | q | |
| 6 | 8 | Béranger Bosse |  Central African Republic |
0.144 | 10.51 | SB | |
| 7 | 6 | Aisea Tohi |  Tonga |
0.159 | 11.17 | ||
| 8 | 4 | Roman William Cress |  Marshall Islands |
0.190 | 11.18 | ||
| Wind: 0.0 m/s | |||||||
Heat 3 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | Richard Thompson |  Trinidad and Tobago |
0.188 | 10.24 | Q | |
| 2 | 5 | Martial Mbandjock |  France |
0.162 | 10.26 | Q | |
| 3 | 4 | Simone Collio | Italy |
0.140 | 10.32 | Q | |
| 4 | 2 | Aziz Zakari |  Ghana |
0.177 | 10.34 | q | |
| 5 | 6 | Andrew Hinds |  Barbados |
0.140 | 10.35 | q | |
| 6 | 3 | Suryo Agung Wibowo |  Indonesia |
0.175 | 10.46 | ||
| 7 | 7 | Jared Lewis |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
0.123 | 11.00 | ||
| 8 | 9 | Rabangaki Nawai |  Kiribati |
0.152 | 11.29 | SB | |
| Wind: 0.0 m/s | |||||||
Heat 4 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | Michael Frater | Jamaica |
0.156 | 10.15 | Q | |
| 2 | 4 | Pierre Browne | Canada |
0.141 | 10.22 | Q | |
| 3 | 6 | Darrel Brown | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.139 | 10.22 | Q | |
| 4 | 7 | Nobuharu Asahara |  Japan |
0.160 | 10.25 | q | |
| 5 | 9 | Holder da Silva |  Guinea-Bissau |
0.184 | 10.58 | ||
| 6 | 2 | Idrissa Sanou |  Burkina Faso |
0.171 | 10.63 | ||
| 7 | 8 | Ghyd-Kermeliss-Holly Olonghot |  Republic of the Congo |
0.172 | 11.01 | ||
| 8 | 5 | Massoud Azizi |  Afghanistan |
0.160 | 11.45 | ||
| Wind: 0.2 m/s | |||||||
Heat 5 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | Tyson Gay |  United States |
0.148 | 10.22 | Q | |
| 2 | 5 | Olusoji A. Fasuba |  Nigeria |
0.156 | 10.29 | Q | |
| 3 | 4 | José Carlos Moreira | Brazil |
0.192 | 10.29 | Q | |
| 4 | 7 | Ángel David Rodríguez |  Spain |
0.145 | 10.34 | q | |
| 5 | 9 | Lukas Milo |  Czech Republic |
0.145 | 10.52 | ||
| 6 | 8 | Mhadjou Youssouf |  Comoros |
0.170 | 10.62 | PB | |
| 7 | 3 | Danny D'Souza |  Seychelles |
0.180 | 11.00 | ||
| 8 | 6 | Shanahan Sanitoa |  American Samoa |
0.158 | 12.60 | ||
| Wind: 0.7 m/s | |||||||
Heat 6 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | Tyrone Edgar | Great Britain |
0.138 | 10.13 | Q | |
| 2 | 6 | Darvis Patton | United States |
0.149 | 10.25 | Q | |
| 3 | 7 | Ronald Pognon | France |
0.167 | 10.26 | Q | |
| 4 | 2 | Hu Kai |  China |
0.152 | 10.39 | q | |
| 5 | 4 | Abdullah Al-Sooli |  Oman |
0.153 | 10.53 | PB | |
| 6 | 8 | Desislav Gunev |  Bulgaria |
0.152 | 10.66 | ||
| 7 | 3 | Ali Shareef |  Maldives |
0.171 | 11.11 | NR | |
| 8 | 9 | Souksavanh Tonsacktheva |  Laos |
0.183 | 11.51 | ||
| Wind: 0.9 m/s | |||||||
Heat 7 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | Francis Obikwelu |  Portugal |
0.190 | 10.25 | Q | |
| 2 | 2 | Obinna Metu | Nigeria |
0.176 | 10.34 | Q | |
| 3 | 5 | Walter Dix | United States |
0.167 | 10.35 | Q | |
| 4 | 6 | Anson Henry | Canada |
0.138 | 10.37 | q | |
| 5 | 8 | Dmytro Hlushchenko |  Ukraine |
0.200 | 10.57 | ||
| 6 | 3 | Calvin Kang Li Loong |  Singapore |
0.140 | 10.73 | ||
| 7 | 9 | Jesse Tamangrow |  Palau |
0.146 | 11.38 | PB | |
| 8 | 7 | Reginaldo Micha Ndong |  Equatorial Guinea |
0.242 | 11.61 | ||
| Wind: -1.4 m/s | |||||||
Heat 8 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | Derrick Atkins |  Bahamas |
0.162 | 10.28 | Q | |
| 2 | 4 | Andrey Yepishin |  Russia |
0.172 | 10.34 | Q | |
| 3 | 9 | Jaysuma Saidy Ndure |  Norway |
0.164 | 10.37 | Q | |
| 4 | 6 | Uchenna Emedolu | Nigeria |
0.192 | 10.46 | ||
| 5 | 2 | Suwaibou Sanneh |  The Gambia |
0.157 | 10.52 | ||
| 6 | 5 | Sandro Viana | Brazil |
0.160 | 10.60 | ||
| 7 | 7 | Lai Chun Ho |  Hong Kong |
0.199 | 10.63 | ||
| 8 | 8 | Mohamed Abu Abdullah |  Bangladesh |
0.174 | 11.07 | ||
| Wind: -0.1 m/s | |||||||
Heat 9 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | Samuel Francis |  Qatar |
0.153 | 10.40 DSQ | Q | |
| 2 | 5 | Marc Burns | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.160 | 10.46 | Q | |
| 3 | 9 | Matic Osovnikar |  Slovenia |
0.187 | 10.46 | Q | |
| 4 | 7 | Rolando Palacios |  Honduras |
0.189 | 10.49 | ||
| 5 | 2 | Ruslan Abbasov |  Azerbaijan |
0.154 | 10.58 | ||
| 6 | 4 | Sébastien Gattuso |  Monaco |
0.164 | 10.70 | ||
| 7 | 8 | Jack Howard |  Federated States of Micronesia |
0.204 | 11.03 | ||
| 8 | 3 | Gordon Heather |  Cook Islands |
0.214 | 11.41 | PB | |
| Wind: -1.7 m/s | |||||||
Heat 10 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | Churandy Martina |  Netherlands Antilles |
0.164 | 10.35 | Q | |
| 2 | 5 | Naoki Tsukahara | Japan |
0.169 | 10.39 | Q | |
| 3 | 6 | Simeon Williamson | Great Britain |
0.183 | 10.42 | Q | |
| 4 | 9 | Tobias Unger |  Germany |
0.161 | 10.46 | q | |
| 5 | 8 | Franklin Nazareno |  Ecuador |
0.178 | 10.60 | ||
| 6 | 7 | Wilfried Bingangoye |  Gabon |
0.171 | 10.87 | ||
| 7 | 2 | Moumi Sebergue |  Chad |
0.210 | 11.14 | ||
| 8 | 3 | Okilani Tinilau |  Tuvalu |
0.174 | 11.48 | NR | |
| Wind: -1.3 m/s | |||||||
Quarterfinals edit
The quarterfinals were held on 15 August. The first three runners of each heat plus the next overall fastest runner qualified for the semifinals.
Quarterfinal 1 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | Churandy Martina | Netherlands Antilles |
0.142 | 9.99 | Q, NR | |
| 2 | 7 | Michael Frater | Jamaica |
0.154 | 10.09 | Q | |
| 3 | 6 | Naoki Tsukahara | Japan |
0.156 | 10.23 | Q, SB | |
| 4 | 9 | Simeon Williamson | Great Britain |
0.127 | 10.32 | ||
| 5 | 3 | Henry Vizcaíno | Cuba |
0.167 | 10.33 | ||
| 6 | 5 | Pierre Browne | Canada |
0.144 | 10.36 | ||
| 7 | 2 | Dariusz Kuć | Poland |
0.176 | 10.46 | ||
| 8 | 8 | Darrel Brown | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.119 | 10.93 | ||
| Wind: -0.1 m/s | |||||||
Quarterfinal 2 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | Richard Thompson | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.170 | 9.99 | Q | |
| 2 | 4 | Tyson Gay | United States |
0.146 | 10.09 | Q | |
| 3 | 7 | Martial Mbandjock | France |
0.160 | 10.16 | Q | |
| 4 | 5 | Olusoji A. Fasuba | Nigeria |
0.147 | 10.21 | ||
| 5 | 2 | Andrew Hinds | Barbados |
0.148 | 10.25 | ||
| 6 | 8 | José Carlos Moreira | Brazil |
0.193 | 10.32 | ||
| 7 | 9 | Simone Collio | Italy |
0.138 | 10.33 | ||
| 8 | 3 | Daniel Grueso | Colombia |
0.193 | 10.37 | ||
| Wind: 0.0 m/s | |||||||
Quarterfinal 3 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | Marc Burns | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.174 | 10.05 | Q | |
| 2 | 4 | Kim Collins | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
0.150 | 10.07 | Q, =SB | |
| 3 | 5 | Tyrone Edgar | Great Britain |
0.130 | 10.10 | Q | |
| 4 | 7 | Samuel Francis | Qatar |
0.164 | 10.11 DSQ | Q | |
| 5 | 9 | Ronald Pognon | France |
0.167 | 10.21 | ||
| 6 | 8 | Matic Osovnikar | Slovenia |
0.171 | 10.24 | ||
| 7 | 2 | Tobias Unger | Germany |
0.136 | 10.36 | ||
| 8 | 3 | Nobuharu Asahara | Japan |
0.145 | 10.37 | ||
| Wind: -0.2 m/s | |||||||
Quarterfinal 4 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | Usain Bolt | Jamaica |
0.165 | 9.92 | Q | |
| 2 | 5 | Darvis Patton | United States |
0.159 | 10.04 | Q | |
| 3 | 4 | Francis Obikwelu | Portugal |
0.168 | 10.09 | Q | |
| 4 | 8 | Jaysuma Saidy Ndure | Norway |
0.133 | 10.14 | ||
| 5 | 9 | Craig Pickering | Great Britain |
0.144 | 10.18 | ||
| 6 | 6 | Obinna Metu | Nigeria |
0.174 | 10.27 | ||
| 7 | 3 | Anson Henry | Canada |
0.142 | 10.33 | ||
| 8 | 2 | Ángel David Rodríguez | Spain |
0.154 | 10.35 | ||
| Wind: 0.1 m/s | |||||||
Quarterfinal 5 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | Asafa Powell | Jamaica |
0.149 | 10.02 | Q | |
| 2 | 9 | Walter Dix | United States |
0.163 | 10.08 | Q | |
| 3 | 5 | Derrick Atkins | Bahamas |
0.179 | 10.14 | Q | |
| 4 | 4 | Daniel Bailey | Antigua and Barbuda |
0.149 | 10.23 | ||
| 5 | 3 | Aziz Zakari | Ghana |
0.167 | 10.24 | ||
| 6 | 6 | Andrey Yepishin | Russia |
0.158 | 10.25 | ||
| 7 | 8 | Vicente de Lima | Brazil |
0.157 | 10.31 | ||
| 8 | 2 | Hu Kai | China |
0.165 | 10.40 | ||
| Wind: -0.1 m/s | |||||||
Semifinals edit
The semifinals were held on 16 August. The first four runners from each semifinal qualified for the final.
Semifinal 1 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | Usain Bolt | Jamaica |
0.161 | 9.85 | Q | |
| 2 | 6 | Walter Dix | United States |
0.143 | 9.95 | Q, SB | |
| 3 | 4 | Marc Burns | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.124 | 9.97 | Q, =SB | |
| 4 | 9 | Michael Frater | Jamaica |
0.163 | 10.01 | Q | |
| 5 | 5 | Kim Collins | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
0.163 | 10.05 | SB | |
| 6 | 2 | Derrick Atkins | Bahamas |
0.159 | 10.13 | ||
| 7 | 8 | Tyrone Edgar | Great Britain |
0.143 | 10.18 | ||
| — | 3 | Samuel Francis | Qatar |
0.146 | 10.20 DSQ | ||
| Wind: -0.1 m/s | |||||||
Semifinal 2 edit
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | Asafa Powell | Jamaica |
0.161 | 9.91 | Q | |
| 2 | 7 | Richard Thompson | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.175 | 9.93 | Q, =PB | |
| 3 | 5 | Churandy Martina | Netherlands Antilles |
0.138 | 9.94 | Q, NR | |
| 4 | 4 | Darvis Patton | United States |
0.149 | 10.03 | Q | |
| 5 | 9 | Tyson Gay | United States |
0.145 | 10.05 | ||
| 6 | 8 | Francis Obikwelu | Portugal |
0.157 | 10.10 | ||
| 7 | 3 | Naoki Tsukahara | Japan |
0.143 | 10.16 | SB | |
| 8 | 2 | Martial Mbandjock | France |
0.148 | 10.18 | ||
| Wind: 0.3 m/s | |||||||
Final edit
The final was held on 16 August.
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Nation | Reaction | Time | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
4 | Usain Bolt | Jamaica |
0.165 | 9.69 | WR | |
 |
5 | Richard Thompson | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.133 | 9.89 | PB | |
 |
6 | Walter Dix | United States |
0.133 | 9.91 | PB | |
| 4 | 9 | Churandy Martina | Netherlands Antilles |
0.169 | 9.93 | NR | |
| 5 | 7 | Asafa Powell | Jamaica |
0.134 | 9.95 | ||
| 6 | 2 | Michael Frater | Jamaica |
0.147 | 9.97 | PB | |
| 7 | 8 | Marc Burns | Trinidad and Tobago |
0.145 | 10.01 | ||
| 8 | 3 | Darvis Patton | United States |
0.142 | 10.03 | ||
| Wind: 0.0 m/s | |||||||
References edit
- ^ "Olympic Athletics Competition Schedule". IAAF. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
- ^ a b c "100 metres, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- ^ Akabusi, Kriss (2008-08-19). "Bolt's showboating is a slap for us idealists". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ IOC Rips Bolt for Lack of 'Respect', Associated Press, 2008-08-21, archived from the original on 24 August 2008, retrieved 2008-08-21
- ^ Broadbent, Rick (2008-08-21). "Deluded Jacques Rogge fails to see the champion in Usain Bolt". The Times. London. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ Landells, Steve (2008-08-16). ""It was crazy, phenomenal" - Bolt's 9.69 100 metres stuns the Bird's Nest". IAAF. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- ^ "Impressive 10.03 by Bolt in Rethymno - Vardinoyiannia report | REPORT | World Athletics".
- ^ "Bolt stuns with 9.76 dash in Kingston – Jamaica International report | REPORT | World Athletics".
- ^ "Olympics: Usain Bolt takes Olympic glory with new 100m world record". 16 August 2008.
- ^ "Justin Gatlin: I should not be called two-times drugs cheat despite two bans". The Guardian. June 25, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
- ^ "Entry Standards - The XXIX Olympic Games - Beijing, China - 8/24 August 2008". IAAF. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
- ^ "IOC sanctions two athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008". olympic.org. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.