Parliamentary elections were held in Afghanistan in August and September 1965.[1] Members of the Senate were elected between 26 August and 7 September, and members of the House of the People elected between 10 and 26 September. Following the introduction of women's suffrage in the 1964 constitution, four women were elected to the House of People and two became members of the Senate.
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All 215 seats in the House of the People 29 of the 87 seats in the Senate | ||
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Electoral system edit
The 215 members of the House of the People were elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies.[2] The 87 members of the Senate consisted of 29 appointed by the king, 29 directly elected and 29 elected by the provincial assemblies (one member from each province).[2]
The voting age was 20. Candidates for the House of the People were required to be at least 26 years old, and candidates for the Senate 31.[2]
In polling stations there was a voting box for each candidate with their photograph and symbol; voters placed their ballot paper in the box of the candidate they wished to vote for.[2]
Campaign edit
Although the previous parliament had passed a law allowing for the creation of political parties, it had not been signed by the king. As a result, all candidates ran as independents.[2] However, several unofficial parties ran candidates with beliefs ranging from fundamentalist Islam to far left.
Results edit
Turnout was very low, leading to the vocal predominance of Kabul's radicals. Four members of the PDPA were elected, although, only two were widely known as being PDPA members; Babrak Karmal and Anahita Ratebzad, who were both elected in Kabul.[3]
Four women were elected; Roqia Abubakr and Anahita Ratebzad in Kabul, Khadija Ahrari in Herat and Masuma Esmati-Wardak in Kandahar.[4]
As the provincial assemblies were never convened, the Senate consisted only of the 29 members appointed by the king and the 29 directly elected members.[2] Two of the appointed members – Aziza Gardizi and Homeira Seljuqi – were women.[5][6]
List of members edit
Aftermath edit
The newly elected parliament convened on 14 October. In a preliminary session the day before, Abdul Zahir was elected president of the House of the People. On the same day, Abdul Hadi Dawi was appointed president of the Senate by the king.[7]
Eleven days later dissident leftist students, dissatisfied with the newly appointed cabinet, disrupted the meetings and rioting ensued. Prime Minister Mohammad Yusuf resigned on 29 October and the king appointed Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal to form a cabinet, which was confirmed on 2 November.
References edit
- ^ O'Carroll, Aaron. "Horns of a Dilemma - The United States and Afghanistan Before the Soviet Invasion". Horns of a Dilemma – via Google Podcasts.
- ^ a b c d e f Elections in Asia and the Pacific-A Data Handbook. 2004. pp. 507–509.
- ^ The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System. 2002. p. 101.
- ^ Women and the Elections: Facilitating and Hindering Factors in the Upcoming Parliamentary Elections AFEU
- ^ Hafizullah Emadi (2008) Establishment of Afghanistan’s Parliament and the Role of Women Parliamentarians Retrospect and Prospects Internationales Asienforum, Volume 39, Number 1–2, pp5–19
- ^ Afghanistan: Women and reconstruction International Crisis Group
- ^ Dr. Zahir Hopes To Discharge Duties In People's Interest Kabul Times, 13 October 1965