Ta (Indic)

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Ta is the sixteenth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ta is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ta
Ta
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseTa
TibetanTa
TamilTa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiTa
DevanagariTa
Cognates
Hebrewת
GreekΤ, Ϛ
LatinT
CyrillicТ, Ѿ
Properties
Phonemic representation/t/
IAST transliterationta Ta
ISCII code pointBA (186)

Āryabhaṭṭa numeration

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Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of त are:[1]

  • [tə] = 16 (१६)
  • ति [tɪ] = 1,600 (१ ६००)
  • तु [tʊ] = 160,000 (१ ६० ०००)
  • तृ [tri] = 16,000,000 (१ ६० ०० ०००)
  • तॢ [tlə] = 1,600,000,000 (१ ६० ०० ०० ०००)
  • ते [te] = 16×1010 (१६×१०१०)
  • तै [tɛː] = 16×1012 (१६×१०१२)
  • तो [toː] = 16×1014 (१६×१०१४
  • तौ [tɔː] = 16×1016 (१६×१०१६)

Historic Ta

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There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ta as found in standard Brahmi,   was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta  . The Tocharian Ta   had an alternate Fremdzeichen form,  . The third form of ta, in Kharoshthi ( ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ta

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The Brahmi letter  , Ta, is probably derived from the Aramaic Taw  , and is thus related to the modern Latin T and Greek Tau.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ta can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ta historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
         

Tocharian Ta

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The Tocharian letter   is derived from the Brahmi  , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form   used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Tä.

Tocharian Ta with vowel marks
Ta Ti Tu Tr Tr̄ Te Tai To Tau Fremdzeichen
                           

Kharoṣṭhī Ta

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The Kharoṣṭhī letter   is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Taw  , and is thus related to T and Tau, in addition to the Brahmi Ta.[2]

Devanagari Ta

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Ta () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , after having gone through the Gupta letter  . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘝.

Devanagari-using Languages

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In all languages, त is pronounced as [tə] or [t] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari त with vowel marks
Ta Ti Tu Tr Tr̄ Tl Tl̄ Te Tai To Tau T
ता ति ती तु तू तृ तॄ तॢ तॣ ते तै तो तौ त्

Conjuncts with त

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Half form of Ta.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of त

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True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form   for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta: note

 

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

 

  • त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature tra:

 

  • Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

 

  • त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature trya:

 

  • क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature kta:

 

  • क্ (k) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

 

  • क্ (k) + त্ (t) + व (va) gives the ligature ktva:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋkta:

 

  • त্ (t) + त (ta) gives the ligature tta:

 

  • Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives the ligature rtta:

 

  • त্ (t) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ttra:

 

  • Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rttra:

 

  • त্ (t) + त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature ttna:

 

  • त্ (t) + त্ (t) + व (va) gives the ligature ttva:

 

  • प্ (p) + त (ta) gives the ligature pta:

 

  • प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

 

  • ष্ (ṣ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṣta:

 

Stacked conjuncts of त

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Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + त (ta) gives the ligature cʰta:

 

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ḍʱta:

 

  • ड্ (ḍ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ḍta:

 

  • द্ (d) + त (ta) gives the ligature dta:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋta:

 

  • त্ (t) + ब (ba) gives the ligature tba:

 

  • त্ (t) + च (ca) gives the ligature tca:

 

  • त্ (t) + ज (ja) gives the ligature tja:

 

  • त্ (t) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature tjña:

 

  • त্ (t) + ल (la) gives the ligature tla:

 

  • त্ (t) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature tña:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṭʰta:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṭta:

 

  • त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature tna:

 

  • त্ (t) + व (va) gives the ligature tva:

 

Bengali Ta

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The Bengali script ত is derived from the Siddhaṃ  , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, त. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ত will sometimes be transliterated as "to" instead of "ta". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /t̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, ত can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ত with vowel marks
ta ti tu tr tr̄ te tai to tau t
তা তি তী তু তূ তৃ তৄ তে তৈ তো তৌ ত্

ত in Bengali-using languages

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ত is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ত

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Bengali ত exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

Khanda Ta

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Khanda Ta

Some ostensible conjuncts with an initial ত are realized visually with a character called Khanda Ta "Broken Ta". This "broken" form of ত is used to represent the bare consonant without an inherent "A" vowel, and does not normally take vowel marks. It resembles the normal letter ত, but reversed, without a head line, and a reduced tail.

  • ৎ (khanda ta) + ক (ka) gives the conjunct tka:

 

Other ত Conjuncts

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Other conjuncts take the form of a ligature when ত is the initial head consonant, or usually as a stacked conjunct when ত is non-head. As is normal, as a later element in a stacked conjunct, ত loses its head line when conjoining, and has a reduced tail when followed by Ra-phala.

  • ক্ (k) + ত (ta) gives the ligature kta:

 

  • ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ktra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ন্ (n) + ত (ta) gives the ligature nta:

 

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ntra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

 

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ntva, with the va phala suffix:

 

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives the ligature pta:

 

  • র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives the ligature rta, with the repha prefix:

 

  • র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature rtra, with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:

 

  • র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature rtya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

 

  • স্ (s) + ত (ta) gives the ligature sta:

 

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature stra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature stva, with the va phala suffix:

 

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature stya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • ত্ (t) + ম (ma) gives the ligature tma:

 

  • ত্ (t) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature tmya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • ত্ (t) + ন (na) gives the ligature tna:

 

  • ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature tra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature trya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

 

  • ত্ (t) + স (sa) gives the ligature tsa:

 

  • ত্ (t) + ত (ta) gives the ligature tta:

 

  • ত্ (t) + থ (tʰa) gives the ligature ttʰa:

 

  • ত্ (t) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ttva, with the va phala suffix:

 

  • ত্ (t) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ttya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature tva, with the va phala suffix:

 

  • ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature tya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

Gujarati Ta

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Gujarati Ta.

Ta () is the sixteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ta   with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter  .

Gujarati-using Languages

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The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ત is pronounced as [tə] or [t] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ta Ti Tu Tr Tl Tr̄ Tl̄ Te Tai To Tau T
 
Gujarati Ta syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ત

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Half form of Ta.

Gujarati ત exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ત (ta) gives the ligature RTa:

 

  • ત્ (t) + ર (ra) gives the ligature TRa:

 

  • ત્ (t) + ત (ta) gives the ligature TTa:

 

  • ત્ (t) + ન (na) gives the ligature TNa:

 

  • પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives the ligature PTa:

 

  • ષ્ (ʂ) + ત (ta) gives the ligature ṢTa:

 

Javanese Ta

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Telugu Ta

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Telugu independent and subjoined Ta.

Ta () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ta

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Malayalam letter Ta

Ta () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Grantha letter   Ta. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

 
Malayalam Ta matras: Ta, Tā, Ti, Tī, Tu, Tū, Tr̥, Tr̥̄, Tl̥, Tl̥̄, Te, Tē, Tai, To, Tō, Tau, and T.

Conjuncts of ത

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As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ക് (k) + ത (ta) gives the ligature kta:

 

  • ത് (t) + ത (ta) gives the ligature tta:

 

  • ന് (n) + ത (ta) gives the ligature nta:

 

  • പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives the ligature pta:

 

  • യ് (y) + ത (ta) gives the ligature yta:

 

  • സ് (s) + ത (ta) gives the ligature sta:

 

  • ത് (t) + ഥ (tʰa) gives the ligature ttʰa:

 

  • ത് (t) + ന (na) gives the ligature tna:

 

  • ത് (t) + ഭ (bʰa) gives the ligature tbʰa:

 

  • ത് (t) + മ (ma) gives the ligature tma:

 

  • ത് (t) + സ (sa) gives the ligature tsa:

 

Odia Ta

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Odia independent and subjoined letter Ta.

Ta () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ta. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ta with vowel matras
Ta Ti Tu Tr̥ Tr̥̄ Tl̥ Tl̥̄ Te Tai To Tau T
ତା ତି ତୀ ତୁ ତୂ ତୃ ତୄ ତୢ ତୣ ତେ ତୈ ତୋ ତୌ ତ୍

Conjuncts of ତ

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As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ତ୍ (t) + କ (ka) gives the ligature tka:

 

  • ତ୍ (t) + ତ (ta) gives the ligature tta:

 

  • ତ୍ (t) + ସ (sa) gives the ligature tsa:

 

Kaithi Ta

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Kaithi consonant and half-form Ta.

Ta (𑂞) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ta. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ta with vowel matras
Ta Ti Tu Te Tai To Tau T
𑂞 𑂞𑂰 𑂞𑂱 𑂞𑂲 𑂞𑂳 𑂞𑂴 𑂞𑂵 𑂞𑂶 𑂞𑂷 𑂞𑂸 𑂞𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂞

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As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂞୍ (t) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature tra:

 

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂞 (ta) gives the ligature rta:

 

Comparison of Ta

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The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ta, are related as well.

Comparison of Ta in different scripts
Aramaic
 
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨟
Ashoka Brahmi
 
Kushana Brahmi[a]
 
Tocharian[b]
  /  
Gupta Brahmi
 
Pallava
 
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰝
Siddhaṃ
 
Grantha
𑌤
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
 
Newa
𑐟
Ahom
𑜄
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
 
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤛
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
 
Soyombo[d]
𑩫
Khmer
Tamil
 
Chakma
𑄖
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
ต / ด
Lao
ຕ / ດ
Tai Le
Marchen
𑱺
Tirhuta
𑒞
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
Aksara Kawi
 
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆘
Rejang
Batak
-
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨙
Bengali-Assamese
 
Takri
𑚙
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻦
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠙
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘝
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈙
Khudabadi
𑋍
Mahajani
𑅣
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
 
Nandinagari
𑦽
Kaithi
 
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊖
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩫
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵳
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴛
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ta

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Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ta in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ta from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview      
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER TA BENGALI LETTER TA TAMIL LETTER TA TELUGU LETTER TA ORIYA LETTER TA KANNADA LETTER TA MALAYALAM LETTER TA GUJARATI LETTER TA GURMUKHI LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2340 U+0924 2468 U+09A4 2980 U+0BA4 3108 U+0C24 2852 U+0B24 3236 U+0CA4 3364 U+0D24 2724 U+0AA4 2596 U+0A24
UTF-8 224 164 164 E0 A4 A4 224 166 164 E0 A6 A4 224 174 164 E0 AE A4 224 176 164 E0 B0 A4 224 172 164 E0 AC A4 224 178 164 E0 B2 A4 224 180 164 E0 B4 A4 224 170 164 E0 AA A4 224 168 164 E0 A8 A4
Numeric character reference त त ত ত த த త త ତ ତ ತ ತ ത ത ત ત ਤ ਤ
ISCII 186 BA 186 BA 186 BA 186 BA 186 BA 186 BA 186 BA 186 BA 186 BA


Character information
Preview
Ashoka 
Kushana 
Gupta 
𐨟   𑌤
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER JA KHAROSHTHI LETTER TA SIDDHAM LETTER TA GRANTHA LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69658 U+1101A 68127 U+10A1F 71069 U+1159D 70436 U+11324
UTF-8 240 145 128 154 F0 91 80 9A 240 144 168 159 F0 90 A8 9F 240 145 150 157 F0 91 96 9D 240 145 140 164 F0 91 8C A4
UTF-16 55300 56346 D804 DC1A 55298 56863 D802 DE1F 55301 56733 D805 DD9D 55300 57124 D804 DF24
Numeric character reference 𑀚 𑀚 𐨟 𐨟 𑖝 𑖝 𑌤 𑌤


Character information
Preview   𑨙 𑐟 𑰝 𑆘
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER TA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER TA PHAGS-PA LETTER TA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TA NEWA LETTER TA BHAIKSUKI LETTER TA SHARADA LETTER JA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3919 U+0F4F 3999 U+0F9F 43080 U+A848 72217 U+11A19 70687 U+1141F 72733 U+11C1D 70040 U+11198
UTF-8 224 189 143 E0 BD 8F 224 190 159 E0 BE 9F 234 161 136 EA A1 88 240 145 168 153 F0 91 A8 99 240 145 144 159 F0 91 90 9F 240 145 176 157 F0 91 B0 9D 240 145 134 152 F0 91 86 98
UTF-16 3919 0F4F 3999 0F9F 43080 A848 55302 56857 D806 DE19 55301 56351 D805 DC1F 55303 56349 D807 DC1D 55300 56728 D804 DD98
Numeric character reference ཏ ཏ ྟ ྟ ꡈ ꡈ 𑨙 𑨙 𑐟 𑐟 𑰝 𑰝 𑆘 𑆘


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER TA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH TA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4112 U+1010 6706 U+1A32 6545 U+1991
UTF-8 225 128 144 E1 80 90 225 168 178 E1 A8 B2 225 166 145 E1 A6 91
Numeric character reference တ တ ᨲ ᨲ ᦑ ᦑ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER TA LAO LETTER TO LAO LETTER DO THAI CHARACTER TO TAO THAI CHARACTER DO DEK TAI VIET LETTER LOW TO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6031 U+178F 3733 U+0E95 3732 U+0E94 3605 U+0E15 3604 U+0E14 43668 U+AA94
UTF-8 225 158 143 E1 9E 8F 224 186 149 E0 BA 95 224 186 148 E0 BA 94 224 184 149 E0 B8 95 224 184 148 E0 B8 94 234 170 148 EA AA 94
Numeric character reference ត ត ຕ ຕ ດ ດ ต ต ด ด ꪔ ꪔ


Character information
Preview 𑄖 𑜄 𑤛
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA TAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER TAA TAI LE LETTER TA AHOM LETTER TA DIVES AKURU LETTER TA SAURASHTRA LETTER TA CHAM LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3501 U+0DAD 69910 U+11116 6486 U+1956 71428 U+11704 71963 U+1191B 43169 U+A8A1 43539 U+AA13
UTF-8 224 182 173 E0 B6 AD 240 145 132 150 F0 91 84 96 225 165 150 E1 A5 96 240 145 156 132 F0 91 9C 84 240 145 164 155 F0 91 A4 9B 234 162 161 EA A2 A1 234 168 147 EA A8 93
UTF-16 3501 0DAD 55300 56598 D804 DD16 6486 1956 55301 57092 D805 DF04 55302 56603 D806 DD1B 43169 A8A1 43539 AA13
Numeric character reference ත ත 𑄖 𑄖 ᥖ ᥖ 𑜄 𑜄 𑤛 𑤛 ꢡ ꢡ ꨓ ꨓ


Character information
Preview 𑘝 𑦽 𑩫 𑵳  
Unicode name MODI LETTER TA NANDINAGARI LETTER TA SOYOMBO LETTER TA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER TO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TA KAITHI LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71197 U+1161D 72125 U+119BD 72299 U+11A6B 43028 U+A814 73075 U+11D73 69790 U+1109E
UTF-8 240 145 152 157 F0 91 98 9D 240 145 166 189 F0 91 A6 BD 240 145 169 171 F0 91 A9 AB 234 160 148 EA A0 94 240 145 181 179 F0 91 B5 B3 240 145 130 158 F0 91 82 9E
UTF-16 55301 56861 D805 DE1D 55302 56765 D806 DDBD 55302 56939 D806 DE6B 43028 A814 55303 56691 D807 DD73 55300 56478 D804 DC9E
Numeric character reference 𑘝 𑘝 𑦽 𑦽 𑩫 𑩫 ꠔ ꠔ 𑵳 𑵳 𑂞 𑂞


Character information
Preview 𑒞   𑱺
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER TA LEPCHA LETTER TA LIMBU LETTER TA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER TIL MARCHEN LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70814 U+1149E 7178 U+1C0A 6411 U+190B 43975 U+ABC7 72826 U+11C7A
UTF-8 240 145 146 158 F0 91 92 9E 225 176 138 E1 B0 8A 225 164 139 E1 A4 8B 234 175 135 EA AF 87 240 145 177 186 F0 91 B1 BA
UTF-16 55301 56478 D805 DC9E 7178 1C0A 6411 190B 43975 ABC7 55303 56442 D807 DC7A
Numeric character reference 𑒞 𑒞 ᰊ ᰊ ᤋ ᤋ ꯇ ꯇ 𑱺 𑱺


Character information
Preview 𑚙 𑠙 𑈙 𑋍 𑅣 𑊖
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER TA DOGRA LETTER TA KHOJKI LETTER TA KHUDAWADI LETTER TA MAHAJANI LETTER TA MULTANI LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71321 U+11699 71705 U+11819 70169 U+11219 70349 U+112CD 69987 U+11163 70294 U+11296
UTF-8 240 145 154 153 F0 91 9A 99 240 145 160 153 F0 91 A0 99 240 145 136 153 F0 91 88 99 240 145 139 141 F0 91 8B 8D 240 145 133 163 F0 91 85 A3 240 145 138 150 F0 91 8A 96
UTF-16 55301 56985 D805 DE99 55302 56345 D806 DC19 55300 56857 D804 DE19 55300 57037 D804 DECD 55300 56675 D804 DD63 55300 56982 D804 DE96
Numeric character reference 𑚙 𑚙 𑠙 𑠙 𑈙 𑈙 𑋍 𑋍 𑅣 𑅣 𑊖 𑊖


Character information
Preview 𑻦
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER TA BUGINESE LETTER TA JAVANESE LETTER TA MAKASAR LETTER TA REJANG LETTER TA SUNDANESE LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6946 U+1B22 6664 U+1A08 43424 U+A9A0 73446 U+11EE6 43315 U+A933 7058 U+1B92
UTF-8 225 172 162 E1 AC A2 225 168 136 E1 A8 88 234 166 160 EA A6 A0 240 145 187 166 F0 91 BB A6 234 164 179 EA A4 B3 225 174 146 E1 AE 92
UTF-16 6946 1B22 6664 1A08 43424 A9A0 55303 57062 D807 DEE6 43315 A933 7058 1B92
Numeric character reference ᬢ ᬢ ᨈ ᨈ ꦠ ꦠ 𑻦 𑻦 ꤳ ꤳ ᮒ ᮒ


Character information
Preview 𑴛
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER TA TAGBANWA LETTER TA BUHID LETTER TA HANUNOO LETTER TA MASARAM GONDI LETTER TA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5894 U+1706 5990 U+1766 5958 U+1746 5926 U+1726 72987 U+11D1B
UTF-8 225 156 134 E1 9C 86 225 157 166 E1 9D A6 225 157 134 E1 9D 86 225 156 166 E1 9C A6 240 145 180 155 F0 91 B4 9B
UTF-16 5894 1706 5990 1766 5958 1746 5926 1726 55303 56603 D807 DD1B
Numeric character reference ᜆ ᜆ ᝦ ᝦ ᝆ ᝆ ᜦ ᜦ 𑴛 𑴛



References

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  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".