Upsilon (US: /ˈʌpsɪˌlɒn, ˈ(j)uːp-, -lən/, UK: /(j)uːpˈsaɪlən, ʊp-, -lɒn/;[1][2][3][4][5][6] uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; Greek: ύψιλον ýpsilon [ˈipsilon]) or ypsilon /ɪp-/[1] is the twentieth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, Υʹ has a value of 400. It is derived from the Phoenician waw 
.
Etymology
editThe name of the letter was originally just "υ" (y; also called hy, hence "hyoid", meaning "shaped like the letter υ"), but the name changed to "υ ψιλόν" u psilon 'plain υ' to distinguish it from οι, which had come to have the same [y] pronunciation.[7]
Pronunciation
editIn early Attic Greek (6th century BCE), it was pronounced [u] (a close back rounded vowel like the English "long o͞o").[8][9] In Classical Greek, it was pronounced [y] (a close front rounded vowel), at least until 1030.[10] In Modern Greek, it is pronounced [i]; in the digraphs αυ and ευ, as [f] or [v]; and in the digraph ου as [u]. In ancient Greek, it occurred in both long and short versions, but Modern Greek does not have a length distinction.
As an initial letter in Classical Greek, it always carried the rough breathing (equivalent to h) as reflected in the many Greek-derived English words, such as those that begin with hyper- and hypo-. This rough breathing was derived from an older pronunciation that used a sibilant instead; this sibilant was not lost in Latin, giving rise to such cognates as super- (for hyper-) and sub- (for hypo-).
Upsilon participated as the second element in falling diphthongs, which have subsequently developed in various ways.
Correspondence with Latin Y
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The usage of Y in Latin dates back to the first century BC. It was used to transcribe loanwords from Greek, so it was not a native sound of Latin and was usually pronounced /u/ or /i/. The latter pronunciation was the most common in the Classical period and was used mostly by uneducated people. The Roman Emperor Claudius proposed introducing a new letter into the Latin alphabet to transcribe the so-called sonus medius (a short vowel before labial consonants), but in inscriptions, the new letter was sometimes used for Greek upsilon instead.
Four letters of the Latin alphabet arose from it: and U, Y and, much later, V and W. In the Cyrillic script, the letters U (У, у) and izhitsa (Ѵ, ѵ) arose from it.
In some languages, including German and Portuguese, the name upsilon (Ypsilon in German, ípsilon in Portuguese) is used to refer to the Latin letter Y as well as the Greek letter. In some other languages, the (Latin) Y is referred to as a "Greek I" (i griega in Spanish, i grec in French), also noting its Greek origin.
Usage
edit- In particle physics the capital Greek letter ϒ denotes an Upsilon particle. Note that the symbol should always look like in order to avoid confusion with a Latin Y denoting the hypercharge. This may be done either with a font such as FreeSerif or with the dedicated Unicode character U+03D2 ϒ.
- Automobile manufacturer Lancia has a model called the Ypsilon.
- In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbol ⟨ʋ⟩ is used to represent a labiodental approximant.
- In astrophysics and physical cosmology, ϒ refers to the mass-to-light ratio.[11]
- In statistics, it is sometimes used instead of v or nu to indicate degrees of freedom[12]
- In the Farsi language, “one Upsilon” is used to describe a positive amount close to 0 (zero)[citation needed]
Similar appearance
edit- A similar symbol
(Unicode ♈ U+2648) is used for the astrological sign of Aries.
Symbolism
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Upsilon is known as Pythagoras' letter, or the Samian letter, because Pythagoras used it as an emblem of the path of virtue or vice.[13] As the Roman writer Persius wrote in Satire III:
and the letter which spreads out into Pythagorean branches has pointed out to you the steep path which rises on the right.[14]
Lactantius, an early Christian author (ca. 240 – ca. 320), refers to this:
For they say that the course of human life resembles the letter Y, because every one of men, when he has reached the threshold of early youth, and has arrived at the place "where the way divides itself into two parts," is in doubt, and hesitates, and does not know to which side he should rather turn himself.[15]
Character encodings
editUpsilon and Coptic Ua characters.[16]
- U+01B1 Ʊ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON
- U+028A ʊ LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON
- U+038E Ύ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS
- U+03A5 Υ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON (Υ)
- U+03AB Ϋ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA
- U+03B0 ΰ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS
- U+03C5 υ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON (υ, υ)
- U+03CB ϋ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA
- U+03CD ύ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS
- U+03D2 ϒ GREEK UPSILON WITH HOOK SYMBOL (ϒ, ϒ)
- U+03D3 ϓ GREEK UPSILON WITH ACUTE AND HOOK SYMBOL
- U+03D4 ϔ GREEK UPSILON WITH DIAERESIS AND HOOK SYMBOL
- U+1D7F ᵿ LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH STROKE
- U+1DB7 ᶷ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL UPSILON
- U+1F50 ὐ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI
- U+1F51 ὑ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA
- U+1F52 ὒ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA
- U+1F53 ὓ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA
- U+1F54 ὔ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA
- U+1F55 ὕ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA
- U+1F56 ὖ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI
- U+1F57 ὗ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI
- U+1F59 Ὑ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA
- U+1F5B Ὓ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA
- U+1F5D Ὕ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA
- U+1F5F Ὗ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI
- U+1F7A ὺ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA
- U+1F7B ύ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA
- U+1FE0 ῠ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY
- U+1FE1 ῡ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON
- U+1FE2 ῢ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA
- U+1FE3 ΰ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA
- U+1FE6 ῦ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI
- U+1FE7 ῧ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI
- U+1FE8 Ῠ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY
- U+1FE9 Ῡ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON
- U+1FEA Ὺ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA
- U+1FEB Ύ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA
- U+2CA8 Ⲩ COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER UA
- U+2CA9 ⲩ COPTIC SMALL LETTER UA
- U+1D6BC 𝚼 MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL UPSILON
- U+1D6D6 𝛖 MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL UPSILON
- U+1D6F6 𝛶 MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL UPSILON
- U+1D710 𝜐 MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL UPSILON
- U+1D730 𝜰 MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL UPSILON
- U+1D74A 𝝊 MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL UPSILON
- U+1D76A 𝝪 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL UPSILON
- U+1D784 𝞄 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL UPSILON
- U+1D7A4 𝞤 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL UPSILON
- U+1D7BE 𝞾 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL UPSILON
Notes
edit- ^ a b "upsilon". Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
- ^ "upsilon". Collins English Dictionary (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4.
- ^ "Upsilon". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
- ^ "Upsilon". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21.
- ^ "upsilon". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
- ^ "upsilon". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca, 3rd ed., Cambridge 1987, p. 69.
- ^ Woodard, Roger D. (June 12, 1997). Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195355666 – via Google Books.
- ^ Mastronarde, Donald J. (February 21, 2013). Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520275713 – via Google Books.
- ^ F. Lauritzen, "Michael the Grammarian's irony about Hypsilon. A step towards reconstructing Byzantine pronunciation", Byzantinoslavica, 67 (2009)
- ^ Mihalas and McRae (1968), Galactic Astronomy (W. H. Freeman)
- ^ Walpole, Ronald (2017). Probability and Statistics for Scientists and Engineers (9th ed.).
- ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. The reader's handbook of famous names in fiction, allusions, references, proverbs, plots, stories, and poems, Vol. 2, p. 956. Lippincott, 1899.
- ^ Persius (1920). Satires.
- ^ Lactatius. The Divine Institutes. pp. Book VI Chapter III.
- ^ Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)
External links
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- Merrifield, Michael (2009). "Υ – Mass to Light Ratio". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.